International Journal of Modern Physics B

Newton’s mechanical revolution unifies the motion of planets in the sky and the falling of apples on Earth. Maxwell’s electromagnetic revolution unifies electricity, magnetism, and light. Einstein’s relativistic revolution unifies space with time, and gravity with space–time distortion. The quantum revolution unifies particle with waves, and energy with frequency. Each of those revolution changes our world view. In this article, we will describe a revolution that is happening now: the second quantum revolution which unifies matter/space with information. In other words, the new world view suggests that elementary particles (the bosonic force particles and fermionic matter particles) all originated from quantum information (qubits): they are collective excitations of an entangled qubit ocean that corresponds to our space. The beautiful geometric Yang–Mills gauge theory and the strange Fermi statistics of matter particles now have a common algebraic quantum informational origin.

This paper studies the effects of heating rate 4 × 10${}^{11}$ K/s, 4 × 10${}^{12}$ K/s, 4 × 10${}^{13}$ K/s; impurity concentration of Cu on Ni${}_{1-x}$Cu${}_x$ bulk with x = 0.1, x = 0.3, x = 0.5, x = 0.7; atom number (N), N = 4000 atoms, 5324 atoms, 6912 atoms, 8788 atoms at temperatures (T), T = 300 K; N = 6912 atoms at T = 300 K, 400 K, 500 K, 600 K, 700 K, 800 K; N = 6912 atoms at T = 600 K after time annealing temperature (t), t = 500 ps on the structure, crystallization temperature and crystallization process of Ni${}_{1-x}$Cu${}_x$ bulk by molecular dynamics (MD) method with interactive embedding Sutton–Chen (ST) and periodic boundary conditions. The structural characteristics were analyzed through radial distribution function (RDF), energy total (E${}_{\mathrm{\text{tot}}}$), size (l) and common neighborhood analysis (CNA) method; temperature (T), crystallization temperature (T${}_g$), crystallization process through relationship between E${}_{\mathrm{\text{tot}}}$, T. The results showed Ni${}_{1-x}$Cu${}_x$ bulk and links Ni–Ni, Ni–Cu, Cu–Cu always exist in 03 types structures: FCC, HCP, Amor. When time annealing temperature increases then Ni${}_{1-x}$Cu${}_x$ bulk moves from a crystalline state to an amorphous state. When increases impurity concentration of Cu in Ni${}_{1-x}$Cu${}_x$ bulk, then the structure unit number FCC, HCP decreases and then increases, structure unit number Amor increases and then decreases. When atom number (N) increases, decreasing T and increasing time annealing temperature lead to structure unit number FCC, HCP increases, Amor decreases and structural, crystallization temperature, crystallization process of Ni${}_{1-x}$Cu${}_x$ bulk change.

The plasmonic resonance absorption properties of a periodic graphene nanoribbon array are studied in this paper. We discuss the effect of the asymmetricity of the dielectric environment on the plasmonic resonance of the graphene nanoribbon array in order to know which combination of the two dielectric materials surrounding the graphene is most advantageous. The results show that, regardless of the graphene in symmetric and asymmetrical environments, the absorption peak of plasmon resonance shifts to longer wavelengths (shifts red) with the increase of the changing permittivity (permittivities) on one or both sides. This absorption characteristic of the graphene periodic array to external electromagnetic waves originates from the wavelength dependence of the intrinsic graphene plasmons on the environmental medium.

The time-dependent barrier passage of a Brownian particle diffusing in the fractional damping environment is studied by using the reactive flux method. Characteristic quantities such as the rate constant and stationary transmission coefficient are computed for a thimbleful of insight into the barrier escaping dynamics. Results show that the barrier recrossing of the fractional damping reactive system is obviously weakened. And the nonmonotonic varying of the stationary transmission coefficient reveals a close dependence of the escaping process on the fractional damping properties. The time-dependent barrier passage of one-dimensional fractional damping reactive process is found very similar to the two-dimensional non-Ohmic case.

In this paper, we present theoretical investigation on the wave propagation and acoustic bandgap characteristics in hybrid radial plate-type elastic metamaterials constituted of periodic double-sides composite stubs deposited on one-dimensional binary radial phononic crystal plate. The dispersion relations and the displacement fields of the eigenmodes are calculated by using the finite element method on the basis of two-dimensional axial symmetry models. Numerical results show that the proposed hybrid radial plate-type elastic metamaterial can generate lowering and widening acoustic bandgaps and yield a significant expansion of the relative bandwidth by a factor of 5 compared to the traditional radial plate-type elastic metamaterial with double-sided composite stubs. The displacement fields of the eigenmodes are applied to reveal the formation mechanism of lowering and widening acoustic bandgaps. In addition, the influences of the physical and geometrical parameters on the bandgaps are further performed. These low-frequency broadband acoustic bandgap properties in the radial plate-type elastic metamaterials can probably be applied to vibration and noise reduction in the rotary machines and structures.

