International Journal of Modern Physics B

In this paper, we first propose a remote state preparation (RSP) scheme in the traditional sense, which accomplishes the remote preparation of a single-qubit controlled by multiple agents in the network. This triggers a new RSP scheme, by which we can remotely prepare tensor product-type quantum states controlled by one agent. After that, we generalize the above approach to the RSP scheme of multi-qubit information controlled by multiple agents in the network. In the extended scheme, as long as all agents operate faithfully, the receiver can recover all qubits of information in the original state; otherwise, the scheme fails. Such a scheme entangles quantum information in the preparation process, thus slashing the cost of such quantum resources as auxiliary qubits and local unitary operations, and, meanwhile, reducing the number of classical bits transferred among participants. Finally, we further investigate the remote preparation scheme for multiple qubit-string information under the control of multiple agents in the network.

Numerical unsteady approach based on Galerkin method with the inclusion of adaptive mesh was executed in this paper to simulate the freezing of water within a container. The domain has two triangular and trapezoidal cold surfaces and two adiabatic walls. The governing equations show the domination of conduction and transient source term has been involved. Galerkin method for modeling was applied and good accommodation has been reported based on comparison with previous data. Adding nano-powders makes the amount of heat to be released with stronger conduction and freezing time decreases about 26.76% when $m=8.6$. Augmenting the fraction of powders can make the rate of process increase. For the greatest fraction of powders, an augmenting shape factor can enhance the speed of process about 6.95%.

This paper considers the movement of an incompressible non-Newtonian Walters’ B liquid within a rotating annulus. The flow lies within porous media and is magnetized by a uniform normal magnetic field. Mass transmission is included in the arrangements of homogeneous and heterogeneous chemical reactions (HHCR) with a thermal diffusion effect. Heat diffusion is exposed with a temperature- dependent heat source (THS) and an exponential radial-dependent heat source (ERHS), besides Joule heating and viscous dissipations. The mathematical construction is shown by momentum, energy and concentration of chemical materials equations along with time-periodic boundary conditions. The innovation of this study stems from considering mass transfer utilizing HHCR, with thermal diffusion effects in the flow within a rotating annulus, trying to understand the effect of these reactions on the flow and related applications. The principal regulating the structure of nonlinear partial differential equations is transferred by ordinary ones utilizing appropriate similarity analysis. These equations are analyzed by the homotopy perturbation method. Subsequently, the analytical solutions of the main profiles are obtained, and a graphical construction is established to clarify the effects of the relevant physical elements. It is observed that the velocity waves decrease with annulus width enlargement and increase with the wave phase amplitude. With an increase in all significant parameters, heat transmission gets better. Furthermore, as the strength of HHCR is increased, the concentration of molecules decreases. These outcomes are significant in several applications like cancer therapy, biochemical manufacturing purposes through reactors, where biochemical interactions can be regulated by accurate control of various parameters.

Based on Gurtin–Murdoch surface/interface model and complex potential theory, by constructing a new conformal mapping function, the fracture behavior on n nano-cracks emanating from a n-polygon nano-hole under far-field anti-plane mechanical load, inplane electrical load and magnetic load is studied. The analytical solutions of stress intensity factor, electric displacement intensity factor and magnetic induction intensity factor at the crack tip are given under the boundary conditions of magnetoelectrically semi-permeable. In addition, numerical examples show that when considering the surface effect, the stress field intensity factor, electric displacement intensity factor and magnetic induction intensity factor have obvious size-dependence. The results of this paper show that when the defect size increases to a certain extent, the influence of the surface effect begins to decrease, and finally tends to the results of classical elastic theory.

It is well known that hexagonal Ge has a direct bandgap and exhibits excellent light emission. The structure and electrical characteristics of hex-GeSn alloys are investigated using an ab initio computation and the PBEsol-meta-GGA-mBJ function. In all alloys, the direct bandgap is observed. Due to the high radius of the Sn atom, when Sn content increases, the bandgap decreases and lattice parameters expand. Their spin–orbit, crystal field splitting and effective mass of electron and hole were also determined, indicating that the direct bandgap of hex-GeSn alloys has significant application in optoelectronic.

The principal aim of this investigation is to examine the gold and magnesium oxide hybrid nanoparticles in different physical capacities on the water-based hybrid nanofluid and elaborate on an erratic squeezing flow among both infinite plates. Melting effect and thermal radiation depict heat transfer features. Production of the Bejan number and entropy is upward. The explains the governing equations, and the standard transformation is supplied. The numerical solutions are carried out using an efficient finite element method. To analyze difference between heat transfer and its implication in industrial zone, the Nusselt number was arranged in a horizontal pattern. The results showed that a thicker thermal boundary layer increased the Eckert number and the volume fraction of gold nanoparticles. Anyhow, the heat transfer rate by Au–MgO/water was necessarily greater than the Au–water. The obtained results are excellent and vigorously oppose those that are applicable to the literature by the attached position. It was established for hybrid nanofluids to display higher entropy generation rates. The outcomes of this analysis were the consequence of the appraisal of the impact on few required form parameters in heat transfer and consequently on the expansion for industrial use.

