New Energy and Sustainable Development

The following sections are included:

• Preface
• Committees
• Contents

This paper proposes a transmission line overload assessment model and optimization control method based on transmission line overload risk. It uses probabilistic power flow (PPF) and cumulative method to analyze the uncertainty of system statuses and line flow, applies the severity function to describe the impact of transmission line load fluctuations and its result. Based on that, as an indicator of power system security, overload risk index is defined as the product of the probability and the severity of transmission line overload. A preventive control model was used to optimize the outputs of the system active and reactive resources, which based on optimal power flow (OPF) and primal dual interior point method. It reduces the system overload risks and increases the system security. By test, calculation on the IEEE-16 test system validates the method proposed above.

The aim of this work was to investigate the thermal behavior and microstructure of polymeric methylene diphenyldiisocyanate (PMDI) based and toluene diisocynate (TDI) based flexible polyurethane (PU) foams. The PMDI-based PU foams had been synthetized by optimizing the process parameters using orthogonal experimental method. Furthermore, specific group in the molecules, microstructure, glass transition temperature and thermal degradation of the prepared samples were characterized by means of attenuated total reflection-fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravity analysis (TGA), respectively. The results indicate the polyol is partially unreacted and the isocyanate completely participates in the reaction. In addition, PMDI-based PU foam presents a more uniform structure and smaller mean pore size compared to TDI-based PU foam. Furthermore, the thermal stability of PMDI-based PU foam is higher than that of TDI-based PU foam.

The accuracy of measurement of photovoltaic (PV) cell and module is being paid more and more attention in the world. Many interlaboratory comparison projects had been carried out to improve and establish photovoltaic scale and traceability since 1990’s. In recent years, interlaboratory proficiency testing for primary reference cell calibration was held by National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) of Japan From 2013-2014. Five PV laboratories participated in the primary calibration comparison in this proficiency testing project. A direct sunlight method for primary PV cell calibration is adopted by Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IEECAS). The calibration procedure of direct sunlight method is detailed described in this paper. The proficiency testing results of crystalline silicon reference cells of IEECAS are “Satisfactory”.

As the low-carbon pilot area, Hubei Province has faced tremendous pressure on GHG emissions reduction with rapid economic growth. However, Guangdong Province has balanced the economic development and energy consumption well. “Guangdong Mode” represents the reasonable industry structure, energy structure and lower energy intensity. In this paper, LEAP-Hubei model was established to predict the level of GHG emissions and energy consumption in Hubei from now to 2025. Three scenarios were set: Base Scenario, “Guangdong Mode” I and “Guangdong Mode” II. The results show that “Guangdong Mode” and The “New Normal” have a significant effect on energy consumption and GHG emissions reduction for Hubei. When “Guangdong Mode” and the “New Normal” meet in Hubei, the energy consumption and GHG emissions will reach the top.

The electrical energy transportation is influenced by fault of transmission lines. So the on-line detection of transmission lines faults is necessary requirement for the future development of power grid. This paper proposes an On-line fault detection method of transmission line based on the wavelet transforms theory. Firstly the analysis for signal singularity lee index of wavelet transform is given. Then a wavelet transform algorithm for fault detection is proposed. Finally Matlab simulation results show the effectiveness of the detection algorithm.

Distribution automation (DA) is an indispensable way to increase power supply reliability and improve penetration of renewable energy in an active distribution system (ADS). DA utilizes various communication modes to assist electric companies to monitor and control distribution equipments remotely and achieve the goal managing distribution system scientifically. Therefore, remote terminal units which are used to be aware of the operation status of the distribution system including voltage, current and power are increasingly critical in distribution automation system. This paper presents an overview on the concept, background and profound influence of distribution automation. By analyzing the function and role of remote terminal units (RTUs), the conclusion can be drawn that the achievement of distribution automation is a necessary way to increase power supply reliability and power quality, accept more distribution generations and improve asset utilization. At the same time, the paper involves the present optimal allocation study of RTUs.

Based on the biomass power generation principle, this paper builds a theoretical model of the biomass power plant’s costs and income, then according to the comparison between the rated generating capacity and its actual amount powered by biomass resources, this paper establishes Profit-Cost equation of the straw collection radius and installed capacity by means of the break-even principle, a sensitivity analysis among the straw collection radius, the installed capacity, the cost of straw and the tariff is then made. This theory model not only fully considers the operational costs of the biomass power plant, but also the power plant profit affected by the regional resource endowment and environment. Through the model based on the break-even relationship, there exists a superior matching relationship between the installed capacity and the fuel collection radius, which provides quantitative criteria for deciding the installed capacity and scheduling the plant operation for the next stage.

This paper reviews some major findings on the significance of severe plastic deformation on the hydrogen storage properties of metal hydrides. The method of high-pressure torsion (HPT) is employed to introduce severe plastic deformation in different Mg-based and Ti-based hydrogen storage materials. Several interesting results are found: increasing the hydrogenation kinetics; easy activation and decreasing the hydrogenation pressure in the first cycles; improvement of the air resistance of the materials and difficult deactivation; and synthesizing new nanostructured hydrogen storage materials. It is shown that these unique properties are due to changes in microstructure and formation of different kinds of lattice defects (dislocations, grain boundaries, stacking faults and fine cracks), which can act as quick pathways for hydrogen transportation. Correlations between the hydrogen storage properties and microstructural features are discussed.

This paper consists of a numerical study on the premixed filtration combustion of propane/air mixtures in a packed bed, consisting of inert ball free accumulated with low velocity. The influence of gas flow velocity and equivalence ratio on the combustion and the emission characteristics are clarified. Results show that with the increase of the equivalent ratio, the maximum combustion temperature increases and the combustion wave propagation velocity gets slower with CO and CO2 emissions rising. For a bigger ball diameter, the lower the highest combustion temperature is, the faster the burning wave propagation velocity.

