Materials Science and Engineering

The following sections are included:

• Preface of IWMSE2016
• Committees of IWMSE2016
• Keynote Speakers of IWMSE2016
• Contents

The adsorption amount of polynaphthalene sulphonate superplasticizer (NSF) on the surface of alite-sulphoaluminate cements of different mineral compositions were detected by ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrometry. The adsorptive behaviors of NSF on the surface of cement particles in the hydration system were investigated. The results showed that the adsorption amount of NSF on the cement increased with higher initial concentration; the adsorption amount and the maximum adsorption amount increased with prolonged hydration time; with a certain content of C3S, the increased amount of calcium sulphoaluminate (3CaO · 3Al₂O₃ · CaSO₄, C₄A₃$\overline{\text{S}}$) leads to observably increased adsorption amount and the maximum adsorption amount of NSF on cement. The total adsorption amount is much higher than that of Portland cement.

The contents of calcium sulphoaluminate (C₄A₃$\overline{\text{S}}$) mineral were set as a series 5-20 percent and accordingly fixed tricalcium silicate (C₃S) mineral contents at 30, 45, 60 percent respectively in alite-sulphoaluminate cement clinker. The burning and properties of clinker were investigated. Results showed that: For certain C₃S content, the clinker sintering is loose when the content of C₄A₃$\overline{\text{S}}$ mineral is 5%, and the free lime amount is low, the cement setting time is long, the early age compressive strength is low, and a significant increase in the 28 days compressive strength is observed. When the contents of C₄A₃$\overline{\text{S}}$ mineral are 10% and 15%, the free lime amount is low, the clinker sintering compacter, the main mineral formation are good, and the cements show proper setting time and high compressive strengths. When C₄A₃$\overline{\text{S}}$ mineral content is 20%, the free lime amounts are high, the setting time of the cements is shorter, the early age compressive strengths are higher, while the compressive strength growth are smaller.

The influence of the C₄A₃$\overline{\text{S}}$ mineral addition on the properties of cement was studied, with industrial Portland cement clinker and laboratory prepared C₄A₃$\overline{\text{S}}$ mineral as based materials. The results indicated that the early strength of cement increased, and the late strength steadily grew with 3-5% of C₄A₃$\overline{\text{S}}$ mineral in Portland cement. For Portland cement with blastfurnace slag, the early and late strengths of cement increased greatly with the addition of 3-5% C4A3S mineral. For the cement in which 5% of clinker was replaced with limestone, the various age strengths of cement increased significantly with addition of 5% C₄A₃$\overline{\text{S}}$ mineral. For the cement in which 5% of the slag or fly ash was replaced with limestone, the strength properties of the cement improved significantly with the addition of 5% C₄A₃$\overline{\text{S}}$ mineral. The addition of C₄A₃$\overline{\text{S}}$ mineral can reduce the initial and final setting times of cement.

Fiber-reinforced ceramic composites are relatively promising materials in aerospace and other high-tech areas. Machining difficulty and high cost in grinding are the main impediments to the application of those composites. In this work, the grinding mechanism of 2.5-dimensional woven quartz fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites was researched by experimental analysis. The acoustic emission (AE) combined with wavelet analysis was adopted to evaluate the grinding process. The effects of grinding parameters on wavelet energy were investigated. The AE energy increases with the increase of depth of cut and feed speed respectively, while it decreases with the increase of peripheral wheel speed in grinding process. The 2.5D composite is inhomogeneous and anisotropic. Different kinds of AE signals are generated when grinding parameters are changed.

The dielectric materials with high energy density and high energy efficiency are the core problem for energy storage applications. In this study, 0.9BaTiO₃-0.1MNbO₄ (M=Al, In, Y, Sm, Nd, Bi, La) ceramics are prepared by solid-state reaction method. The structure, dielectric properties and energy storage properties of the ceramics are systematically investigated. The results show that permittivity decrease firstly and then increase, lastly decrease gradually with the increased ionic radius. The differences of dielectric properties in 0.9BaTiO₃-0.1MNbO₄ systems are attributed by the effects of different ionic radius. When M=Bi, it exhibits the highest energy density of 0.797 J/cm³ and energy efficiency of 92.5% in this study, because the second phase suppress the nonlinearity obviously. It is demonstrated that dielectric with larger P_m, slim hysteresis loop and lower nonlinearity, which are indispensable conditions, is a good way to improve energy density and energy efficiency in energy storage applications.

In this paper, the design method of C20 recycled concrete mix proportion is studied by using recycled aggregate. The mechanical properties of C20 recycled concrete and common concrete are analyzed by contrast test. The experimental results show that the strength-distributing rule of recycled concrete is the same as that of common concrete. It follows the Bolomey Theory when the W/C is between 0.5-0.6. The volume stability of recycled concrete is shown as the expansion occurred in the early stage and dry shrinkage in the late. Its shrinkage strain is slightly higher than that of common concrete.

Core-shell nanoparticles (CSN) with polystyrene (PSt)/organophilic montmorillonite (OMMT) as core and poly (butyl acrylate) (PBA) as shell were prepared through seed emulsion polymerization. The structural characteristics of CSN were examined through scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. CSN was spherical, with an evident core-shell structure. The thermal property and rheological behavior of the polypropylene (PP)/ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer composite system filled with different proportions of CSN were systematically investigated by using a thermogravimetric analyzer and an RT-2000 high-pressure capillary rheometer. Results showed that temperatures corresponding to the maximum weight-loss rate and the end of weight loss for PP-EVA/CSN were higher than those of single PP-EVA and CSN when the mass fraction of CSN was 5 wt%. CSN can also improve the thermal performance of PP-EVA. The prepared composites that belonged to non-Newtonian pseudoplastic fluid and the processibility were similar to those of PP-EVA. Shear stress, apparent viscosity decreased as CSN was added; thus, CSN unlikely caused damage to the processing fluidity of PP-EVA, instead, processibility is likely improved.

The mercury cadmium telluride (MCT) thin film is grown on single- or multi-layer graphene to explore the probability of the development of a new MCT detector. The influence of graphene on the crystalline quality, surface morphology, composition and optical property of MCT thin film is studied. It is found that a single-layer graphene (SLG) almost has no effect on the quality of MCT thin film, and the MCT thin film grown on the SLG has a high crystalline quality and a smooth surface morphology. The average transmittance of the MCT thin film on the SLG/GaAs substrate is about 90% when the wavenumber is less than 1500 cm⁻¹. While the increase of the number of the graphene layer deteriorates the quality of the MCT epitaxial thin film. It proves that SLG makes it possible to fabricate a MCT devices on large-area, non-crystalline or amorphous substrates.

In this paper the differential scanning calorimetry analysis (DSC) and X-ray diffraction analysis(XRD) detection methods were applied to investigate glass transition temperature Tg, onset crystallization temperature Tx, crystallization peak temperature Tp, the variation of specific heat capacity ΔCp,g in the glass transition and the XRD pattern of crystallization reaction at 823K about Fe68Ni1Al5Ga2P9.65B4.6Si3C6.75 amorphous alloy, which was pre-annealed for different period (20,40,60min) at 673K ((Tg-100K)<T<Tg). Research results indicated that the glass transition temperature and the variation of specific heat capacity gradually increased with the extending pre-annealing time; while the onset crystallization temperature and the first crystallization peak temperature displayed a trend of gradual decrease. Besides, the XRD patterns indicated that the shapes of diffraction peaks for samples were similar, while the intensity of diffraction peaks had some slight differences. The research results were then further analyzed in terms of structural relaxation theory.

