Modern Physics Letters B

Entanglement measures quantify the amount of quantum entanglement that is contained in quantum states. Typically, different entanglement measures do not have to be partially ordered. The presence of a definite partial order between two entanglement measures for all quantum states, however, allows for meaningful conceptualization of sensitivity to entanglement, which will be greater for the entanglement measure that produces the larger numerical values. Here, we have investigated the partial order between the normalized versions of four entanglement measures based on Schmidt decomposition of bipartite pure quantum states, namely, concurrence, tangle, entanglement robustness and Schmidt number. We have shown that among those four measures, the concurrence and the Schmidt number have the highest and the lowest sensitivity to quantum entanglement, respectively. Further, we have demonstrated how these measures could be used to track the dynamics of quantum entanglement in a simple quantum toy model composed of two qutrits. Lastly, we have employed state-dependent entanglement statistics to compute measurable correlations between the outcomes of quantum observables in agreement with the uncertainty principle. The presented results could be helpful in quantum applications that require monitoring of the available quantum resources for sharp identification of temporal points of maximal entanglement or system separability.

In this paper, the electronic, optical, elastic, mechanical, and vibrational properties of glass B₂O₃ have been investigated. Simulations have been carried out including the P3₁21 structure. Our nonlocal empirical hybrid has accurately described the electronic band structure and band gap energy $E_g$ of the material. Our optical absorption plot has correctly identified the type of the glass B₂O₃ structure. The absorption plot also shows the interband indirect transitions from the valance O 2p¹ to conduction B 2p⁴ orbitals. We have also included the elastic constants and phonon dispersions to test the dynamic stability of the systems. Our theoretical findings bear fundamental interests in the development of complicated amorphous nanostructures.

In this paper, two important pseudo-parabolic type equations are studied for extracting soliton solutions via the generalized projective riccati equations method. These equations are Oskolkov equation and Oskolkov–Benjamin–Bona–Mahony–Burgers equation. The proposed method extracts dark soliton and singular soliton. Furthermore, the Painlevé test (P-test) has also been employed on pseudo-parabolic type equations for investigating integrability. The proposed equations are proved to be integrable by P-test. The numerical simulations have also been carried out by 3D and 2D graphs of some of the obtained solutions.

In this paper, we present the analytic expressions of the cohesive energy, the alloy parameters, the equation of state, the mean nearest neighbor distance, the Helmholtz free energy, equilibrium vacancy concentration and thermodynamic quantities such as the isothermal compressibility, the thermal expansion coefficient, the heat capacities at constant volume and at constant pressure for BCC defective ternary substitutional and interstitial alloy ABC derived by the statistical moment method. The obtained thermodynamic quantities depend on temperature, pressure, concentration of substitutional atoms, concentration of interstitial atoms and equilibrium vacancy concentration. Thermodynamic quantities of BCC defective metal A, BCC defective substitutional alloy AB, BCC defective interstitial alloy AC and BCC defective metal A are specific cases for thermodynamic quantities of BCC defective ternary substitutional and interstitial alloy ABC. The theoretical results are calculated numerically to alloys FeCrSi and VWSi. Our calculated results of thermal expansion coefficient and heat capacities at constant pressure for main metals Fe, V are in good agreement with experimental data. Our other calculated results for thermodynamic quantities of alloys FeCrSi and VWSi at different temperature, pressure, concentration of substitutional atoms and concentration of interstitial atoms orient and predict new experimental data in the future

The spatial inhomogeneous effect of the laser pulse on the enhancement of the single-order harmonic has been theoretically investigated. It is shown that the single-order harmonic enhancement from the symmetric and negative inhomogeneous laser pulses presented the similar phenomena. Specifically, as the inhomogeneous parameter increases, the blue-shift of the single-order harmonic enhancement can be found. While in the case of the positive inhomogeneous effect, as the inhomogeneous parameter increases, the multiple harmonic enhancements can be found instead of the single-order harmonic enhancement. Finally, the reason behind the change of the single-order harmonic enhancement with the inhomogeneous effect is given by the time–frequency analyses of the harmonic emission process.

In this paper, a two-layer network on various immunization strategies in the post-epidemic era is constructed and an improved symbiotic evolutionary model of COVID-19 and information collaboration is proposed. The dynamic transformation probability is introduced to influence the virus information transmission coevolutionary process. The dynamic transformation probability is influenced by the immunization strategies and vertex characteristics. We quantify the effects of immunization strategy, node properties, global temperature, and collaborative information dissemination on new crown outbreaks. We simulated our model in a scale-free network to analyze the propagation. The evolutionary phenomenon of the network during propagation was investigated. We simulated the proven epidemic information coevolutionary model in a two-layer network, validated it with real data comparisons by proving that our proposed model fits the real situation.