ADRC is Active disturbance rejection control, it inherits from proportional–integral–derivative (PID) the quality that makes it such a success: the error driven, rather than model-based, control law; it takes from modern control theory its best offering: the state observer; it embraces the power of nonlinear feedback and puts it to full use; it is a useful digital control technology developed out of an experimental platform rooted in computer simulations. ADRC is made possible only when control is taken as an experimental science, instead of a mathematical one. It is motivated by the ever increasing demands from industry that requires the control technology to move beyond PID, which has dominated the practice.

Optimization study of ground-source heat pump heating systems is significant in extremely cold areas. Through the ground-source heat pump system built in extremely cold areas, the optimization of the heating conditions of system is researched. The results show that the average COP value of the system is increased by 9.8% when the system is intermittent in operations and the average COP of system is increased by 11.1% when two compressors operate and the circulating pumps adopt the inverter control. The average COP of the heat pump is increased by 4.3% when 3 compressors operate and the circulating pumps adopt the inverter control. This shows that the system optimization is very necessary with the ground-source heat pump system in severe cold regions, and can further improve the efficiency of system.

Microbial conversion of lignocellulose to butanol was a fascinating way to provide a renewable energy source. Filter paper degradation rate of soil samples from four different habitants and carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase) were analyzed. The results showed that the samples from STS (the surface of a tree stump) and DTS (the deep of a tree stump) had higher filter paper degradation rate and CMCase activity. When the soil samples from STS were precultured for 72 h using filter paper as the sole carbon source, and cocultured with Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC824 for 40 h, the butanol yield was 0.21 g/g filter paper. The strain composition of the samples from STS was researched. Bacterial, actinomycetes, mold and yeasts were filtered and their cellulose degradation ability were analyzed. Bacterial and mold had higher CMCase activity. These results demonstrate that the mix-strains from STS could degrade filtrate paper, the production from which could be used by Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC824 to produce butanol.

Modeling wind speed time series (WSTS) has important implications in wind energy studies. This paper provides a method to modeling WSTS with continuous state markov chain (CSMC). The basic feature of the method is describing WSTS in continuous state space, which can reduce the number of parameters and avoid the loss of information. Case studies are used to illustrate the capabilities of the proposed method. The results prove that the method can offer satisfactory fit for both probability distribution and temporal dependence. The comparison shows that the proposed method outperforms discrete state markov chain in terms of accuracy and simplicity.

Building sector is the main contributor to China’s total energy consumption. It not only plays an important role in economic growth and social development, but also accounts for a large share of CO₂ emissions. To carry out the energy planning in buildings sector with CO₂ emissions constrains is important for China to achieve sustainable development. Carbon Emissions Pinch Analysis is a novel approach, which has been developed for emissions targeting and planning on a macro-scale. This paper presents this methodology for building energy planning with CO₂ emissions constraints. The methodology applied in this paper is to determine the minimum amount of low-carbon energy required to meet the overall emissions limit and to identify the optimal allocation scheme. Two scenarios are assumed to further illustrate this methodology.

Proactive maintenance is an advanced maintenance theory in recent years. The paper introduces the proactive maintenance characteristics, generalized proactive maintenance, and puts forward the control measures in the design of the nuclear power unit in manufacture and use stage. This is to improve the reliability and security of the nuclear power unit.

According to our novel quantitatively revealing synergies gained from microbial fuel cell (MFC)-aided dye decolorization for biodegradation, this work optimized electron transfer (ET) characteristics for maximal performance of dye decolorization via simultaneous bioelectricity generation and dye decolorization (SBG&DD). The findings indicated that appropriate accumulation of decolorized metabolites of textile dyes could significantly facilitate both rates of BG and DD. However, higher dye concentration seemed to be more favorable to electron distribution dominated for color removal. As indicated, the most promising mode of MFC-aided pollutant degradation should be batch or plug flow reactor operating at low conversions for optimal dye decolorization.

The harm of waste battery is known to all. The optimal scheme for the disposal of waste battery is recovery and reusing from the perspective of environmental protection and resource management. Though many activities about waste battery recovery have been carried out among the people, they have many disadvantages such as scattered distribution, low recovery rate, lack of professional waste battery recovery and replacement device, irregular and immethodical recovery activities and lack of effective and long-term tracking by authoritative organization. Therefore, they ended in failure…

Based on analyzing all key factor influencing food refrigeration transportation, this paper puts forward comprehensive energy-consumption evaluation system. The system is composed by 4 hierarchies (including object, region, index and method) and 13 detailed indexes, and the index grade is determined through studying the weighing coefficient of each index. In the end, taking a railway refrigeration transport enterprise as an example, the paper makes evaluation on the enterprise’s energy-consumption level and provides pointed improvement suggestions. Results show that the comprehensive energy-consumption evaluation system for food refrigerated transportation is effective. This method can provide a basis for food refrigerated transport energy saving operation.

This paper talks about the establishment of a multi-temperature refrigerated truck energy consumption model, based on solar radiation, wind speed, air infiltration heat leakage, the respiration heat, heat leakage of opening the door and other elements, etc. Taking the actual multi-temperature refrigerated car as example, it calculates and analyzes its energy consumption. Studies show that the calculation is simple and accurate and can also be used as a new way to calculate cooling load of multi-temperature refrigerated truck for reference. Meanwhile, the calculations show that opening heat leakage of the multi-temperature refrigerated trucks accounted for load of 19% ∼ 38%. The energy saving method is promising, and is an effective way to reduce energy consumption of refrigerated trucks.

In recent years the proportion of wind-powered electricity in power supply grows up quickly. When the power grid failure causes the voltage drop, the wind turbine generation will bring system transient instability if they split. This may even result in partial or overall paralysis of the system, so people began to focus on the fan interconnection and correspondingly put forward the requirement of low voltage ride through (LVRT). This paper treats doubly-fed induction generator as the main unit, and it particularly illustrates the DFIG wind power system LVRT technology, its latest developments and the main development way in the future.