In this paper, the preparation foundation of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS)-polyurethane composites were reviewed. The preparation of POSS-polyurethane using polyols irradiated with γ-ray radiation was introduced. And the radiation crosslinking POSS-poly (urethane-imide) foam were discussed.

Bi₂O₃ nanomaterials with a diversity of morphologies, such as nanoparticles, nanorods and nanoplates, were controllably synthesized successfully by a reverse microemulsion route. X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), and thermogravimetry differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) were employed to characterize the obtained products. It was found that the size and morphology of bismuth oxide were affected mainly by water content (W₀), and the shape of Bi₂O₃ changed with different W₀. The common role of surfactant adsorbing on the surface of the nanoparticles led to the formation of Bi₂O₃ nanomaterials with specific morphologies. The possible formation mechanisms of these nanostructures were also discussed. With calcination temperature increasing from 275 °C to 350°C, β-Bi₂O₃ has transformed into α-Bi₂O₃ completely.

As the structure sizes are in nanoscale, the surface-to-bulk energy ratio increases and the surface effects must be taken into account. Surface effect plays a key role to accurately predict the vibration behavior of nanostructures. In this paper, the dynamic behavior of a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) for nanoparticle delivery is studied. The nonlocal Bernoulli-Euler beam theory is used and the surface effect is taken into account. It is found that in the presence of the surface effects, the dimensionless displacement significantly decreases, unlike the classical solution in which the surface effect is neglected.

Hydrogen is promising and green energy resource, but the hydrogen is a dangerous gas. The explosion limits is 4.1% to 74.2% and the explosion power is very high, so the low concentration hydrogen detection is very important. ALD (Atomic Layer Deposition) method is used to prepare the palladium nanoparticles as the hydrogen sensing units. The palladium nanoparticle is sensitive to hydrogen. The response time and recovery time for 0.05% hydrogen are 35s and 20s respectively. The signal intensity can satisfy the detection. This work presents that the ALD preparation method can supply palladium nanoparticles for low concentration hydrogen detection.

Graphene oxide aerogel was fabricated by the vacuum freeze-drying method and characterized with scanning electron microscope (SEM), Nitrogen adsorption-desorption curve and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Then, the batch adsorption test of graphene oxide aerogel for methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution was carried out. The experimental results showed that the developed mesoporous structure and plenty of functional groups formed in the fabricated graphene oxide aerogel. Moreover, the removal rate gradually increased from 58.4% to 99.7% with raising pH from 2.0 to 9.0. Furthermore, the adsorption isotherm was well fitted by Freundlich model and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model could well describe the adsorption process. According to the calculated thermodynamic parameters, the adsorption process was non-spontaneous and endothermic.

More and more scholars were committed to loading the iron oxide nanoparticles on the graphene. Shown in the studies, there were many nucleation sites on the graphene for the Fe₃O₄ particles, meanwhile, the distance between the graphene was lengthened due to the magnetic Fe₃O₄ particles, and the reunion of the graphene could be avoided. The excellent performance of the two materials was combined perfectly in this way. To facilitate the researchers work better in the future, in this paper, the synthesis of Fe₃O₄/graphene were reviewed from its applications such as waste water treatment, magnetic targeting drugs, biosensor, and the anode materials for lithium-ion battery. Simultaneously, the prospects of the composite material were discussed.

The nano-silica (SiO₂) was introduced into the cyanate ester (CE) resin matrix to fabricate composites by physical blending method, and then the composites were treated in different high-temperature conditions. The results of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) indicated that the thermal properties of SiO₂ filled composites are higher than that of pure CE. But the heat resistant of them was all decreased after heat treatment. The filled composites had lower dielectric constant and loss, indicating that the introduction of SiO₂ had positive effect on the dielectric properties of CE. The high temperature treatment made the dielectric properties of CE and its composites show a trend of decrease.

Papers prepared using auxiliary mechanical stirring hydroxyapatite nano-materials, and by infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction of the prepared nano materials characterization, characterization results show: Infrared analysis confirmed the root samples S1 phosphate $\left({\text{PO}}_4^{-3}\right)$ and hydroxyl (OH⁻¹) presence, X-ray diffraction instrumentation products for the next hydroxyapatite crystals belonging to the hexagonal nano-HAP, sharp peak shape, crystallinity is good. Therefore, preparation of auxiliary mechanical stirring hydroxyapatite nano-materials is simple, material morphology and size controllable process parameters can be expected to provide large-scale preparation of nano-materials and reference.

The (Y₂O₃+TiB+TiC)/Ti-6Al-4V titanium matrix composite were prepared by vacuum induction pre-melting and vacuum arc melting for 4 times melting-casting process in this paper. The composite contains element yttrium (Y) and element boron(B) and element carbon(C) in which Y content ranging from 0.1wt% to 0.15wt% and B content ranging from 0.2wt% to 0.5wt%and C content ranging from 0.5wt% to 3wt%. The microstructure and SEM images of fracture surface of composite were studied. The elastic modulus and mechanical properties of composite were tested. The results indicate that ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of composite reaches 1300MPa and increase 25% than Ti-6Al-4V titanium matrix with 0.5wt%B and 0.5wt%C; the elastic modulus of composite are 145GPa and increase 30% than Ti-6Al-4V titanium matrix with 0.5wt%B; the rare-earth oxide (Y₂O₃) improved structure of the (Y₂O₃+TiB+TiC)/Ti-6Al-4V titanium matrix composite distributed uniformly on grain boundariesβ. The microstructures have good match the ultimate tensile strength and elastic modulus with elongation containing lamellar α and grain boundaries β and the second phase TiB with bar-like and the second phase TiC with spherical-like.

The axial periodic vibration of a giant magnetostrictive rod in the periodic altering magnetic field and the temperature field is analyzed in this paper. The mathematical model is established by the variational method, and the quadratic nonlinear mechanic-magnetic constitutive relationship is applied. The displacement solution and the relationship between the amplitude and the frequency are obtained by the harmonic method under the linear spring constrained boundary condition.

Creep tests were carried out on Ti-600 alloy at the temperature of 600°C, and with the stresses of 150MPa, 200MPa, 250 MPa, 300 MPa and 350 MPa, respectively. Steady state creep rate and the stress exponent n at different stresses were calculated for the alloy. Threshold stress σ₀ was introduced to get the true stress exponent p. Creep deformation mechanism was also investigated. The results indicated that the steady state creep rate will increase with the rise of stress, and the creep time will be shortened at the same time. At 600°C, the threshold stress is 76.1MPa. The value of n and p is 2.4 and 1.1 respectively for the alloy crept at lower stress region (150-200MPa); and which is 7.4 and 4.1 respectively for the alloy crept at higher stress region (200-350MPa). Constitutive equations of steady state creep rate were established for the alloy crept at 600°C. The creep deformation mechanism for the alloy is grain boundary diffusion one (Coble creep mechanism) at lower stress region, and which is dislocation climbing mechanism controlled by lattice diffusion (Weetman creep mechanism) at higher stress region.

Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) is an ingredient extracted from salvia miltiorrhiza, a traditional Chinese medicine, and has been used in the therapy of cardiovascular diseases. The study was designed to investigate the antitumor effect of Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) at different concentrations on the proliferation and apoptosis of human laryngeal carcinoma Hep-2 cells. MTT assay revealed that Tan IIA significantly inhibited the growth of Hep-2 cells in a dose dependent manner. Flow cytometry showed Hep-2 cells became apoptotic, and the early apoptosis rate was 5.8%, 7.9%, 10.2% and 20.4%. Tan IIA may inhibit the proliferation and induce the apoptosis of Hep-2 cells in a concentration dependent manner.

