Modern Physics Letters A

We set to weigh the black holes at their event horizons in various spacetimes and obtain masses which are substantially higher than their asymptotic values. In each case, the horizon mass of a Schwarzschild, Reissner–Nordström, or Kerr black hole is found to be twice the irreducible mass observed at infinity. The irreducible mass does not contain electrostatic or rotational energy, leading to the inescapable conclusion that particles with electric charges and spins cannot exist inside a black hole. This is proposed as the External Energy Paradigm. A higher mass at the event horizon and its neighborhood is obligatory for the release of gravitational waves in binary black hole merging. We describe how these horizon mass values are obtained in the quasi-local energy approach and applied to the black holes of the first gravitational waves GW150914.

In this paper, we demonstrate that compactification in M-theory can lead to a deformation of field theory consistent with the generalized uncertainty principle (GUP). We observe that the matter fields in the M3-brane action contain higher derivative terms. We demonstrate that such terms can also be constructed from a reformulation of the field theory by the GUP. In fact, we will construct the Heisenberg algebra consistent with this deformation, and explicitly demonstrate it to be the Heisenberg algebra obtained from the GUP. Thus, we use compactification in M-theory to motivate for the existence of the GUP.

Considering the perfect fluid as a source of energy–momentum tensor, we have classified locally rotationally symmetric (LRS) Bianchi type V spacetimes according to their conformal Ricci collineations (CRCs). It is shown that the LRS Bianchi type V spacetimes with perfect fluid matter admit 9- or 15-dimensional Lie algebra of CRCs when the Ricci tensor is non-degenerate, while the group of CRCs is infinite for degenerate Ricci tensor.

The form factors of the rare ${\mathrm{\Lambda }}_b\to n{l}^{+}{l}^{-}$ decays are calculated in the framework of the relativistic quark–diquark picture of baryons with the consistent account of the relativistic effects. Their momentum transfer squared dependence is determined explicitly in the whole accessible kinematical range. The decay branching fractions, forward–backward asymmetries and the fractions of longitudinally polarized dileptons are determined. The branching fraction of the rare ${\mathrm{\Lambda }}_b\to n{\mu }^{+}{\mu }^{-}$ decay are found to be $\mathrm{\text{Br}}({\mathrm{\Lambda }}_b\to n{\mu }^{+}{\mu }^{-})=(3.75\pm 0.38)\times 10^{-8}$ and thus could be measured at the LHC. Prediction for the branching fraction of the rare radiative ${\mathrm{\Lambda }}_b\to n\gamma$ decay is also given.

A minus sign is inserted, for good reason, into the formula for the energy–momentum tensor for tachyons. This leads to remarkable theoretical consequences and a plausible explanation for the phenomenon called dark energy in the cosmos.

Lepton flavor violating (LFV) processes, $e^{+}{e}^{-}\to e^{+}{\ell }^{-}$ and $e^{-}{e}^{-}\to e^{-}{\ell }^{-}$ ($\ell =\mu$ or $\tau$), via four-Fermi contact interactions at future International Linear Collider (ILC) are studied. Taking account of previous experimental results of LFV processes $\mu \to 3e$ and $\tau \to 3e$, we find that the upper limits on the LFV parameters for $\ell =\tau$ could be improved at the ILC experiment using the polarized electron beam. The improvement of the upper limits could be nearly an order of magnitude as compared to previous ones.

In this paper, the first-order radiative correction to the Casimir energy for a massive scalar field in the ${\varphi }^4$ theory on a spherical surface with $S^2$ topology was calculated. In common methods for calculating the radiative correction to the Casimir energy, the counter-terms related to free theory are used. However, in this study, by using a systematic perturbation expansion, the obtained counter-terms in renormalization program were automatically position-dependent. We maintained that this dependency was permitted, reflecting the effects of the boundary conditions imposed or background space in the problem. Additionally, along with the renormalization program, a supplementary regularization technique that we named Box Subtraction Scheme (BSS) was performed. This scheme presents a useful method for the regularization of divergences, providing a situation that the infinities would be removed spontaneously without any ambiguity. Analysis of the necessary limits of the obtained results for the Casimir energy of the massive and massless scalar field confirmed the appropriate and reasonable consistency of the answers.