A polymerizable anionic surfactant (surfmer), named after SOP₁₀IM, was synthesized by esterification of itaconic acid and octylphenol polyoxyethylene ether (10) (abbreviated as OP-10) and then neutralization with sodium hydroxide solution. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the resultant surfmer was 1.0×10⁻⁴ mol/L and the surface tension of the aqueous SOP₁₀IM solution at CMC (γCMC) at 25°C was 31.08 mN/m. A series of acrylate emulsions were prepared using SOP10IM and the combination of SOP₁₀IM and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as the main emulsifiers. Meanwhile, the effects of surfmer content on the latex were discussed. The conversion was above 91.0 % under the conditions of only 2 hours of reaction time. The particle size of the latexes depends inversely on the surfmer concentration. The absolute values of Zeta potential were all above 29.9 mV, and the latexes were stable in the presence of aqueous 0.5 mol/L KCl solution.

This paper analyses the performance of a mountain land photovoltaic (PV) plant in north China and a water surface PV plant in South China. A subsystem of each PV plant was selected to be monitored by a data acquisition system. The results show that the performance radio (PR) of the water surface PV subsystem is higher than that of the mountain land PV subsystem. The analysis also shows that main losses of mountain land PV subsystem are shadow loss and dust loss while that of water surface PV subsystem is module power degradation. The main cause of the shadow loss and dust loss of mountain land PV plant is due to the mountain terrain and dry sandy climate in North China while that of the module power degradation of water surface PV subsystem is due to the potential induced degradation (PID) in humid and rainy environment in South China.

Using geothermal power generation will ease China's energy and environmental issues. However, most of the geothermal resources are mainly in the low-temperature geothermal, hence making the geothermal power generation less efficient. Another pressing issue is how to effectively use the low-temperature geothermal power. This paper will firstly introduce two methods of low-temperature geothermal power generation which are the single-stage expansion method and intermediate medium method. Secondly, the article analyses the calculation method of electric capacity and gross efficiency of low-temperature geothermal power plant. It then discusses the selection criteria of intermediate medium and solving equations of the single-stage and two-stage of optimal evaporating temperature. Finally, several issues of auxiliary power, optimum evaporation conditions, sealing performance, corrosion and fouling of lowtemperature geothermal power plant are described.

Cities are an important carrier of human civilization. However, the energy consumption and carbon emissions in cities are causing a series of environmental and ecological problems. We explored the urban design for low-carbon and energy efficiency as our great pioneering work and how man and nature can live in social and economic harmony and progress. At first, this paper analyzes the urban energy consumption structure and influencing factors in current China, and then proposes urban design strategies for lowcarbon and energy conservation from three aspects of urban spatial structure, building energy consumption and transportation energy consumption.

The purpose of this study is to develop high effective sorbent for capturing gaseous Hg⁰. TKI-modified activated carbon (KI-AC) was prepared to determine its ability to remove elemental mercury on a fixed-bed reactor. The activated carbon with the highest activity for Hg⁰ removal was screened. It was then impregnated by KI and showed high activity for mercury removal in simulated flue gas at 120 °C. The 1% KI-AC was the optimal adsorbent during Hg⁰ removal. In addition, the effects of KI loading value on Hg⁰ removal were evaluated. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method was employed to characterize the samples. As the results of the BET indicated, chemical characteristics of activated carbon were the main reasons responsible for the Hg⁰ removal.

It was demonstrated that groundwater of aquifers in coal measures in northern China usually underwent desulphurization and methanogenesis in turns under a lower ORP (oxidation-reduction potential). Sulfate reduction due to sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRBs) metabolism was found an important hydrochemical phenomenon in the coal measures, and could inhibit methane production. The corresponding relationship between the gas occurrences and groundwater chemical types in coal-fields in central Anhui, eastern Henan and southwestern Shandong, as well as the Qinshui Coal-Basin in Shanxi, was well explained.

Based on the exploration of design possibilities of integrated bamboos, this paper briefly analyzes relevant features of bamboo, introduces relevant conditions of bamboo application and the orientation of expanded application of bamboo, puts forward a way of installation art creation and lamp design based on the purpose of experimental teaching, introduces the specific technological process of making bamboo lamps by connecting renewable paper strings to the integrated bamboos, points out the limitations of expanded application of integrated bamboos, and looks forward the future of bamboo application.

In order to quantitatively describe the risk of well control in drilling, the risk factors and weight assignment were evaluated by expert scoring method and analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The evaluation system of first levels of 4 factors, such as geological uncertainty, well control equipment, process operation, personnel quality, etc., is established, and the evaluation system of second levels and multiple factors is established. Evaluation results show that geological uncertainty is caused by a primary factor in the well control risk, the oilfield exploration well control risk status as “great risk”. The application results show that the method is feasible for evaluating well control risk.

To clarify the soil reinforcement mechanisms by plant roots, the vulnerable location of the root system by anti-fracture force was investigated. In the experiment, the antifracture force of lateral root branch and adjacent upper straight root of 3-4 year-old Caragana korshinskii and Hippophae rhamnides were measured with the self-made fixture and TY 8000 in vigorous growing seasons. The results indicated that the antifracture force and root diameter were positively correlated with a power function, and the anti-fracture strength and root diameter were negatively correlated with a power function for the two plants at the root diameter between 1 to 4 mm. The anti-fracture force and anti-fracture strength of lateral root branch were less than that of adjacent upper straight root for the two plants. The anti-fracture strength of lateral-root branch and adjacent straight root followed the sequence of C. Korshinskii (33.66 and 47.06 MPa)> H. Rhamnides (3.97 and 8.75 MPa). The lateral root branch in relative with the adjacent straight root can easily be destroyed.

In order to further explore the effective water treatment technology and the characteristics of water quality with high carbon dioxide for low-ultra low permeability oil fields in the peripheral part of Daqing, a series of experiments are used to evaluate the effect of aeration process for removing the CO2 from oily wastewater and investigate the oil-water separation property by a small simulation test system. The results show that the properties of CO2 flooding produced water, such as salinity and corrosion rate, may be affected due to the increasing carbon dioxide content. The aeration is an effective method for reducing the acidity and the corrosion products of the CO2 flooding produced water.

