International Journal of Modern Physics D

In this paper, we extend the modified holographic dark energy proposed by Wei [H. Wei, Nucl. Phys. B819 (2009) 210] to the interacting case and in a nonflat universe. We first choose the IR cutoff to be the radius of the event horizon R_h measured on the sphere of the horizon and derive the equation of state for the holographic energy density in the nonflat universe. Then, by choosing the Jeans length as the IR cutoff, we obtain the necessary conditions for having a cosmologically consistent model.

In this work, we investigate the holographic dark energy model with a new infrared cutoff (new HDE model), proposed by Granda and Oliveros. Using this new definition for the infrared cutoff, we establish the correspondence between the new HDE model and the standard Chaplygin gas (SCG), generalized Chaplygin gas (GCG) and modified Chaplygin gas (MCG) scalar field models in a nonflat universe. The potential and dynamics for these scalar field models, which describe the accelerated expansion of the universe, are reconstructed. According to the evolutionary behavior of the new HDE model, we derive the same form of dynamics and potential for the different SCG, GCG and MCG models. We also calculate the squared sound speed of the new HDE model as well as the SCG, GCG and MCG models, and investigate the new HDE Chaplygin gas models from the viewpoint of linear perturbation theory. In addition, all results in the nonflat universe are discussed in the limiting case of the flat universe, i.e. k = 0.

In the context of detection of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Ray (UHECR) showers from space the details of fluorescence light production and transmission in the atmosphere are given. An analytical model of the fluorescence yield, in dependence on nitrogen molecular parameters and the atmospheric conditions, is presented. Seasonal and geographical variations of the total fluorescence photon yield between 300 nm and 400 nm in air excited by 0.85 MeV electrons are shown as a function of the altitude, using different atmospheric models. In the frame of a satellite-based UHECR experiment the fluorescence yield has been corrected by the overall atmospheric transmission which takes into account, in the simplest approximation, the wavelength-dependent scattering and absorption of the fluorescence light from air molecules, from stratospheric ozone, and from aerosol. The effect of the atmospheric attenuation on the fluorescence yield is shown as a function of the altitude of the emission point of light.

The fluid models mentioned in the title are classified. All characteristics of the fluid are expressed through a master potential, satisfying an ordinary second-order differential equation. Different constraints are imposed on this core of relations, to find new solutions and to derive the classical results for perfect fluids and dust as particular cases. Many uncharged and charged anisotropic solutions, all conformally flat, and some uniform density solutions are found. A number of solutions with linear equation among the two pressures are derived, including the case of vanishing tangential pressure.

A family of explicit exact solutions of Einstein's equations in four and higher dimensions is studied which describes the gravitational field of an object accelerating due to an anisotropic emission of photons. It is possible to prescribe an arbitrary motion, so that the acceleration of such photon rocket need not be uniform — both its magnitude and direction may vary with time. Except at the location of the rocket the space–times have no curvature singularities, and topological defects like cosmic strings are also absent. Any value of a cosmological constant is allowed. We investigate some particular examples of motion, namely a straight flight and a circular trajectory, and we derive the corresponding radiation patterns and the mass loss of the rockets. We also demonstrate the absence of "gravitational aberration" in such space–times. This interesting member of the higher-dimensional Robinson–Trautman class of pure radiation space–times of algebraic Type D generalizes the class of Kinnersley's solutions that has long been known in four-dimensional general relativity.

Certain inflation models are shown to have large non-Gaussianity in special cases. Namely, slow-roll inflation models with an effective higher derivative interaction, in which the length of inflation is finite and a scalar-matter-dominated period or power inflation is adopted as pre-inflation, are considered. Using Holman and Tolley's formula of the nonlinearity parameter in the flattened triangle configurations , we calculate the value of . The value of is found to be largest when the inflation length is approximately 60 e-folds, and is found to depend strongly on the length of inflation and the cut-off scale.

We investigate the validity of the approximate method to describe a strong gravitational lensing which was extended by Alard on the basis of a perturbative approach to an Einstein ring. Adopting an elliptical Navarro–Frenk–White (NFW) lens model, we demonstrate how the approximate method works, focusing on the shape of the image, the magnification, caustics, and the critical line. Simplicity of the approximate method enables us to investigate the lensing phenomena in an analytic way. We derive simple approximate formulas which characterize a lens system near the Einstein ring.

Eight different refinements of trapped surfaces are proposed, of three basic types, each intended as potential stability conditions. Minimal trapped surfaces are strictly minimal with respect to the dual expansion vector. Outer trapped surfaces have positivity of a certain curvature, related to surface gravity. Increasingly (future, respectively past) trapped surfaces generate surfaces which are more trapped in a (future, respectively past) causal variation, with three types: in any such causal variation; along the expansion vector; and in some such causal variation. This suggests a definition of doubly outer trapped surface involving two independent curvatures. This in turn suggests a definition of involute trapped surface. Adding a weaker condition, the eight conditions form an interwoven hierarchy, with four independent relations which assume the null energy condition, and another holding in a special case of symmetric curvature.