The growth of high-quality continuous film of graphene on less than $1\mu$m-thick Cu film is proven to be a challenging task due to the solid-state dewetting of Cu during the high-temperature chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process. In this paper, we introduce the use of nanostructured black Si (b-Si) as a template for Cu evaporation to mitigate the dewetting of Cu thin film. Using a cold-wall CVD system at a process temperature of 825${}^{\circ }$C, even Cu thickness, $t_{\mathrm{\text{Cu}}}=600$ nm on polished SiO₂/Si substrate is poor for maintaining Cu as a continuous film. If the polished SiO₂/Si is replaced with SiO₂/b-Si, the minimum $t_{\mathrm{\text{Cu}}}=400$ nm is sufficient. According to the Cu trapping mechanism, moving Cu particle is trapped in the nanostructured trenches of SiO₂/b-Si during annealing and CVD growth processes. Continuous monolayer graphene with a grain size of $\sim 1\mu$m without defect is obtained on Cu/SiO₂/b-Si substrate. The improved adhesion of Cu to the SiO₂/b-Si enables dry-transfer of graphene by mechanical peeling using a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) film. Our solution is promising for obtaining flat graphene and a recyclable Cu/SiO₂/b-Si substrate.

The Fermat point of a triangle is the point with the minimal total distance from the three vertices of the triangle. Meanwhile, the total distance from the three vertices to the Fermat point is called the Fermat distance. In this paper, we discuss the Fermat distance on some networks. We study the mean Fermat distance of an unweighted and undirected hierarchical network $G_n$, which is obtained by analytical method and iterative calculation. We then reveal the relation between the mean Fermat distance $\overline{{ℱ}}$ and the mean geodesic distance $\bar{d}$ in general networks, namely, $\frac{3}{2}\bar{d}\le \overline{{ℱ}}\le 2\bar{d}$. The ratio of the mean Fermat distance to the mean geodesic distance of $G_n$ tends to $3/2$, which is the lower bound of the inequality above. Moreover, the result shows the small-world effect of $G_n$. Finally, we illustrate that the mean Fermat distance is significant in both small-world and scale-free networks.

In this paper, we investigate solutions to the $(3+1)$-dimensional B-type Kadomtsev–Petviashvili–Boussinesq (B-KPB) equation, which has strong nonlinearity feature by using sub-equation and the modified $(1/G^{\prime })$-expansion methods. Using these analytical methods, dark soliton, trigonometric oscillation, singular soliton, algebraic and hyperbolic type oscillating traveling wave solutions are presented. By giving special values to the parameters in the obtained traveling wave solutions, 3D, 2D and contour graphs representing the solitary waves are drawn. The advantages and disadvantages of both analytical methods are presented in comparison with each other. In addition, the changes of the solutions of the B-KPB equation according to the velocity parameter and the refraction phenomenon are supported by simulation. In addition, the solutions of the equation discussed are first discussed in detail, physical interpretations. Secondly, the geometric interpretations of the traveling wave solutions are analyzed and it is shown that the graphs of the solutions correspond to flat hyper-surfaces. It is argued that these hyper-surfaces can be leveled on a hyperplane without distortion.

With an increasing demand for larger bandwidth and solving the problem of internet bottleneck, the formation of solitons with fractional temporal evolution has prompted substantial attention in the field of optics. In this paper, we have used three methods namely, the new mapping method, the unified Riccati equation method, and the new modified sub-ODE method to construct the new soliton solutions to the perturbed nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) with fractional temporal evolution. Two types of nonlinearities are considered namely, the Kerr law and the power law for all the three utilized methods. Existence criteria for all soliton solutions are presented. We provide two- and three-dimensional graphical illustrations of some acquired solutions. This work also proves the reliability, power, and effectiveness of these new analytical techniques for solving other nonlinear fractional differential equations.

In this paper, a mixer-first receiver frontend with dual-feedback baseband is proposed. The negative resistive and positive capacitive feedback paths are both applied to single-stage inverter-based operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) with fewer poles, to cover a wide BB frequency range. The $N$-path filtering at the RF side and second-order filtering at the BB side inhibit out-of-band blocker interferences. The receiver frontend is designed in 65 nm CMOS. Simulation results display an NF of 2.1 dB across 306 MHz IF bandwidth, and a maximum gain of 33 dB from 1 to 3 GHz LO frequency range. The in-band and out-of-band IIP3 are -13 and 16 dBm, respectively. The receiver core draws 40 mW at 1 GHz LO frequency.

In the existing research on cyclic teleportation protocols, it is generally discussed that the teleportation of single particle, two particle unknown quantum states with symmetrical structure or asymmetric special unknown quantum states (such as GHZ state) with three or four participants. In contrast, the scheme proposed in this paper has universality and stronger practicability. In this paper, we propose a novel scheme of asymmetric cyclic controlled teleportation. In our scheme, Alice can teleport an arbitrary single-qubit entangled state to Charlie, Charlie can teleport an arbitrary three-qubit entangled state to Bob and at the same time Bob can teleport an arbitrary two-qubit entangled state to Alice under the control of a controller David. It only needs Bell measurement and local unitary operation, and can realize three-party cyclic transmission with probability 1 by using a quantum channel composed of any six of the 16 G states.