The effects of roasting temperature (1000, 1050, 1100 and 1150℃) on properties of sludge-based ceramsite such as cylinder compressive strength, apparent density, bulk density and water absorption were studied in this paper in order to promote the use of sludge. Meanwhile, the microstructures of ceramsite at different temperatures were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicate that the roasting temperature indeed affects the microstructure and properties of ceramsite. The microstructure is denser with the increasing of temperature. When the temperature is 1150℃, the microstructure is the densest and the properties are the best.

This paper studies the degree of influence of various parameters of photovoltaic energy system on the weight of the stratospheric airship energy system. A calculation method based on the solar radiation model and energy balance model of an airship is proposed. The method decoupled the parameters of each component that influence the photovoltaic energy system of the airship. It can be used to analyze the degree of influence of various parameters of photovoltaic energy system on the weight of the energy system, and to optimize allocation of energy system during a stratospheric airship design.

By pyrolysis, dealing with sludge is very efficient, safe and economic. In order to investigate the pyrolysis characteristic of sludge, a series of experiments were carried out in an external heating fixed-bed reactor at different pyrolysis temperatures. The results show that the major constituent of pyrolysis gas is CO₂, CH₄ and H₂, and the yield rises with increasing temperature. The calorific value of pyrolysis gas can be up to 12.5MJ/m³ at 600°C The yield of pyrolysis gas is about 2.34%∼6%, and the yield rises with the increasing temperature. The major constituent of pyrolysis carbon is ash. The yield of ash is about 67%∼72%, and the yield decreases with the increasing temperature. The pyrolysis liquid of sludge is a kind of fetid liquid which has the upper and lower layers. The yield of pyrolysis liquid is about 29%∼31%, and the yield is less affected by pyrolysis temperature.

The piezoelectric generator gets concerned in self-driven, self-powered, micro-electromechanical systems for its environmentally friendly feature, and easiness to get miniaturization. Power Quality is one of the necessary conditions for the normal operation of the generator system, while the output voltage and frequency are the main indicators to measure electrical energy. The piezoelectric vibration generator is single-phase AC generator, which was capacitive, whose core component are the exciting mechanism and piezoelectric transducers, the vibration source is excited by airflow, the piezoelectric transducer is an energy harvesting device by forced vibration, and the maximum convert power can be get when the frequency is equal to the natural frequency of the system. The fixed frequency of the common cantilever piezoelectric transducer structure is only a few dozens to a few hundred hertz. When the piezoelectric element was forced directly by the airflow, the impulse of aerodynamic force is irregular at rather low frequency. Also influence seriously the output power of the generator.

Supercapacitor provides a solution to the void between energy storage and power capability. Due to its extremely high capacitance and ‘capacitor’ characteristics, it is able to provide much more energy compared to conventional capacitor and much higher power compared to battery. It is perfect for application requiring high power within short duration (<10s). Currently, modelling of supercapacitor and its associated parameter identification methods has developed for several years. This paper reviews different electrical supercapacitor models, where the model topology and parameter identification methods are included. The experiments show that the classic model has a similar accuracy with the two branch models and variable capacitance model in describing supercapacitor discharging process. Model topology and identification method complexity are compared to provide applicable conditions for each model.

In seismically active regions, more large scale wind turbines are installed. These turbines must consider loads induced by base shaking from an earthquake when calculating extreme loads. The objective of this paper is to study the dynamic characteristics of wind turbine considering wind and seismic loads while the turbine is operating. The 5 MW NREL utility scale reference turbine model is used. Different important scenarios are simulated with various loading conditions. The influence of turbulence intensity and the fatigue loads are analyzed and compared. The results indicate that the maximum of dynamic responses and fatigue loads will increase while the combination of earthquake and operational loads is considered, the mean of dynamic responses will decrease as the increase of turbulence intensity with the baseline control system working. It is concluded that it is significant to compressively analyze the dynamic property for wind turbines constructed in seismically active regions.

Harvesting environmental energy and converting it into electrical energy are of important significance for self-powered and low-powered wireless sensor nodes (WSNs), but a single energy source tends to have some shortcomings. So it is much necessary to study hybrid energy harvesting technologies. Vibrations and temperature differences are two common environmental energies, but they have different electrical characteristics of energy conversion. Therefore, how to achieve the maximum conversion efficiency simultaneously is a key problem in engineering applications. This paper presents a hybrid energy harvesting architecture for vibrations and temperature differences. An efficient energy conversion and management circuit is designed in detail, mainly including energy conversion circuit and energy management circuit. In the end simulations and experiments are carried out and the results show that the proposed circuit can harvest vibration and temperature difference energy efficiently simultaneously, and meet the power consumption requirement of a WSN.

Coal tar pitch (CTP) was modified with phenolic resin (PF). The parent CTP and modified CTP were carbonized at different temperatures, then the products were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results show that pyrolytic carbon of the parent CTP had formed lamella and banded structure. Modified CTPs’ lamella and banded structures were easier to be formed. Also, high temperature is good for the graphitization of CTP, but it is not advantageous to form the lamella structure.

In order to meet the requirements of people’s production and life, we expanded on the application range of heat pump system and summarized the research status of heat pump system of China and abroad in this paper. We also described the limitations and flaws of the existing research, summarized the research status of a new heat pump system used in the collection of surface water’s freezing latent heat, and pointed out the key issues.

Based on Mettler-Toledo thermogravimetric analyzer, a series of combustion experiments for two kinds of different coal samples as well as their blends were conducted. The effect of factors such as mixture ratio, heating rate on the combustion characteristics have been investigated. Kinetic parameters of combustion were then calculated by using the FWO method. The result shows that ignition temperature of coal increases with the increasing heating rate. Under the different heating rate and mixture ratio, TG curves have basically the same trend. The trends of the activation energy curves of samples are similar and show the decreased trend. The activation energy of sample A is lower than sample B, which provides fundamental experimental data for further study on the combustion process of coal.