Epitaxial La${}_{2/3}$Ca${}_{1/3}$MnO₃ (LCMO) thin films of 60 nm are deposited on (001)-oriented SrTiO₃ (STO) and LaAlO₃ (LAO) substrate by modified off-axis magnetron sputtering method. The strain state of the films have been studied by high resolution X-ray diffraction. The magneto-transport properties were found to be strongly dependent on the substrate used. Compared with LCMO/LAO film (compressive strain), LCMO/STO film with tensile strain exhibits lower metal-insulator transition temperature, suppressed Curie temperature, higher resistivity and more localization of electron. The evolution of the Raman modes has also been investigated. The vibrational mode of LCMO/LAO is comparable to the bulk, while the signature of vibration mode at about 610 cm${}^{-1}$ induced by strain-related distortion has been observed only in tensile strained LCMO/STO case. The controversial 660 cm${}^{-1}$ peak is not observed in our films, which precludes the possible existence of Mn₃O₄ precipitates in the films.

In microfluidic chips, most micro-channel cross-section shapes are rectangular or triangular in existing chip fabricating technologies, including hot embossing, lithography, etching, injection molding, etc. However, compared with the above micro-channel shapes, a circular shape has advantages in aspects of fluid flow, droplet generation, heat transfer and blood vessel replication. This paper presents a sandwich-like microfluidic chip with circular cross-section micro-channels. The sandwich-like structure includes three layers. The top and bottom layers are PDMS material while the middle layer is composed of micron glass capillaries (used as micro-channels) with circular cross-sections. The glass capillaries are made of borosilicate tube by a glass heating process. Sphere shaped paraffin wax is used as a sacrificial material to form micro-channel junctions. To test the functions of the fabricated micro sandwich-like microfluidic chip, a droplet generating experiment was conducted in the T-junction chip. The droplet size can be controlled in the range of 20–400 $\mu$m by varying the water and oil flow rates. This proposed microfluidic chip structure has the advantages of short processing cycle, low cost and small flow resistance.

The ferrimagnetic mixed spin-1/2 and spin-1 cubic Ising nanowire is studied in the framework of the Monte Carlo simulation. The competition between the bilinear interaction and crystal field of spin-1 atoms as well as the nanowire size effect is highlighted. The corresponding phase diagram is discussed showing compensation points and critical second-order phase transitions. The effect of an external magnetic field and the hysteresis loops behavior are also carried out. Finally, we compare our results with other works in the literature.

We study ferromagnetic to paramagnetic transition using Banerjee criterion in colossal magnetoresistive La${}_{0.7}$Ca${}_{0.3}$MnO₃ nanoparticles of different sizes (20, 26 and 32 nm). These particles are chemically prepared by a modified citrate route. Particle sizes are estimated by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Sample morphology and size distribution are examined by a transmission electron microscope. Order of transition is determined by measuring magnetic field dependence of magnetization near Curie temperature T${}_c$. Our results reveal second-order magnetic transition in all three different-sized particles in contrast to the first-order transition reported in bulk samples. This is further supported by temperature dependences of zero-field-cooled (ZFC) and field-cooled (FC) magnetizations. FC curves show gradual transition for all three samples without any saturation region as is the case of bulk. T${}_c$ is extracted from ZFC curves and is found to be 240 K for 20 nm particles and 258 K for both 26 and 32 nm particles. Magnetocaloric effect as a function of particle size also confirms the second-order magnetic transition in all three samples. The relative cooling power at 20 kOe is found to be decreasing with decreasing particle size.

In this paper, the effects of different effective injection rates at the branching point on density profiles and phase diagram have been investigated by theoretical calculation and computer simulation. At the branching point, a single-lane is divided into two sub-lanes. The variables p and q which satisfy p+q = 1 and p $<$ q are used to describe the percent of currents which enter two sub-channels, respectively. With different effective injection rates, the phase diagram includes three regions and two transition lines. Obviously, the sub-lane 2 is always in the low-density (LD) phase because the small p leads to fewer particles moving through sub-lane 2. However, sub-lane 3 is easy in the high-density (HD) phase (namely, traffic jam) because of the large q. In addition, the current of lane 1 is often in the maximal current (MC) when entrance rate $\alpha$ $>$ 0.5. With the increase of variable q, the regions of LD/LD/LD and MC/LD/LD phases shrink dramatically while the region of the HD/LD/HD phase only expands. This result implies that the changes of the phase diagram are determined by the variable q, meanwhile, the large q will likely lead to traffic congestion.

We present a unified theory of charge and spin transport using quaternionic formalism. It is shown that both charge and spin currents can be combined together to form a quaternionic current. The scalar and vector part of quaternionic currents correspond to charge and spin currents, respectively. We formulate a unitarity condition on the scattering matrix for quaternionic current conservation. It is shown that in the presence of spin flip interactions, a weaker quaternionic unitarity condition implying charge flux conservation but spin flux nonconservation is valid. Using this unified theory, we find that spin currents are intrinsically nonlinear. Its implication for recent experimental observation of spin generation far away from the boundaries are discussed.

We investigated theoretically the effect of an additional radio-frequency (rf) laser on the optical bistability (OB) behavior of the Pr${}^{3+}$: Y₂SiO₅ crystal. It is demonstrated that the rf field induces the OB behavior to the output of the system. It is shown that such OB behavior can be controlled by the intensity of either rf or coupling field.