Immobilization of enzyme into microcapsules has attracted many researchers’ interest. In order to develop and optimize encapsulated rate of microcapsules mathematical model, the four variables including sodium alga acid concentration, the anhydrous calcium chloride concentration, placed time and the alkaline protease (AP) concentration were optimized by one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT). The results were as follows: sodium alga acid concentration 1.5%, anhydrous calcium chloride concentration 3%, placed time 1 h and alkaline protease concentration 0.75%, placed time 62.23 min and alkaline protease concentration 0.78%. Under this condition, the encapsulated rate of microcapsules achieves 95.63%.

Urinary stone is one of the most common urologic diseases over the world, but its formation mechanism is not yet clearly understood. In this work, calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) sub-micron crystal with a size of about 200 nm was prepared by complex precipitation method using NTA as complexing agent. The sample was characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Zetasizer Nano-ZS analyzer. The prepared COM crystals were nearly elliptical. The effects of initial reactant concentrations, pH in reaction system, and dispersion media etc. on morphology and size of COM crystals were investigated. Ethanol medium favored the dispersion of COM crystals. We compared the adhesion of COM to normal and injured human renal tubule epithelial cells, which indicated that injured cells can adhere to much more COM crystals. It confirmed that cell injure is the main reason of urolithiasis.

This study aims to compare the cytotoxicity and adhesion of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) and dehydrate (COD) crystals with a size of 5 μm toward human kidney proximal tubular epithelial (HKC) cells so as to reveal the mechanism of kidney stone formation at cellular level. The measurement of cell viability and Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) content were used to quantitatively analyze cell injury induced by COM and COD crystals; cell mortality was measured by propidium iodide (PI) staining; the adhesion of crystals on cell surface was observed by SEM. The decrease of cell viability and increase of LDH release of HKC cells caused by COM and COD were concentration-dependent in crystal concentration range of 100∼1600 μg/mL. COM caused more serious injury in HKC than COD. The adhesion amount of COM was significantly greater than COD crystal. The damage of micron COM was larger than COD, and COM was more easily aggregated on HKC. The results in this paper indicated that the presence of COM crystals in urine was more likely to increase the risk of stone formation than COD crystals.

In this work, the precipitation characteristics of alkali metal during aquatic biomass pyrolysis were studied. The results show that aquatic biomass species are important factors for K and Na releasing ratio during pyrolysis, which is related with the combined forms of K and Na in aquatic biomass and sample structure. Na precipitation rate is higher than K, which is mainly due to interfacial bond energy of Na lower than K. According to the K and Na releasing behavior of aquatic biomass during pyrolysis, the dynamical model was constructed, and the K and Na releasing characteristics predicted by this model are more satisfying in depicting the experimental data, indicating dynamical model can be applied to predict the K and Na releasing characteristics of aquatic biomass during pyrolysis.

Taking MJ3210 cars woodworking band saw machine as the research object, using high precision under no-load and load of Beijing pop vibration analyzer and the Vibsys vibration signal acquisition, processing and analysis software of band sawing machine band saw blade transverse vibration test and the signal acquisition, and analyze the collected signal calculation, through the analysis of the kurtosis saw blade transverse vibration displacement, find the blade cracks under different conditions and the changing rule of the kurtosis. Through the orthogonal experiment analysis: the saw blade transverse vibration displacement of the most significant factor for the spindle speed followed by the tension of saw blade and feed speed. Through the analysis of the saw blade crack before and after shows that perfect band saw blade transverse vibration displacement when no-load kurtosis is below 1, and no-load crack when the K value in 3-4.8, when the load of crack band saw blade transverse vibration displacement of saw blade kurtosis between 5-6.5; K value changing with cutting trees will also change, with the increase of wood hardness, kurtosis K value will also increase, band saw blade crack length will also increase; Can use the kurtosis of interval value range to determine whether a saw blade cracks, and the extent of the crack. Thus for the first time the kurtosis theory applied to crack diagnosis of biomass material processing band saw, for processing cutting tool under the load of on-line fault diagnosis is a method and the technical basis.

In this paper, using the theory of time series analysis, by means of econometric software Eviews8.0, based on the type gathering MJ3310A sports car band saw to produce crack defects of band saw blade transverse vibration displacement data of system analysis, time series prediction model is established, and the transverse vibration of the defective band saw blade displacement prediction and analysis, a experiment is carried out through the forecast when the band saw blade cracks on the actual value compared with the predicted value can be concluded that the accuracy of 95% and 97% respectively, error rate is smaller; After on the band saw blade crack predicted the future of the actual value compared with the predicted value, you can see that accuracy rate were 94% and 95% respectively, and less error rate. Therefore, using the prediction model can predict when the band saw blade crack and crack extension. Then using time series analysis theory for the first time for the band saw the prediction of crack generation and propagation and the safety analysis of on-line fault diagnosis for the work of band saw blade security provides a feasible theory and method.

Isosorbide diglycidyl ether (isosorbide epoxy) was cured by maleopimaric acid and terpene maleic anhydride as co-curing agent to regulate the properties of fully bio-based epoxy resins. The non-isothermal curing kinetics for co-curing of fully bio-based epoxies with various MPA/TMA ratios was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was used to evaluate the mechanical properties and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to study the thermal stability of the cured resins respectively. The results showed that the fully bio-based isosorbide epoxies have comparable or even better mechanical properties to the bisphenol A (BPA) type competitor cured by petroleum based curing agents. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of these fully bio-based epoxies can be further regulated in large extent and then can be used in more areas with desired performances, showing that the fully bio-based isosorbide epoxies have great potential as substitutes for BPA type epoxies.

Waste penicillin mycelium (WPM) is a solid waste from the production process of penicillin in pharmaceutical industry, which is difficult to dispose because of environmental and safety problems. We treated WPM by microwave hydrolysis in alkali condition and used for gypsum retarder. Four factors were investigated: alkali concentration, solid-liquid ratio, treatment time and temperature. The optimal results for the hydrolysis process were obtained: alkali concentration 0.04 mol/L, solid-liquid ratio 1:3, treatment time 12 min, and at 85 °C. The change rule of protein content is not consistent with that of setting time from the experimental data, which suggests that the components as amino acid, citric acid and lactic acid in retarder also have the retarding effect on gypsum.

Rice straw was oxidized with hydrogen peroxide. The reaction mixture was extracted with petroleum ether and ethyl acetate, respectively. The effects of temperature on the oxidation were investigated. Residue and extracts were analyzed with Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. The results indicated that hydrogen peroxide solution can convert most of the organic matters contained in rice straw into solvent-soluble species. The research is significance in the high value added utilization of rice straw.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) now becomes a global health concern. It costs 3 d-4 d to finish MRSA detection procedure using conventional methods, also it may have false positive or false negative. Thus, developing an accurate and rapid method in MRSA detection and infection control becomes necessary. This study aimed to develop and establish a multiplex PCR assay for rapid and sensitive detection of MRSA. Four genetic loci were selected to be detected in one amplification system, 16S rRNA of Staphylococcus genus, femA of S. aureus, mecA of methicillin-resistance and orfX of SCCmec. The PCR reaction was finished within 3 h. The specificity of multiplex PCR was brought out with the evaluation using four different kinds of reference strains including MSCNS, MRCNS, MSSA and MRSA. The diagnostic evaluation was brought out with the appliance of 33 clinical MRSA strains. The results showed that the sensitivity and diagnostic rate of multiplex PCR was 100% and without false negative or false positive. To sum up, this rapid detection method has the potential in the diagnosing and infection control of MRSA.