Electrochemical advanced oxidation-deep dewatering process was used for municipal sludge treatment. The pilot-scale field experiment indicated that COD and MLSS were reduced 57.5%, 47.7% by electrochemical oxidation respectively. Compared with centrifuge dewatering, the combined technology decreased 75% of waste sludge production and its operating cost was around 199.5 RMB/t. With excellent disinfection performance, destroying bacteria/zoogloea structure by electrochemical advanced oxidation was believed to result in sludge reduction and dewatering performance improvement. Moreover, after investigating extra pollutant loading and waste gas discharge, it seems that there are no obvious side effects for WWTP operation while using this combined process.

HZSM-5 catalysts synthesized by different templates, namely N-butyl amine (NBA), ethylenediamine (EDA), hexamethylene diamine (HDA) and directing agent (DA), were prepared using a simple hydrothermal synthesis method. The textural and acid properties of resultant catalysts were characterized using XRD, SEM, N₂ adsorption-desorption, NH₃-TPD, and Py-IR techniques. The methanol to aromatics (MTA) performance over the different catalysts was also investigated. The results showed that the type of templates significantly influenced the catalyst grain size, relative crystallinity, specific surface area and acid properties. The HZSM-5 catalyst synthesized by N-butyl amine has a smaller grain size, higher relative crystallinity and specific surface area, and proper acid properties. Furthermore, it exhibited the highest catalytic performance in methanol to aromatics (MTA) at 360°C.

The influence of reaction conditions on the composition and yield of biodiesel made by hydrotreating of waste cooking oil were investigated with Ni-Mo-W/Al₂O₃ catalyst. The results demonstrated that the saturated C₁₅-C₁₈ paraffins was the main product from the hydrotreating of waste cooking oil. With the increase in reaction temperature and LHSV, or the decrease of pressure and hydrogen/oil volume ratio, the decarboxylation or decarbonylation was enhanced. Otherwise, it would be advantageous to deoxidation reaction. The product yield from the hydrotreating of waste cooking oil increased when the reaction temperature and LHSV decreased and when reaction pressure and hydrogen/oil volume ratio increased.

Correct conditioning of geological models to well data is important as it has a major impact on facies simulation. In this paper, we performed a simulation of lithofacies using a multiple-point facies (MPF) method conditioned to probability models, which applied successfully to a subsurface reservoir modeling in the Bohai Bay Basin, China. Probability models, from four lithofacies proportion maps transformed from Average Negative Amplitude cube to lateral trends and Vertical proportion curves to vertical constrains, are simulated from probability logs of lithofacies generated from drilling data by using the compositional kriging method. These probability models even give an exact percentage for every lithofacies probability and then improve the accuracy of the model grid description. Later, different parameter settings lead to the generation of a set of three-dimensional models. Several tests show that the model generated by the MPF method with strong conditioning to probability models can more accurately describe the distribution of sand bodies and interbedded intervals, and provide the best match for both the lithofacies proportion of well logs and the actual production performance. The error in estimating the amount of geological reserves is less than 5%. More than 90% of the wells show an excellent match with the water, with an error of less than 5%. The approach proposed in this paper provides a systematic method for reservoir evaluation, especially in offshore fields with widely spaced wells such as the Bohai Bay Basin.

With the rapid development of photovoltaic (PV) power generation, it is increasingly important to perfect the grid-connection technology of distributed PV generations and to ensure the secure and stable operation of grid-connected PV generations. The anti-islanding protection of islanded PV generation is a necessary protection function of PV generation system. There are differences between the anti-islanding protection standard in China and those in the other countries. The anti-islanding detection standard in China is still imperfect. Based on theoretical basis of islanded PV generation, the non-detected zones (NDZ) of two islanding detection algorithms are derived. Also, by means of analyzing the relations between different islanding detection standards for distributed PV generation and corresponding non-detection zones, the protective thresholds of frequency and voltage are obtained. Passive, active and monitoring-based algorithms for islanding detection have been analyzed in literature. Their characteristics have been discussed as well.

Along with the applications of distributed resources (DR), nonlinear power electronic devices and nonlinear and unbalanced loads, some deteriorative influences have been caused such as poor power quality and stability issues. The Static Synchronous compensator (STATCOM), as one of newest reactive power compensations with the best performances, plays an important role in the power system up to now. This paper deals with the fundamental compensation principle, the main circuit, current detection method, control strategy and application prospect of STATCOM which can reduce the line loss of power grid and the power loss of asynchronous motor.

The effects of coal property, boiler load and air distribution mode on the carbon dioxide emissions were studied to analyze the main factors influencing the carbon dioxide emissions from coal-fired power plants. A 100MW unit was selected for the study. The calculation results indicate that the volatile matter content and calorific value of coal do have great effect on the emission of CO₂. Besides, the CO₂ emissions, gradually increasing with the air-coal ratio added under the 20%-50% and 50%-100% loads, raises along with secondary air temperature increasing in the two loads period. Especially, there would be a trend when the unit at the low loads that the amount of CO₂ increases at first and then decreases with the secondary air temperature raising, which to guide for the prediction and optimization of CO₂ emissions in coal-fired power plants.

The floor radiant cooling with displacement ventilation system is an effective method to enforce the system’s cooling ability and prevent dewing. This paper proposes a displacement ventilation system that can form an “air layer” at the bottom of room so that the dew does not meet the cold floor surface directly. Our experiment tests the temperature distribution on surfaces such as the floor, walls, ceiling and indoor different place under the condition of floor cooling. Our results show that floor cooling with displacement ventilation system will improve the effect of floor cooling, which was analyzed by both theory and experiment in this paper.