In this paper, we study-induced spin–orbit coupling (SOC) in one-dimensional ultracold quantum gases composed of atoms of different species. One species is subjected to an equal combination of Rashba and Dresselhaus SOC generated by Raman transition. The two species interact with each other through spin-independent and spin-exchange contact interactions. The spin-exchange interaction introduces a locking pattern of the momentum and spin degrees of freedom for the species without direct SOC. For small spin-independent interactions, the two species overlap and the induced SOC is effective. For large spin-independent interactions, however, the two species keep separate from each other and the induced SOC is negligible. We propose to generate inhomogeneous SOC by exploiting density engineering technique applied to the directly spin–orbit coupled Bose–Einstein condensate. When the effective potential is of Gaussian type, the single-particle eigenenergies and eigenstates are calculated by exact diagonalization method. For general cases, mean-field ground states are obtained by numerically searching for the minimum of energy functional. With the density engineering technique, it is possible to produce hybrid structures of plane wave, stripe and/or zero-momentum phases.

One of the most important physical models for describing the dynamics of optical soliton propagation in the theory of optical fibers is the nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE). Since there are so many uses for ultrafast signal routing systems and brief light pulses in telecommunication, optical soliton propagation in nonlinear optical fibers is a subject of intense current interest. The conventional Khater approach and the extended direct algebraic method are used in this research to study a generalized unstable space–time fractional NLS model in mathematical physics. This leads to the discovery of solutions for the bright, dark, periodic, rational and elliptic functions. To illustrate the physical nature of the nonlinear model, the contour plots in 3D, 2D and 2D are produced by assigning the appropriate values to the arbitrary constants. Additionally, consideration is given to the stability analysis of the solutions to the governing equation. In the current era of communications network technology and nonlinear optics, the applied strategy appears to be a more potent and effective way for producing precise optical solutions to a number of various modern models of recent generations.

This effort aimed to investigate the differences between raw materials and thin films to enhance the film performance and get encouraging results. Barium strontium titanate (BST) is a solid solution consisting of titanate barium (BT) and titanate strontium (ST). BST powder was synthesized using the sol–gel process, and BST film was deposited using pulsed laser deposition (PLD). Barium, strontium acetate, and Ti-isopropoxide were utilized as raw material sources. XRD was used to characterize the BST perovskite crystal structure. The SEM and LCR meters revealed morphology surface and dielectric properties. XRD pattern shows a cubic structure phase. The particle size of the bulk exhibited 122.88nm while the film particle size was 84nm. The dielectric constant of the bulk shape exhibited was greater than the form of the films, which was attributed to different thicknesses, densities, defects, and porosity.

This work deals with gliding motion of bacteria over a non-Newtonian slime layer attached to a solid substrate. The surface of a glider is approximated with a simple wavy two-dimensional sheet while the sticky slime is modeled as Carreau–Yasuda fluid. The classical Navier–Stokes equations are transformed by using Galilean transformation and dimensionless variables. Flow beneath the organism is creeping and the lubrication assumption is also valid in this scenario, hence the equation is reduced to fourth-order BVP in terms of stream function. The basic purpose is to compute the gliding speed and flow rate of the slime which are present in the boundary conditions. MATLAB built-in bvp5c solver is utilized to calculate the numerical solution of the stream function. Further, unknowns (flow rate and cell speed) are refined by using modified Newton–Raphson method (MNRT). Further, these pairs are employed in the formula of energy expended. Velocity and stream function is also plotted for these computed pairs. This study is motivated by scientific interest and the desire to understand the dynamics of gliding bacteria. The findings of this study are thought to be beneficial in the development of artificial crawlers.

Influence of Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) on the fluid in channel flow in the presence of thin needle across the fluid movement is observed in this study. A two-dimensional computational analysis has been performed to see the effects of inlet/outlet conditions with inserted curvilinear shaped body in the channel. In this case, temperature on all boundaries is colder than that of inlet air and flat part of the inserted body. The governing equations are solved by using finite element method and magnetic field is also taken into account. With suitable dimensionless variables, PDEs are transformed into dimensionless PDEs, then raised parameter is simulated against the streamlines, isotherms and temperature distribution at mean position. Effect of Reynolds number, Richardson number, Magnetic hydrodynamic, size and state of needle is observed on local Nusselt number at the mean position. On isotherm profile, Reynolds number has a noticeable impact. With an increase in Re, heat circulation close to the needle increases, and for higher Ri, velocity on the outlet port increases. The inlet and outlet portions of the channel generate streamlines that have a significant impact on the diameter of the needle. Increased needle diameter causes heated lines to be pushed away from the centre. It is also found that the temperature gradient in the flow fields and heat transfer over the heated wall of the cavity are significant, altered by the placement of needle size during various computations.

The ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized using marine brown algae (Cystoseira) extract and calcination. For comparison, combustion, and sol–gel methods were employed to synthesize nanoparticles to use as material in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) photoanode. The produced nanoparticles were characterized using structural and morphological studies by FTIR, SEM, and XRD experiments, respectively. The results revealed that the net hexagonal crystal structure was achieved with a crystal size of less than 100 nm, good purity, spherical shape, and a suitable dimension for fabricating DSSCs. They exhibit enhanced properties due to the variation in their characteristics such as average size, size distribution, and morphology. The ZnO nanoparticles were used to fabricate the DSSCs by the doctor blade method, and the efficacy of each cell was evaluated using voltage–current measurement. The results were in good agreement with the characteristic curve of the commercialized DSSC. The best performance for the fabricated DSSCs was achieved using green synthesized ZnO nanoparticles, because of the influence of their morphology such as smaller crystal size, more grain boundaries, and bigger surface area. The cell’s solar-to-electricity conversion efficiency, short-circuit current, open-circuit voltage, and fill factor were measured as ∼1.13%, 3.8mA/cm², 620mV, and 54.3%, respectively. The enhanced photovoltaic properties were ascribed to the flower-like morphological structures of the ZnO nanoparticles prepared using the green synthesis method.

Due to innumerable applications of nanofluid in heat transfer phenomena as well as engineering processes, the research on this innovative fluid over conventional fluid got popularity among researchers. Here, we have considered a non-Darcy porous surface medium for generalized Eyring–Powell fluid model under thermophoretic as well as Brownian movements. No mass flux phenomena along with heat sink-source and activation energy aspects are scrutinized; characteristics of random motion of fluid and thermophoresis diffusion characteristics for generalized Eyring–Powell fluid are examined briefly. The system of nonlinear PDEs is reduced to nonlinear ODEs by using the similarity variable technique; the numerical scheme bvp4c is used along with shooting technique. The physical aspects like flow of fluid, temperature profile, concentration for variation of concerned parameters have been computed and demonstrated pictorially with the help of graphs. It is observed that the velocity of nanofluid declines by increasing values of the power law index ($q)$ and Eyring–Powell liquid parameters. Augmented values of Brownian moment, thermophoresis parameter as well as heat source rise with increase in temperature of nanofluid. The concentration profile of generalized Eyring–Powell nanofluid deteriorates for higher values of Schmidt number. Moreover, the transportation rate of heat declines against Pr, while it rises by increasing values of $N_t$.

We investigated the soliton behavior in one-dimensional Bose–Einstein condensates. Based on the modified Gross–Pitaevskii equation (GPE) model with higher-order nonlinear interaction and through the F-expansion method, we derived the analytical kink soliton solution of the one-dimensional GPE. The typical kink soliton features under the specific experimental setting are identified, and the physical implication of the analytical results is also demonstrated. The derived theoretical results can be used to guide the experimental study of kink soliton in ultracold atomic systems with higher-order nonlinearity.

The novelty of this paper is examining the impacts of Hall currents on Sisko nanofluid slip flow generated by an exponentially stretching sheet in the existence of entropy generation. Entropy generation assessment, Brownian, thermophoresis and Bejan numbers during convection flow are explored in the presence of the Hall effect. The pertinent parameters are Hall parameter m, a magnetic field parameter M, Brownian motion parameter $Nb$, thermophoresis parameter $Nt$, generalized thermal Biot number ${\gamma }_1$, generalized velocity slip parameter $\lambda$ and material parameter of Sisko fluid A. The changes in pertinent parameters on principal and secondary velocities, entropy generation and temperature are discussed. The coefficients of local skin friction, Brownian, thermophoresis and Nusselt/Sherwood numbers are expressed in a tabular structure. Two different kinds of power-law nanofluid, Pseudoplastic $(n=0.7)$ and dilatant fluid $(n=1.5)$ are considered. The current results exposed that growth in magnetic field parameter diminishes the nanofluid axial velocity and boosts the profiles of temperature, secondary nanofluid velocity and nanoparticle volume fraction. The coefficients of local skin friction are enhanced according to a growth in the magnetic field factor. The Pseudoplastic fluid supports the velocity, temperature and nanoparticle volume fraction profiles compared to the dilatant fluid. The local entropy generation number, Bejan number, local skin friction coefficients and local Nusselt/Sherwood numbers are influenced by the pertinent parameters.