Poly(2,5-bis[4-hexyl-thiophen-2-yl]-N-n-Octyl-3,4-thiophenedicarboximide-co-3-hexylthiophene) (PHTPD) was synthesized with FeCl₃as oxidant by 3-hexylthiophene and 2,5-bis (4-thiophen-2-yl-hexyl) -N- thiophen-n-octyl-3, 4-dicarboximide. The optical properties of polymer PHTPD was characterized by UV-visible absorption spectra (UV) and fluorescence spectra (FL), The electrochemical properties of polymer PHTPD was recorded by cyclic voltammetry. By calculating we obtained the optical band gap, electrochemical bandgap, HOMO/LUMO orbital energy of PHTPD. Moreover, we utilized gel permeation chromatography (GPC) to characterize its molecular weight and thermogravimetric curve (TG) to characterize its thermal properties.

Solid material polyamide (PA6) is used as nylon cap in tee joint mouth of oxygen bombs. Its flame characteristics are influenced by the high oxygen concentration environment in the bombs and required study. The flame characteristics of PA6 are directly related to safety of oxygen bombs. Experiments were conducted in modified oxygen index apparatus to study the effect of oxygen concentration on flame height and flame spread. Thermoplastic material polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and thermosetting material epoxy were selected as comparison material. Both the flame height and flame spread rate increase consistently with a power law with the increasing oxygen concentration. The results of this work provide further understanding of the characteristics of materials like PA6 in environments similar to oxygen bombs and future spacecraft.

Four types of waterborne polyurethane (WPU) have been synthesized by the reaction of toluene-2,4-diisocyanate (TDI), polytetrahydrofuran glycol (PTMG), polyester (PE3030), polyether diol (N220), Polyether triol (ZC330), hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB), hydroxyl silicon oil (PPC) and chain extender(EXT08). The chemical structures of WPU were characterized by FT-IR. Their properties were measures and compared in terms of the particle size, interfacial tension, contact angle, weight gain rate (WGR), tensile strength and elongation at break. The studies show that PPC and HTPB are introduced in. The polyether WPU with10 wt.% of EXT08 has best waterproof and better comprehensive properties.

Aim at detecting single-point force in biomedical field; we develop a MEMS-based flexible thin film single-point force sensor with flat interlayer structure. In terms of detecting principle of parallel plate capacitor, we deduce the linear equation between point force and output capacitance and give out relative formula on the measurement range of the developed sensor in theory. We put forward the interlayer flat structure to realize the measurement of single-point force. Through given procedures, we successfully fabricate the MEMS-based flexible thin film single-point force sensor. The results of experiments and analysis illustrate that the MEMS-based thin film single-point force sensor with flat interlayer structure is available for single-point force detection from biomedical field.

The quasi-one-step method was used to synthesize hyperbranched polyesteramide by using diethanolamine and butanedioic anhydride as raw materials. Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), Ubbelohde viscometer and DSC-TGA were used to identify the structure, viscosity and thermal stability of hyperbranched polyesteramide, respectively. In this investigation, the dependence of viscosity on hyperbranched polyesteramide in the presence of end-capped reagents was studied. Benzoic acid, stearic acid, crylic acid, α-methyl crylic acid and cinnamic acid as end-capped reagents can reduce the viscosity. The logarithmic value of viscosity with end-capped reagents (0.019-0.057dL/g) was much lower than the viscosity (0.146 dL/g) without end-capping reagent. In thermal analysis, T_d (thermal decomposition temperature) of hyperbranched polyesteramide was at the temperature of 316.3 °C, Tg (Glass transition temperature) was at the temperature of 270 °C. The results showed that the product exhibits low logarithmic viscosity value, good solution and relative thermal stability, which has a potential application values in rheology modifier of macromolecular materials.

A new evaluation method for polymer composite materials dynamic viscoelasticity by ultrasonic wave method is provided based on the ultrasonic wave propagation theories in complex number range and the more theories. Considering the ultrasonic wave propagation characteristics in polymer composite materials with viscoelasticity, the mathematics model of ultrasonic wave method is built according to the attenuation coefficient and the loss tangent tan δ, and the various rubber samples are discussed by both experiment analysis and numerical simulation, as a result experiment and simulation data are fitted extremely. A nondestructive evaluation system is presented for the ultrasonic wave method for the polymer composite materials dynamic viscoelasticity. This is a new method for researching on the polymer composite characteristic and on line nondestructive evaluation, which can be also used for the evaluation of polymer material with viscoelasticity.

In this article, we presented the preparation of copper indium disulfide (CuInS₂; CIS) nanocrystals (NCs) by solution process as the sensitizers for microporous titania (TiO₂) thin film photoelectrodes. The CIS NCs ranging from 7 to 15 nm in diameter were synthesized by one-step thermolysis method. The results of UV-visible absorption spectra show that the as-prepared CIS NCs have strong absorption in visible light range (400 nm-1000 nm), and the band gap energy is 1.43 eV. Under illumination of simulated AM 1.5 G at one sun intensity, the thin films exhibit sensitized behavior and enhanced photoelectrochemical properties. The photocurrent of the CIS sensitized TiO₂ is three times higher than that of pure TiO₂.

High quality ZnO thin films doped with CeO₂ was prepared by RF magnetron sputtering technique. The influence of CeO₂ on the structure and optics absorption property was studied by XRD apparatus and UV-Visible spectrophotometer. The results show that doped CeO₂ has affected developing ways of crystal grains and UV absorption property of ZnO. The films’ UVA absorption is enhanced. The slope of the absorption margin increased and the absorption edge obviously moved to short wave direction. In addition, the breadth of the absorb peak increased and the absorption intensity improved.

The effect of interfacial properties on the band gaps is studied when shear horizontal (SH) wave obliquely incident on a one-dimensional phononic crystal, based on the spring interface model. When the interface phase is thin and light (the mass density is small), the inertia effect can be neglected. In this situation, the interface phase is usually substituted by distributed springs. The boundary conditions for spring interface model are obtained. The dispersion relation is derived using the transfer matrix method and Bloch theorem. The numerical simulation is performed for the combination of Al and Epoxy. The band structures corresponding to real wave vectors are computed in the case of different interfacial adhesion degrees. As a result, it shows that the width of the band gap increases when the interfacial adhesion degree decreases. The localized modes appear when the interface is almost unbonded. In addition, the wave propagates through the lattice with a small attenuation near the localized mode frequency.

Blending with another biocompatible natural polymer is a potential way to enhance the mechanical properties and cell affinity of chitosan gels. In this study, chitosan (CH)/silk fibroin (SF) hybrid gels were fabricated by initiating gelation using β-glycerol phosphate at 37°C. Statistical analysis results from SEM images showed that the internal pore diameter of CH/SF gels with blending ratio of 75/25 was about 93.9 μm, and a number of micro fibers with the size of several micrometers were observed within the gels. Mechanical measurements showed that the compressive strength of CH/SF gels with blending ratio of 75/25 was about 4.39 kPa which were significantly bigger than that of CH gels, and it showed viscoelasticity characteristics of the elastic materials by rheological tests. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were incubated on CH/SF blend gels for 3 days. Results from SEM and LSCM observation showed that blending CH with SF was beneficial for the cell attachment, spreading and proliferation. These results indicated that the CH/SF gel is expected to be useful in tissue engineering.