Coal-fired power plant may integrate into the carbon trading market more actively with the lowering of carbon emission cost, understanding the situation of CO₂ emissions from coal-fired power plants and rational allocation of carbon emission quotas. Based on one 100MW unit of a power plant in Guangdong, prediction models of the relationship between coal-fired power plant medium parameters, operation parameters and the total amount of CO₂ emission were established using support vector machine algorithm. They were then applied to study the amount of CO₂ emission when the coal quality and air conditions are different, respectively under the 30%, 50% and 70% operation load. The results indicate good prediction capability of the established models, whose outcome bias ranges within 10%. In addition, by comparatively analyzing the optimum and worst coal quality and air condition based on the prediction results under different operating conditions, it indicates that selecting and optimizing coal quality and operation parameters are significant.

In today’s accelerating urbanization period, the research on construction fugitive dust distribution characteristics is important to improve city environment and control atmospheric pollution. The purpose of this paper is to obtain the construction fugitive dust distribution low and related influencing factors, and to provide basic data for the control of construction fugitive dust pollution by monitoring the TSP caused in the construction process in Hengyang.

In recent years, with the rapid development of wind power, wind power curtailment is increasing. Evaluation of the ability of future power grids to accommodate wind power effectively is of great significance for wind power planning. This paper proposes a method to evaluate the ability to accommodate wind power based on theoretical analysis and regression. The method uses the electric energy of power grid’s space of accommodating wind power as a key indicator of the power grid’s ability to accommodate wind power. A model of it is obtained after theoretical analysis. This method was revisited by regression based on the operation data in Northeast, North and Northwest China in 2015. Using the model, ability to accommodate wind power can be evaluated quickly and effectively.

As an effective means to achieve peak load shifting, time-of-use (TOU) pricing should be a multi-objective optimization problem with multiple constraints that need to meet the interests of both supply and demand. Therefore, in this paper, non-dominated sorting generic algorithm 2 (NSGA2) is used to realize the optimization. Given that it is still probable for further peak load shifting after optimizing as well as the influence of customer satisfaction index (CSI), a progressive strategy is put forward. The simulation result shows that using NSGA2 can provide decision makers with more objective options than that of traditional methods, while the progressive strategy makes the peak load shifting work better.

Inspired by certain simulation experiments, we choose round-corner rectangles (RCR) as the shape of our brownie pans. A model based on the heat balance equation and the mechanisms of heat transfer (convection and radiation) is established to show the distribution of heat across the outer edge of a pan for pans of different shapes - rectangular to circular, with the round-corner rectangular a merger of both. To solve this model, we developed a numerical program in MATLAB and provided its flowchart. A multi-objective optimization model is proposed to design our ultimate brownie pans, and a numerical algorithm is designed to solve it. This model attempts to select the best shape which balances properly between pan numbers placed in oven and even heat distribution at the edge of pans. Finally, the efficiency and performance of the RCR pan are analyzed.

Utilizing multi energy sources synthetically and efficiently is one of the trends of energy systems in recent years. An air source heat pump heating system based on the photovoltaic power supply is proposed in this paper, and further research is done on it. As a high efficiency and energy saving environmental protection equipment, air source heat pump can not only alleviate the pressure of the energy demand, but also provide effective solutions for winter heating. We put forward theoretical model and practical model schemes for a certain office building’s air source heat pump heating system, and carried out the simulation of air source heat pump heating system based on photovoltaic power. Quantitative data of the whole heating season, such as the indoor air temperature, heat storage water tank’s water temperature, and the system power consumption, was obtained. Analysis results shows that the economic benefits of air source heat pump heating system is superior to the traditional central heating system.

Being a new form of civilization more advanced than the industrial civilization, the concept of ecological civilization has attracted increasing attention in China. However, the challenge is using the advanced theory to guide decision making. Based on statistical data and characteristics of the Yanqing district in Beijing, the industrial structure and gross domestic product has been studied under three scenarios: business as usual model, industry development strategy, and ecological civilization model. Results show that the economy and the three industry structure have the best performances based on the ecological civilization model. Taking advantage of Yanqing’s own ecological asset, the new energy industry, ecological tourism industry, exhibition services industry, health consulting industry et al. will be the pillar industry in the future. With this, the ecological environment will receive the most extensive protection, while the economy rapidly develops at the same time.

This paper expounds on existing problems in converting straw to energy - an important form of new energy, reasons for the existence of such problems and countermeasures against the background of sustainable development. The difficult purchase and storage of straw, high cost of conversion, poor ability in independent research and development as well as a relatively low degree of industrialization are some of the problems in the process of converting straw to energy. Reasons for the existence of such problems are analyzed and measures are put forward, which include construction of a reasonable system for purchase and storage, improvement in technological research and development, promotion and service, enhancement in research and project planning on business models for conversion of straw into energy, increase in policy supports and financial supports, increase in publicity efforts, etc.

In order to fulfill emission reduction obligations, China carries out a large amount of research on greenhouse gas (GHG) emission inventories from the national level to district level. This study starts from compilation research and practice of GHG emission inventories about energy activities in China, briefly sketching the situation of national and regional inventory compilation under the promotion of administrative power. For IPCC and Provincial-Level Greenhouse Gas Inventory Compilation Guideline, this paper introduces the important aspects that are used in the practice of GHG emission inventories about energy activities. This paper analyzes the results of national inventories and some district inventories, and summarizes the typical problems of GHG emission inventories compilation in China. Those should be further studied and improved for more effective GHG emission inventories.

The paper clarifies the importance of energy against the background of the development of China’s modern economic situation. It also aims to analyze the current situation and problems of China’s energy development from the aspects of energy production, consumption, impact on social economy and ecological environment, etc. Through the analysis of the development of the superiority of hydropower resources, the paper puts forward the necessity of the development of hydropower resources in the future development of society and the economy.

