Reviews in Mathematical Physics

We present a brief overview of classical isochronous planar differential systems focusing mainly on the second equation of the Liénard type ẍ + f(x)ẋ² + g(x) = 0. In view of the close relation between Jacobi's last multiplier and the Lagrangian of such a second-order ordinary differential equation, it is possible to assign a suitable potential function to this equation. Using this along with Chalykh and Veselov's result regarding the existence of only two rational potentials which can give rise to isochronous motions for planar systems, we attempt to clarify some of the previous notions and results concerning the issue of isochronous motions for this class of differential equations. In particular, we provide a justification for the Urabe criterion besides giving a derivation of the Bolotin–MacKay potential. The method as formulated here is illustrated with several well-known examples like the quadratic Loud system and the Cherkas system and does not require any computation relying only on the standard techniques familiar to most physicists.

We extend our analysis of the gauging of rigid symmetries in bosonic two-dimensional sigma models with Wess–Zumino terms in the action to the case of world-sheets with defects. A structure that permits a non-anomalous coupling of such sigma models to world-sheet gauge fields of arbitrary topology is analyzed, together with obstructions to its existence, and the classification of its inequivalent choices.