Pd nanoparticles supported on activated carbon were synthesized by air glow discharge plasma reduction method (Pd/C-AirP) without any chemical reduction reagents and protective agents. The Pd/C-AirP catalysts were characterized by N₂ adsorption-desorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis. The results suggested that Pd nanoparticles with an average particle size of 23.3 nm are formed in Pd/C-AirP by plasma reduction for 15 min (Pd/C-AirP-15). The formation of PdO is found for Pd/C-AirP prepared by plasma reduction for 30 min. A 97% yield for the Suzuki coupling reaction of 4-bromotoluene with phenylboronic acid using EtOH/H₂O (1:1) as solvent and K₂CO₃ as base in the presence of 0.5 mmol‰ Pd/C-AirP-15 was obtained. The Pd/C-AirP-15 could be recovered and yield was dropped to 85% for the third cycle.

The study is concerned with developing a low-melting-point filler metal for brazing 3003 aluminum alloys. For this purpose, a series of designed Al-Si-Cu-Zn-Mn filler metals were prepared and evaluated in the light of melting characteristics and spreading area. Al-25Cu-7.5Si-5Zn-1Mn alloy was picked out as contrasting filler. Based on the orthogonal test, the composition of Al-20Cu-7.5Si-10Zn-1Mn filler metal was then optimized. Its solidus and liquidus temperatures of 454.0 °C and 521.9 °C were lower than those of the contrasting filler, and the spread ability was slightly better. The mechanical properties, micro structure and fracture morphology of the joints brazed for 20 min by the two types of filler metal were investigated subsequently. The results showed that the shear strength of the joint brazed with the optimized filler was higher in the brazing temperature range of 540-580 °C, compared to Al-25Cu-7.5Si-5Zn-1Mn filler. The maximum strength was obtained at the brazing temperature of 570 °C, being 70.8 MPa. The fracture surface located in the central brazed layer and was characterized by the mix of local ductility and main cleavage, which is favorable to improve the joint strength.

With the rapid development of material science nowadays, adding mineral admixture to concrete can not only improve the utilization of industrial by-products, but can be the most efficient method to improve the mechanical property and the durability of cement-based materials. The purpose of this paper is to study the mechanical property of cement-based materials by adding various active mineral admixtures. The adding of glass powder was detrimental to the development of specimen’s early strength, but the late pozzolanic reaction increased the strength significantly. Besides, the adding of limestone powder (uni mixed) obviously improved the early strength of the specimens. The incorporation of glass powder had little effect on the hydration product category of the gelling system but had a greater impact on the generated amount. The steel slag powder and limestone played a role of filling at the early gelling system. The nucleus effect of the limestone powder also promoted early cement hydration. In addition, the late hydration of limestone powder produced single carbon hydrated calcium aluminate.

As a new type of dyeing-fixing agent, CN can be applied to silk fabric with satisfied anti-crease effect. Based on the multi-analysis of performance to fixing-agent CN and effect of anti-crease in silk fabric, the optimum parameters of CN application in silk fabric can be reached. The appropriate processing is as following: the optimum dosage of CN is 30g/L; the fabric is treated at 60°C for 30min. After drying, it is baked at 150°C for 3min. The dry crease recovery angle can be reached at grade 4 of treated silk crepe de Chine, and the wet crease recovery angle can be reached at grade 3. With the use of formaldehyde-free fixing agent CN, the anti-crease of silk fabric can be improved effectively with little influence on the shade.

The blockage of grinding wheel is the key obstacle against the industrial application of the grinding fluid dedicated for ceramics. With a strong focus on the study of carbon chain, this paper explores the rule of blockage of grinding fluid prepared by organics with different number of carbons. Experimental result shows that: for low-carbon organics, the blockage area on grinding wheel increases with the increase of number of carbons, while for long-carbon the blockage area on grinding wheel decreases with the increase of number of carbons. The optimal anti-blocking effect can be realized only when the number of carbons of organics reaches a certain number, mainly on account of that long-carbon organics can form large oil film thickness, which can prevent grinding collection in grinding area and blockage of grinding wheel.

The grinding fluid dedicated for ceramics is one of the effective methods to realize efficient grinding of ceramics. The blockage of grinding fluid dedicated for ceramics is researched in this paper. On basis of the fundamental principles of organic chemistry, the influence from changes of organic acid, organic alcohol carbon chain and functional group on the blockage of grinding wheel are investigated respectively in this paper. According to the experiment result: the blockage area of grinding wheel increases along with the increase of low-carbon chain acid and alcohol, but for the long-carbon chain, the blockage area on grinding wheel decreases with the increase of the number of carbons; the influences of adding functional group are highly related to the hydrophile-lipophile (HLB value), which is finally formed by organic matters and has regular changes.

As-cast microstructures and phase compositions of AZ91D-xNd and AM60B-xNd (x=0∼2.5) alloys were investigated. Meanwhile, the tensile mechanical property and impact toughness were tested. With increasing the Nd content, β-Mg₁₇Al₁₂ phase originally precipitating by discontinuous network or small dispersed block begins to break and decrease gradually. At the same time, fine rod-shaped or small block new phase Al₃Nd with high thermal stability increases gradually. The tensile mechanical property at ambient temperature is enhanced gradually for AZ91D-xNd alloys; however, it is firstly reduced obviously and then enhanced gradually for AM60B-xNd alloys. The maximum value of tensile strength σ_b and elongation δ can reach 225 MPa, 11.0% and 230 MPa, 16.5% for AZ91D-2.17Nd and AM60B-2.32Nd alloys, respectively. Addition of Nd can enhance the tensile mechanical property at elevated temperature for AZ91D alloy, but it cannot ameliorate that for AM60B alloy. Meanwhile, it is better for the former series alloys. Impact toughness is enhanced gradually for AZ91D-xNd alloys, while for AM60B-xNd alloys, it is reduced significantly at the start and then remains almost unchanged, which is still better.

The activated carbon/polyvinyl formal (AC/PVF) sponge was prepared for the immobilization of laccase, exhibiting high adsorption, good bio-affinity and recyclability. Compared to the free laccase, immobilized laccase exhibited a higher affinity to the substrate, a significantly improved stability and a better cycleability with 51% and 35% of its initial activity after 7 and 9 cycles, respectively. Thus, it is a promising method for the laccase immobilization with a high catalytic activity.

The Vac-veova latex coatings was a good type of film-forming material in intumescent fire retardant coatings, it had good properties in high thermal stability, so it was very suitable to serve as the film-forming material of IFR coatings for structural steel to improve its fire resistance. According to the research results, the different ratio between each component had obvious difference for fire prevention effect, in the APP/PER/MEL/EG for IFR coatings, the best ratio of APP/PER/MEL/EG was 5.25:2:2:1.25, and the best content ratio between IFR and Vac-veova latex emulsion was 35/25. According to the chosen component ratio in IFR, its intumescent ratio could reach 22.68%, the fire-resistant time reached 149s. After burnt out, the residual weight reached 47.12% at 75kW/m².