Miscanthus floridulus biomass yield high, high photosynthetic efficiency, fast growth, easy breeding, widely distributed, is suitable as raw materials for the production of fuel ethanol. In this paper, the method of the pretreatment of liquid ammonia for Miscanthus floridulus, using the pretreatment of liquid ammonia to overcome biomass recalcitrance, adding cellulase enzyme, and the monosaccharide content is determined by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The experimental has a study of the conversion rate which is different growth period of Miscanthus floridulus of preparing cellulosic ethanol enzyme hydrolysis in cellulase dosage 15 FPU / (g eq dextran), the moisture content 100%, the pretreatment temperature 120^°C, residence time 10 min, loading amount of ammonia 2:1. The data shows that, in optimal pretreatment conditions, September Miscanthus floridulus is in enzymolysis for 72 h, and the glucan and xylan enzyme conversion rates are 84.77% and 81.73% respectively. Dry base mans per 100 g can get fermentation monosaccharide 56.9g, 3.79 times than untreated. Considering the energy consumption, Miscanthus floridulus total sugar yield increase and the impact of biomass, the paper identifies September as Miscanthus floridulus best harvest.

Based on the relationship between the operation management personnel quality and the nuclear power unit safety to illustrate the importance of personnel quality, and investigate human reliability model, discuss methods to enhance the submarine nuclear power unit operation management quality.

The coupling of biodiesel production and advanced wastewater treatment with immobilized microalgae has attracted much concern in recent years. Its economic feasibility, however, remains unclear. Therefore, we performed life cycle energy analysis and biodiesel production potential evaluation for the coupling system in China. The results demonstrated that when alginate recycle rate increased to 95%, the NER value of the coupling system could drop down to less than 1, indicating economic feasibility of large application. Temperature and development level are two crucial factors for biodiesel production potential. The coupling technology therefore shows a great potential of application in China, especially in regions with suitable temperature and high development level.

Large-scale development of wind farms has not only brought environmental benefits, but it will also affect the local meteorological environment. We chose Zhurihe wind farm, which is located on Sonid Youqi of Inner Mongolia, as our study area. Our observation instrument is the HOBO automatic meteorological station. The observation points are set up in the upwind area, inner wind farm and downwind area. This allows simultaneous observation of land temperature and near-surface air temperature and humidity of 1.5m range of wind farm area and analyze the effect of wind farm on near-surface temperature. The results show that the existence of wind farm would affect temperature and humidity inside and outside of wind farm area. In the daytime (10:00-16:00), there is a cooling and humidifying function in the inner area and downwind area. The relationship of air temperature and land temperature in these three seasons is upwind area>inner wind farm>downwind area. On the contrary, air relative humidity is downwind area >inner wind farm> upwind area, compared with upwind area. This means that the influence of the wind farm on the near surface temperature reduces with the increase in environment air temperature and land temperature while the influence on air relative humidity increases at the same time. The water surface evaporation of 24 hours of the inner wind farm is less than upwind area.

At present, there are a large number of agricultural wastes in the countryside of China. Determining reasonable uses of agricultural waste is becoming a problem that needs to be solved urgently in the rural economic development in recent times. This paper analyzes the factual details of rural agricultural waste and discusses the process of Biogas energy use, so as to promote the development and change of the rural economy and rural environment respectively. Also, it improves resource usage, and keeps the rural economy and environment on the road of sustainable development.

Based on the characteristics and the analysis of the object, subject, environment, and regulations of the construction industry, the construction industry marketization evaluation index system is set up. The entropy weight method can be used to build and analyze the construction industry marketization evaluation model. The result shows that the construction industry marketization degree is 35.10%. This degree is low and it means that the market belongs to the middle transition of market economy. It is necessary to build open and orderly market environments while strengthening the industry quality supervision ability to speed up the marketization process of construction industry.

In this paper, we monitored the atmospheric rainfall, throughfall, stemflow and canopy interception data of Pinus yunnanensis on Mopan in June-August of 2014. The redistribution characteristics of typical forest stands to atmospheric rainfall and its related factors were also comprehensively analyzed. The results showed that during the study period, total rainfall outside the forest was 497.4mm, and canopy interception, throughfall and Stemflow accounted for 6.65%, 90.78% and 0.068% of total rainfall outside the forest respectively. The critical value of rainfall from Pinus stemflow was 6.7mm. Through our analysis, the factors that affected the crown interception on Pinus were: Fractal dimension > angle scale > rainfall > neighborhood comparison > tree height > breast height > density.

In China, an increase in the level of rural residents’ consumption leads to an increase in indirect carbon emissions. Using the Consumer Lifestyle Approach (CLA), this study examines the characteristics of indirect carbon emissions from rural residents in Yunnan province from 2001 to 2012. The research results show that the Five-Year Plan improves the living standards of rural residents while increasing indirect carbon emissions. Income level directly affects indirect carbon emissions of rural residents, as well as the structure of indirect carbon emissions. Carbon emissions from daily necessities such as food increase year by year, although the share of it shows a downward trend. Meanwhile, there is an increase in carbon emissions from transportation. Regional carbon emissions are related to the regional economic development level, the consumption level of residents and the population quantity. The level of regional economic development in Kunming, Yuxi, Baoshan and Xishuangbanna is significantly higher than that of other places. Hence, rural residents in these places have higher indirect carbon emissions.

China’s marine areas are vast, and can be utilized to generate marine energy. Marine renewable energy is natural and clean and has much potential for development, which makes it important in our future development. This paper describes the utilization status of China’s three species of marine renewable energy: marine tidal energy, wave energy, and wind energy. We then assess the environmental impacts of these alternative energy sources through an environmental benefit assessment method. We also estimate the environmental benefits of marine tidal power, wave energy, wind energy. This paper concluded that China’s marine renewable energy has made huge environmental benefits, which amount to about 290 million yuan. Finally, we put forward two suggestions to develop our country’s marine renewable energy: draw lessons from other countries’ experience in the development of marine renewable energy to an appropriate extent and construct a strategic and overall plan to develop marine renewable energy.

Urbanization is the only way to achieve modernization. There is rapid development of China’s urbanization and the building engineering of low carbon and energy conservation target. According to regional climate characteristics and the development of urbanization, a feasible plan for energy saving is crafted. It is the key to improve the utilization of resources and reduce the energy consumption of building in the integration of urban and rural areas. Based on the analysis of the local climate and economic conditions, the paper puts forward the technical measures, such as adding insulation layer or material replacement to the outer wall and windows of the existing residential buildings in cities and towns in the construction of urbanization. This is to improve the efficiency of energy utilization and create a comfortable indoor thermal environment more effectively.

