International Journal of Modern Physics E

The Higgs mechanism for imparting masses to gauge bosons and matter particles is obviated by showing that Yang–Mills gauge bosons have intrinsic nonzero masses (rest-frame energies) from self-interactions. Electroweak (EW) mixing is ruled out because it produces a photon field that is massive, carries EW charge, and does not satisfy Maxwell's equations. Other fundamental difficulties of the Standard Model are identified. A new gauge theory of electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions is derived from the Dirac equation with no other postulates and no free parameters. The three forces are intrinsically unified, the photon field is Maxwellian, weak interactions derive from spin (not isospin), and the weak and strong bosons are naturally massive and chiral. Charge is naturally quantized to integral values. Three generations of lepton pairs and elementary-hadron pairs, all with integral charges, are predicted, contradicting the phenomenology of fractional quark charges, but in full accord with experimental data on weak and strong processes and composite hadrons. Neutrinos are massive. The Dirac masses, the fine structure constant, neutrino oscillations and Cabibbo mixing are shown to have a common origin in the gravitational field. The new theory leads to a new interpretation of "negative energies" with cosmological implications. Finally, it is shown that key expressions of the EW formalism agree with those of the new theory and with experiments only if the mixing angle θ is given by sin² θ = 0.25, which accounts for the EW model's successes.

We present the Coulomb-modified eikonal model by using a tangential velocity at the distance of closest approach. The Fraunhöfer oscillations observed in the elastic angular distributions of the ¹²C + ¹²C system at E_lab = 240 and 360 MeV can be explained due to the strong interference between the near- and far-side scattering amplitudes. We have found that the strongly real and weakly imaginary potentials are required to describe the refractive ¹²C + ¹²C elastic scatterings at E_lab = 240 and 360 MeV. The refractive pattern, dominated by the far-side component of the scattering amplitude, can be shown to be sensitive to the real part of optical potential at small radius. Introducing the tangential velocity, it is shown that the Coulomb-modified eikonal model satisfactorily reproduces experimental data concerning the refractive pattern in the angular distributions of the ¹²C + ¹²C system at E_lab = 240 and 360 MeV.

We propose a new version of the relativistic mean field theory for nuclear matter. The theory is based on an effective relativistic Lagrangian, in which, besides interactions via exchange mesons, baryons also interact with each other directly. The direct interaction is introduced to represent the compositeness of the baryon and to simulate the quark-quark interaction between them.

We deal with the application of the nuclear Born–Oppenheimer (NBO) method to the study of nuclear collective motion. In particular, we look at the description of nuclear rotations and vibrations. The collective operators are specified within the NBO method only to the extent of identifying the type of collective degrees of freedom we intend to describe; the operators are then determined from the dynamics of the system. To separate the collective degrees of freedom into rotational and vibrational terms, we transform the collective tensor operator from the lab fixed frame of reference to the frame defined by the principal axes of the system; this transformation diagonalizes the tensor operator. We derive a general expression for the NBO mean energy and show that it contains internal, collective and coupling terms. Then, we specify the approximations that need to be made in order to establish a connection between Bohr's collective model and the NBO method. We show that Bohr's collective Hamiltonian can be recovered from the NBO Hamiltonian only after adopting some rather crude approximations. In addition, we try to understand, in light of the NBO approach, why Bohr's collective model gives the wrong inertial parameters. We show that this is due to two major reasons: the ad hoc selection of the collective degrees of freedom within the context of Bohr's collective model and the unwarranted neglect of several important terms from the Hamiltonian.

Taking elastic scattering of ^6,8He on protons as an example, it is shown that the differences between density distributions coming from different models can be evaluated when scattering data of the nuclei involved are available for comparison. Microscopic elastic-scattering angular distributions have been calculated for incident energies <100A MeV by using the Tanihata and COSMA models for the density distributions of He nuclei, the M3Y-Paris effective NN interaction, and the Bray et al. imaginary part of the optical potential. The present microscopic angular distributions based on the Tanihata densities are in good agreement with the available experimental data and also similar to results of other theoretical calculations, showing the sensitivity of scattering to the density distributions of these helium isotopes.