Four types of Mung bean starch micronized powders were prepared by pulverizing its crude powder through superfine grinding for different periods of time (10, 20, 30 and 40 min). The physicochemical properties of the micronized powders and the crude powder were then compared and investigated. Particle sizes, granule morphology, bulk density, water solubility, water holding capacity and starch retro gradation degree were studied in this article. With increased superfine grinding time, the particle size increased which was different from other reports. The results of granule morphology proved this point. Bulk density decreased compared with controls. Water solubility and water holding capacity increased after superfine grinding. As for retro gradation degree, it gradually increased with the extension of time and the maximum value was attained at 4∼10h for micronized starch which was significantly different from the controls. Superfine grinding of Mung bean starch had some significant characteristics and might be of potential use in the food industry.

This experiment was mainly prepared for investigating mechanical properties and characterization of the chitosan-corn starch-methyl cellulose 3-layer film, in comparison to the single chitosan, starch and methyl cellulose film respectively. Through single factor experiment, we obtained the film deposition conditions. The structural characterization and mechanical properties were observed and measured by the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and universal tensile machine. Experiments indicate the prepared conditions of 3-layer film are 50g of concentration 2% (w/w) chitosan solution, 10g corn starch solution (5% w/v) and methylcellulose at a concentration of 2% (w/v) for 10g. The results showed that all plasticized films surfaces exhibited homogeneous structures, and the three-layer structure of the chitosan-corn starch-methyl cellulose 3-layers film could be observed clearly. However, the mechanical properties of the three-layer film are not significantly increased compared with other controls groups. When will the layer stack destroy the original network structure still needs further validation.

Buton rock asphalt (BRA) is usually used as modifier applied to bitumen and bituminous mixture. In this paper, the performance of hot in-plant recycling mixture modified by buton rock asphalt are evaluated using rutting test, immersion Marshall test and freeze-thaw split test. The modification mechanisms of buton rock asphalt are studied by element analysis, scanning electron microscope analysis and infrared spectrum analysis. The test results showed that buton rock asphalt could improve the rutting resistance and the ability to anti-water damage of hot in-plant recycling mixture. The combined actions of rock asphalt and RAP asphalt lead to the improvement of high-temperature stability. The high-temperature softening and miscellaneous clusters adsorption of buton rock asphalt reinforce the bonding of asphalt and aggregate, and the rock asphalt powder absorbs asphalt to increase binder viscosity and reduce flow ability, thus improving the moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixture.

Natural sand is becoming increasingly scarce, manufactured sand is always with unsatisfactory grading. In this paper, the natural sand concrete and the manufactured sand concrete were prepared to the mixed sand concrete. The mechanical properties of natural sand concrete, manufactured sand concrete and mixed sand concrete are studied in this paper. Test results showed that: mixed sand concrete composed of manufactured sand concrete and natural sand concrete with appropriate proportion has good working performance and mechanical properties, which may meet the technical requirements of concrete.

In this research, three different preform types (i.e., type-1, type-2 and type-3) were designed and simulated by finite element method (FEM) based on DEFORM-3D software. By way of comparison between preform types, the required forging load and die stress was significantly improved in both the second and final stage. Among the three types of forging preform investigated, the type-2 was found to be the optimum. Compared to type-1, the material retention ratio for type-2 significantly increased to 83.7%. The percentage of flash volume for type-2 was only 16.3%, which yields a significant economic benefit. Eventually, a validation test was carried out to verify dimensional accuracy of the connecting rods in the manufacturing process. The result indicated that the maximum errors of dimension between simulated and actual forging parts for type-1 and type-2 were 0.09 mm and 0.18 mm, respectively. These errors were found to be insignificant. Therefore, the proposed preform design (type-2) could be considered to apply for manufacture of connecting rod by the closed die hot forging method.

W-20Cu-0.5Co alloy were prepared by milling and spark plasma sintering. Property tests such as hardness measurement bend test and arc ablation as well as microstructural characterization such as scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope all have shown that the appropriable milling and SPS process improve the properties of the material. A near-fully dense alloy with 200 nm W grains and homogenous microstructure was obtained by sintering at 1060 °C for 5 min under 50 MPa of 20 h milled powders. It possessed hardness of 48 HRC, bend strength of 573.7 MPa, electric conductivity of 37.5 ICAS% and good arc erosion resistance. Further elongated milling time could enhance the hardness and bend strength, but the conductivity lowered badly.

In comparison to the Cr-added hot-dip galvannealed DP steel with fully-recrystallized and equiaxed grains, the Mo-added hot-dip galvannealed DP steel shows small quasi-polygonal grains. The Mo-added hot-dip galvannealed DP steel shows better mechanical properties than Cr-added hot-dip galvannealed DP steel. The increased yield and tensile strengths in the Mo-added steel hot-dip galvannealed DP are mainly caused by grain refinement and martensite transformation. It is recognized that Cr and Mo suppress cementite transformation in the steels, but Cr is not as strong as that of Mo. Compared with Cr-steel, discontinuous yielding in the stress-strain curve did not appear in the Mo-steel because the martensite volume fraction was greater than the 5%.

Titanium alloys find wide application not only in the aerospace industry, but also for bio-medical applications. The machinability of titanium alloys is impaired by their high temperature chemical reactivity, low thermal conductivity and low modulus of elasticity. PCD represents a substitute tool material for turning titanium alloys due to its high hardness, wear resistance and thermal stability. For determination of suitable cutting parameters in dry turning Ti-6AL-4V alloy by PCD cutting tools, the samples, 300mm in length and 100mm in diameter, were dry machined in a lathe. The suitable turning parameters, such as cutting speed, feed rate and cut depth were determined according to workpieces surface roughness and tools flank wear base on orthogonal experimental design. The experiment showed that the cutting speed in the range of 120–160 m/min, the feed rate is 0.15 mm/rev and the depth of cut is 0.15mm, ideal workpiece surface roughness and little cutting tools flank wear can be obtained.

In this paper, 0.6mm thick stainless steel plates were welded by YAG pulse laser machine. According to the performance parameters of 304 stainless steel and the preliminary experiments, welding parameters were determined. Laser scanning speed is 36mm/min. After welding, different heat treatment processes were carried out on 304 stainless steel samples. Experimental results show that by water cooling at 1000°C for 60min for welding samples, the microstructure of the weld center is fine and uniform equiaxed grains. The weld edge is columnar crystal that perpendicular to the fusion line and extends to the weld center. The hardness of the weld center is 216.39HV. The tensile strength of welded joint is 375MPa. It is much higher than that of the other heat treatment processes. By the heat treatment process, weld quality of the samples is nice, the interface of the joint achieve metallurgical bonding and has higher mechanical properties.

Direct Laser Metal Deposition (DMD) processes can be utilized to generate functional parts providing an opportunity to generate complex shaped or functionally graded. In this paper, the relationship between energy density and microstructure of cobalt base alloy during DMD process has been discussed mainly. The microstructure, properties and preparation mechanisms of the specimens were studied using metallographic microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The result shows that relative density of the deposited builds is more than 99.40%. With the decrease of energy density, the relative density is reduced, the grain size and secondary dendritic space are also decrease. The average tensile strength and yield strength is 860.27 MPa and 572.4 MPa, respectively. The average elongation is 19.97%. The deposited specimens show obviously anisotropy at tensile property due to columnar grain microstructure throughout interlayer.

Large diameter percussive reverse circulation drill bit is the foremost part of the percussive rig. It is mainly used in the construction of large diameter bored pile foundation. It also has some problems, such as short service life, easy damage, difficult to test etc. The theory of the finite element modality analysis is applied to research the dynamic characteristic of the drill. It aims to get references for dynamic analysis and optimization design of the drill. A modal analysis of drill bit is made in the cases of free modal and node constrain based on introducing some of the drill bit’s failure mode in this paper. The modal vibration mode and natural frequency are obtained in these two cases through simulation. The node of drill bit’s maximum deformation is also found out and analyzed. The simulation results are compared with the actual damage drill. It indicates that they are both consistency. The results provide basis for further optimization design and precision of large diameter percussive reverse circulation drill bit.