At present, we are facing many serious problems, such as the unreasonable primary energy structure, shortage of fossil energy, excessive energy consumption and deterioration of ecological environment in our country. In the process of seeking renewable clean alternative energy sources, Miscanthus emerges victoriously as it is a kind of ideal energy resource to solve the above problems. This paper analyses the feasibility of the anaerobic digestion mode of Miscanthus and its benefit assessment, comparing with the mode of direct combustion and gasification. For environment benefit analysis, we made a life cycle assessment (LCA) with an example of daily production of 1400 m³ biological gas of the anaerobic digestion engineering. It takes 1 MJ heat for the final product. Compared with the direct combustion mode, the CO₂ emission reduction rate is 81.1%. According to the emissions weighted calculation for environment impact potential, the environment impact load for anaerobic digestion is annual -211.3 people equivalent. In comparison, that of direct combustion is annual 144.21 people equivalent. Moreover, the investment recovery period of this system is 5.88 years; it shows the economy that it is good. In conclusion, the energy utilization mode of Miscanthus anaerobic digestion is environmentally friendly. It has great resource value, economic, environmental and social benefits, so its development and utilization has broad prospects.

The effect of purifying phosphorus by diatomite and researching phosphorus removal theory of diatomite was focused in this paper. The paper includes the following main parts: experiment method and procedure, results and discussion and conclusion. The results indicated that the phosphorus removal rate of solution containing 2mg/L P was above 95% with 3.5g diatomite with pH being 3.0. The adsorption time was 20 minutes. The equilibrium equation of isothermal adsorption can be described with Freundlich equation. The diatomite is a proper removing phosphorus adsorbent dealing with the effluent from secondary biological treatment process. The phosphorus removal theory of diatomite is adsorption and surface complex reaction.

Petroleum is a major pollutant of the marine environment. In order to improve the petroleum hydrocarbons degradation rate of bacterial consortium, we screened strains from a sample of Dalian salt lake sediment and obtained a strain which not only can grow in the 6% NaCl solution LB culture medium, but also synthesize and secrete ectoine. Through the strain morphology observation and 16S rDNA sequence analysis, it was identified as Halomonas and named as Halomonas sp. B01. In 0.5-2 M certain range of salt concentration, the higher NaCl concentration was in the culture medium, the more ectoine Halomonas sp. B01 producted, ectoine yield reached to 2293.7 mg/L induced by 2 M NaCl at 72 h. Ectoine has a significant role in promoting the growth of oil degrading bacteria. Ectoine-excreting strain Halomonas sp. B01 has the resistance to assist the function of bacterial consortium’s degradation of petroleum. Using gas chromatography to determine the petroleum alkane degradation rate of bacterial consortium, Halomonas sp. B01 increased the average degradation rate of diesel oil and Daqing crude petroleum alkane component by 12.0% and 15.5% respectively.

The consumption features of energy and countermeasure issues on sustainable development of energy in Liaoning are discussed in this paper. The research shows that the total consumption of energy in Liaoning grows at a stable rate, but the consumption structure of energy and energy utilization rate are low. Raw coal in primary energy consumption structure occupies the dominant position while energy consumption concentrates mostly on high energy-consuming industry, while end-use energy consumption focuses on industrial concentration and external dependence of energy promotes continuously. To achieve the sustainable development of energy, we should take diversity and substitutability of energy as the starting point, strengthen the improvement of environmental protection and energy utilization rate and finally, establish a energy-saving national economic system and consumption pattern.

PSO Algorithm is an effective global optimizing algorithm which is based on swarm intelligence. However, as its single evolution strategy, the particle swarm shows a kind of convergence as a whole. It will be easy to converge too early, which results in sinking into local optimal. This paper puts forward the algorithm of chaotic Particle Swarm Optimization-Differential Evolution and makes improvements to the regular PSO algorithm from the following three perspectives. Firstly, the abilities of exploitation and development of the algorithm are improved by the addition of variable inertia weight and study factors. Secondly, the tough problem of sticking at local optimal caused by the randomness of initial position of the particles is solved by initializing the particle swarm, which uses chaotic sequences based on logical map instead of random sequence in standard PSO. Also, the possibility of obtaining the global optimal adaptive value is further reinforced. Lastly, the speed formula including aberrance gene is firmly established by introducing the ideology of crossover, mutation and selection in Differential Evolution into the standard PSO algorithm, which could solve the defect of single evolution strategy in regular standard PSO algorithm. This strategy can enable it to jump out of local circulation and seek out the orbit of particle in general scope when the particle swarm sinks into local optimal or converge too early, thus sinking into precocious. According to the actual application, the method of optimal reservoir operation with CPSO-DE algorithm is put forward after analyzing the mathematic model. The corresponding model is then established and solved by combining with specific project practice. Proven by example, the CPSO-DE algorithm has an advantage over traditional particle swarm algorithm with quick convergence in the study of the plan of optimal reservoir operation, which identified its practicality, feasibility and robustness.

The utilization and disposal of electric bicycle battery is a hot issue in terms of new energy and sustainable development in the world, especially in developing countries. We investigated the status quo of used electric bicycle battery through questionnaires, depthvisits and online survey research in Nanjing, China. We found that (a) Portable battery mounted on the bicycle has become increasingly widespread. (b) The electric bike batteries need frequent replacement, so there is a large number of used batteries. (c) The battery market in Nanjing is disorganized and the methods of disposal and recycling are worrying. (d) There is a lack of awareness to recycle used batteries and this corresponds to environmental pollution among the residents in Nanjing. Therefore, in order to attract people’s attention, especially those in developing countries, to new energy and sustainable development, we propose some constructive suggestions and explore reasonable solutions and approaches.

The following section is included:

• Author Index