Modern Physics Letters A

In this review, we discuss a relation between quantum communication complexity and a long-standing debate in quantum foundation concerning the interpretation of the quantum state. Is the quantum state a physical element of reality as originally interpreted by Schrödinger? Or is it an abstract mathematical object containing statistical information about the outcome of measurements as interpreted by Born? Although these questions sound philosophical and pointless, they can be made precise in the framework of what we call classical theories of quantum processes, which are a reword of quantum phenomena in the language of classical probability theory. In 2012, Pusey, Barrett and Rudolph (PBR) proved, under an assumption of preparation independence, a theorem supporting the original interpretation of Schrödinger in the classical framework. The PBR theorem has attracted considerable interest revitalizing the debate and motivating other proofs with alternative hypotheses. Recently, we showed that these questions are related to a practical problem in quantum communication complexity, namely, quantifying the minimal amount of classical communication required in the classical simulation of a two-party quantum communication process. In particular, we argued that the statement of the PBR theorem can be proved if the classical communication cost of simulating the communication of n qubits grows more than exponentially in n. Our argument is based on an assumption that we call probability equipartition property. This property is somehow weaker than the preparation independence property used in the PBR theorem, as the former can be justified by the latter and the asymptotic equipartition property of independent stochastic sources. The probability equipartition property is a general and natural hypothesis that can be assumed even if the preparation independence hypothesis is dropped. In this review, we further develop our argument into the form of a theorem.

If the three types of active neutrinos possess different maximum attainable velocities and the neutrino eigenstates in the velocity basis are different from those in the flavor (and mass) basis, then this will induce a flavor oscillation in addition to the normal mass-flavor oscillation. Here we study such an oscillation scenario in three neutrino framework including also the matter effect and apply our results to demonstrate its consequences for long baseline (LBL) neutrinos. We also predict the possible signatures in terms of yields in a possible LBL neutrino experiment.

We study the CP violation in the deviation from the tri-bimaximal (TBM) mixing of neutrinos. We examine nontrivial relations among the mixing angles and the CP violating Dirac phase in the typical four cases of the deviation from the TBM. The first two cases are derived by the additional rotation of the 2-3 or 1-3 generations of neutrinos in the TBM basis. The other two cases are given by the additional rotation of the 1-3 or 1-2 generations of charged leptons with the TBM neutrinos. These four cases predict different relations among three mixing angles and the CP violating Dirac phase. The rotation of the 2-3 generations of neutrinos in the TBM basis predicts sin²θ₁₂ < 1/3, and the CP violating Dirac phase to be ±(0.09π–0.76π) for NH (±(0.15π–0.73π) for IH) depending on sin²θ₂₃. The rotation of the 1-3 generations of neutrinos in the TBM basis gives sin²θ₁₂ > 1/3. The CP violating Dirac phase is not constrained by the input of the present experimental data. For the case of the 1-3 and 1-2 rotations of charged leptons in the TBM basis, the CP violating Dirac phase is predicted in ±(0.35π–0.60π) depending on sin²θ₁₂ for both normal hierarchy (NH) and inverted hierarchy (IH) cases. We also discuss the specific case that θ₁₃ is related with the Cabibbo angle λ such as , in which the maximal CP violation is preferred. The CP violating Dirac phase can distinguish the lepton flavor mixing patterns at T2K and NOνA experiments in the future.

We investigate the effect of the presence of non-pure fermionic neutrinos on the relativistic effective degrees of freedom in the early universe. The statistics of neutrinos is transformed continuously from Fermi–Dirac to Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics. We find that the relativistic degrees of freedom decreases with the deviation from pure Fermi–Dirac statistics of neutrinos if there are constant and large lepton asymmetries. Additionally, we confirm that the change of the statistics of neutrinos from Fermi–Dirac to Maxwell–Boltzmann is not sufficient to cover the excess of the effective number of neutrinos.

We study rare decays , and in NSIs. We calculate the NSIs branching ratios of these decays. There is a strong dependence of these on new physics parameter. They provide stringent constraints on , and (α, β = e, μ).

In this paper, we will continue to study the modified Chaplygin gas (MCG) based on Ref. 25. Concretely, we not only discuss both the change rates of the energy densities and the Hubble parameter H(z) as a function of the model parameters, which is compared and consistent with the related data in Ref. 27, but also perform the Om diagnostic in order to geometrically differentiate the MCG model from the ΛCDM, GCG and CG models. Moreover, we plot the evolutionary trajectories of MCG model with different interaction terms in Om planes, and find that the coupling intensity b² plays an important role in the MCG model. Furthermore, we also reconstruct the potential of MCG scalar field as well as the dynamics of the scalar field according to the evolution of the MCG dark energy. It is worth stressing that the results given by us can include the ones without interaction as the special cases.

In this paper, we consider Bianchi type-V spacetime and study a cosmological model of dark energy based on tachyon scalar field. We assumed three different kinds of matter without possibility of interaction with scalar dark energy. Assuming power law Hubble parameter in terms of scale factor we obtain evolution of scalar field, scalar potential and equation of state parameter.