In order to study the impact of Mg deoxidation on the inclusions and properties of Low Carbon and Low Alloy Steel, five heats of 5.72%Mg-50.5%A1-7.92Mn-Fe Alloy (AlMnMgFe) deoxidation trails were done during a 150 tons BOF taping at a steelmaking plant. Optical microscope (OM) was used to test the diameter and number of the inclusions. SEM and EDS were used to examine the types of the inclusions. Then the microstructures and properties of the steels were tested at the room temperature. The results show that, by using AlMnMgFe as the deoxidizer, the inclusions, microstructures and properties of the low carbon and low alloy steel Q195 are improved. There are some spherical MgO·Al₂O₃ inclusions in the AlMnMgFe deoxidation heats. The diameters of 97.01 percent inclusions are smaller than 3 µm in the AlMnMgFe deoxidization steel, and it is higher than that of Al-killed steel. The mean yield strength, mean tensile strengths and mean elongation of the AlMnMgFe deoxidization steels are higher than Al-killed steels.

Ti-Ni alloy of 0.2mm thick was welded by Nd: YAG laser. In order to obtain the welded joint of TiNi alloy with good shape memory effect (SME), two kinds of welding methods were studied: vacuum annealing treatment of cold-rolled base metal before welding and vacuum annealing treatment of welded joint after welding. The results show that there is no obvious loss of SME in the joint welded with cold-rolled base metal and annealed after welding, and the phase transformation process is basically similar with the annealed base metal. Shape recovery ratio of the joint welded with cold-rolled base metal and annealed after welding is 98. 5%. But welded joint made by that kind of method suffers serious loss of tensile strength. The tensile strength of the joint welded with cold-rolled base metal and annealed after welding is 67.5% of annealed base metal. The grains in weld seam center and weld edge of the joint welded with annealed base metal before welding are coarser than the joint welded with cold-rolled base metal and annealed after welding.

The A7N01P-T5 aluminum alloy was welded by MIG welding in test, and the microstructure and mechanical property of joint were investigated. The results of experimentation show that the feature of the A7N01P-T5 aluminum alloy MIG welding joint is perfect with a gentle transition. The microstructure of fusion metal in A7N01P-T5 joint is as-cast grain. The microstructure of fusion zone consists of the fine columnar grains. It is rolling structure in the parent metal. In HAZ, the rolling structure is disappearing. The η’ (MgZn₂) strengthening phases were precipitated in the grain boundary of the A7N01P-T5 aluminum alloy. There is no precipitation phase in welding metal of A7N01P-T5 joint. The fine η’ transitional phases of the primeval parent metal are turned to the coarse η (MgZn₂) stable phases of the HAZ. The tensile strength and the percentage elongation after fracture of A7N01P-T5 welding joint is below the parent metal. The zone of fracture is located in the welding seam. The fracture microstructure of the A7N01P-T5 parent metal is the mixed-type fracture. The fracture microstructure of the A7N01P-T5 welding metal is the typical ductile fracture. The microhardness of the welding seam is lowest in the A7N01P-T5 joint.

TC21 titanium alloy powder for Laser 3D Printing was prepared by electrode induction melting gas atomization (EIGA). The morphology, particle size, microstructure and physical properties of TC21 powder were studied by Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning electronic Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The results showed that TC21 powder is spherical, surface structure are composed of dendritic crystals and a small amount of cellular crystal. The main phases are α’,β and metal compound such as AlTi₃, Ti₂AlNb, Zr₃Al. The content of oxygen in TC21 alloy powder is 0.1 wt.%, powder bulk density is 2.74 g/cm³, particle size is from 10 μm to180 μm. The fluidity of the 53-180 μm powder is 24.36 S/50g, hollow ball rate is less than 2%. The TC21 alloy powder prepared by this method can meet the request of the laser 3D printing.

Utilizing the special properties of carbon fiber (CF), nylon PA6 resin was filled with that by employing the technique of mechanical alloying, and the effects of carbon fiber on the mechanical property of the nylon PA6 were studied. From the results, filling nylon PA6 resin with CF could effectively enhance the tensile strength, the elastic modulus, the flexural strength and the flexural modulus for the material. In addition, the material shrinkage was also significantly reduced. The enhancing effects varied as CF content changed. Through comparative experiments, the optimal proportion of the addition was determined. Replacing the conventional iron back pad of military outdoor pot by this composite would not only largely reduce the load and improve the motility for the soldiers, but also ensure a better battlefield adaptability and comfort.

A new unsymmetrical photochromic diarylethene compound, namely, 1-[2-methyl-5-phenyl-3-thienyl]-2-[2-methyl-5- (3-aldehyde-4-hydroxy)-3-thienyl] perfluorocyclopentene was synthesized and its properties were investigated in detail, including photochromic reactivity kinetics and concentration effect. The results showed that the compound exhibited remarkable photochromism, changing between colorless and blue in solution, respectively. What is more, the kinetic experiments illustrated that the cyclization/cycloreversion process of this compound was determined to be the zeroth/first reaction.

In order to analyze the influence of gradation segregation on the water stability of Asphalt Mixes, this paper designs five group of aggregate gradation by varying coarse aggregates or fine aggregates, and analyzes the relations between aggregate gradation and asphalt mixtures water stability. The results show that aggregate gradation segregation decreases the water stability of asphalt mixtures, and coarse aggregates segregation has more adverse effects than fine aggregates segregation.

In order to compare the different degrees of the aggregate segregations for asphalt mixtures with different gradation types during construction, in this paper, two kinds of asphalt mixtures with different gradation types are selected, and the granulometric composition conditions at different positions on cross section after spreading were analyzed. After the mixtures were rolled and molded, their construct depths and density were measured at different positions on cross section. Analysis result shows that, on the same condition, compared with S type features 0 gradation, near the maximum density curve of 1 graded aggregate segregation degree is smaller.

SiC_p/Cu composite reinforced with 5vol%, 10vol% and 15vol% SiC particles were prepared by powder injection molding (PIM) technology respectively. Surface microstructure, microhardness and tensile strength of the composite were investigated. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) were used to studied tensile fracture surface. The results show that the composite prepared on the condition of hydrogen atmosphere sintering does not contain oxygen element. SiC particles distribute uniformly in Cu matrix. With the increase of SiC content, the microhardness of the composite increases while its tensile strength increases first and then decreases. Crack sources of the composite during tension process mainly includes: cracking of the Cu matrix in vicinity of the SiC particles and debonding of an interface of the SiC particles and the Cu matrix. For 15vol% SiC copper-based composite, it is suitable for wear areas for low stress because of wear resistance and some toughness.

Featuring advantages of high strength, small quality and easy molding of complex construction, etc, high strength metal-polymer composites are increasingly popular in fields including aerospace, automobile manufacturing, communication and so on. This paper firstly discusses the direct injection molding principle of metal-polymer composites, and then analyzes the effect of metal surface micromorphology and the surface tension on the interface bonding strength of metal-polymer composites. In line with the injection molding principle of metal-polymer composites and on the basis of the resting drop method, the composition of system used to measure the contact angle of the polymer melt on different metal surfaces is studied and produced. The aluminum alloy samples are fabricated by using the physical sandblasting. The affecting law of the melting temperature, the surface temperature of aluminum alloy and the surface micromorphology on the contact angle variation of the PBT polymer melt on the metal surface are studied. The result, obtained from the experiment, has definite guiding significance in improving the mechanical property of interface bonding of metal-polymer composites and optimizing the injection molding technology of metal-polymer composites.

Alumina ceramics with good mechanical and corrosion resistance are the ones of the most widely used engineering ceramics. The aluminum has high strength, high conductivity and high plasticity etc. so that aluminum ceramics are used in more and more industries. In this paper, the mass fraction of 25% Al₂O₃ powder and the mass fraction of 75% Al powder were mixed in the blender. Mixer speed is100r/min with mixing time of 3.5 h. Forming, sintering and a series of processes for preparing the alumina/aluminum metallic ceramic materials, through performance testing and analysis, found that the density of the sample firstly increased and then decreased with the increase of sintering temperature. A melting point is close to the sintering temperature and the density of the cermet can be made relatively high. When the sintering temperature is about 600°C and 700°C, the macro performance of sample is better. The cermet is sintered at 700°C and its microstructure is relatively better.

The aim of this study is to design and analyse the impact properties of frangible covers. Two type frangible covers made of rigid polyurethane (RP) as base material and epoxy resin (ER), glass reinforced fibre plastic (GRFP) as base material are developed. The methods of finite element analysis (FEA) and impact experiment are used to verification of material and structure. FEA and experiment results show clearly that the feasibility of two type frangible covers. Meanwhile, from the purpose of application, The II type frangible cover is proven to be better than I type because of its regular segments which have less influence on other rockets launch.

Design and optimization of bandgap materials is essential in many processes. The purpose of this paper is to propose a method for achieving the optimized layered banded materials with multi-phase microstructures. In general, the characteristic of the periodic materials can be designed by controlling the materials layout within the microstructures. By using an appropriate design variables and the GA method, the dynamic responses of layered materials are studied, and the design of multi-phase layered elastic material is presented in the paper. Finally, the topologies of periodic multiphase microstructures are obtained. Two cases studies were presented in the paper, and the results show that 3-phase material can obtain quite better designs on the basis of fewer layers, whether a maximized stopbands or a strong attenuation. There will be almost a whole bandgap cover the frequency domain. The authors think the paper is a novel one and the presented designs will be useful for generating periodic materials that could be used for shock/sound isolation.

TiC-6%wt.Mo2C-Fe cermets fabricated by vacuum sintering technology were investigated. The microstructure of the cermets was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), with attached energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) microprobe and by X-Ray diffraction (XRD). The bending strength and wear properties were taken by three point bending strength test and wet sand rubber wheel abrasion test respectively. The results showed that the cermets exhibit a typical core-rim structure, the core phase was undissolved TiC particles, while the rim was (Ti,Mo)C phases formed through Molybdenum atoms substituting Ti atoms randomly. The main wear mechanism of the cermets is shedding of hard phase, rather than a furrow wear or adhesive wear. The morphologies for the fracture surface of the cermets showed that the fracture mechanism is typical brittle fracture.

A study on microwave curing process of carbon fiber composite prepared using epoxy adhesive with different parameters has been undertaken. The molding performance of carbon fiber composite materials could be improved by adjusting the processing parameters according to dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. When microwave power was 300W and curing time was 15 minutes, the highest stiffness of composite could be obtained, furthermore, its glassy state storage modulus E’ was up to 5000 MPa. However, when the composite was overheated, such as 400W, its stiffness was lost. And the glass transition temperature of composite processed at 200W was 10 °C lower than that of composite at 300W. It was indicated that appropriate power of microwave process was not only conducive to wetting carbon fiber with adhesive resin but also to preventing the material from being overheated. It has been shown that strong interface bonding between carbon fiber and resin was one of the important factors that could produce good processibility for composites.

A new method for the fabrication of polymer products with complex micro features is proposed in this laboratory, which is a new method of micro injection molding UV curing. Light curing composite prepolymer, monomer type and content has great influence on the mechanical properties of the cured product, such as tensile modulus, tensile strength and elongation at break, and also has influence on the physical properties of product, such as hardness. This study found that tensile strength, hardness of the light curing formula containing three functional monomers is higher than the light curing formula containing mono functional monomer, and the tensile strength, hardness increases with the increase of trifunctional monomer content. Elongation at break of light curing formula containing three functional monomers is lower than the light curing formula containing mono functional monomer, and the elongation at break decreases with the increase of trifunctional monomer content. The experimental results provide some reference value for the preparation of light cured products with different performance requirements.

7075 high strength aluminum alloy is easily to be corroded in atmosphere. During the mechanical manufacturing process, 7075 aluminum alloy component surface was obtained through dry and MQL machining method. In this paper, with the same cutting parameter (400m/min cutting speed, 0.02 mm/rev feed rate and 0.06 mm depth of cut), both dry and MQL machining experiments were carried out to turn Φ30mm 7075 aluminum alloy rod. After that, salt spray tests were conducted for three cycles, each period was 72 hours. Then, the corrosion state of surface morphology was viewed, and meanwhile the corrosion area, corrosion pits quantities, the degree of corrosion damage, the average depth and average diameter of corrosion pits were counted. The study results show that the corrosion of aluminum surface with MQL machining is more serious than with dry machining.

The super-high strength sucker rod is widely used in Chinese oil companies. The fatigue limit is one of most important features of super-high sucker rod. The fatigue strength experiment and reliability analysis were carried out according to petroleum industry standard. The alternating stress loading cycles before sucker rod fatigue failure were obtained under three different load levels, and then the experiment data were counted by probability statistic. The P-S-N formula and fatigue limit were calculated based on the experiment data, which applies theoretical basic to sucker rod design for oil lifting.

Corrosion behavior of Q235 steel in sodium hydroxide solutions with ${\text{S}}_2{\text{O}}_3^{2-}$ and different concentration of S²⁻ were investigated by immersed corrosion and electrochemical corrosion tests. Combined with polarization curve method, impedance spectrum method, SEM and EDS discussed the corrosion mechanism of Q235 steel. Results show that compared with only contains sodium thiosulfate in the sodium aluminate solution, corrosion behavior of Q235 steel soaking in the sodium thiosulfate and sodium sulfide coexisting in the sodium aluminate solution has been inhibited, S²⁻ and ${\text{S}}_2{\text{O}}_3^{2-}$ work together to play a passive role, mainly because of ${\text{S}}_2{\text{O}}_3^{2-}$ react with S₂₋ to generated ${\text{S}}_2{\text{O}}_3^{2-}$. Therefore, S²⁻ is thiosulfate corrosion inhibitors. With the increase of concentration of Na₂S, the corrosion rate showed a trend of first decrease and then increase, which is due to the sample surface forming loose iron sulfide corrosion products, but as a result of loose corrosion products were oxidized into dense oxide corrosion products, corrosion rate decrease.

The thermal deformation depends on the shape and material of being machined parts, it is also affected by the surface residual stress of being machined parts. Based on the principle of elastic mechanics and thermodynamics, this paper establishes thermal deformation mathematical model of bearing ring based on the residual stress and quantitatively calculates the radial deformation produced by the residual stress, the thermal deformation error is less than 3.8%, the calculation results and the experimental data are in good agreement with the mathematical model.

The groove-textured tools were fabricated by making textures on the rake faces and filling them with molybdenum disulfide. Dry milling of Ti-6Al-4V alloys was carried out with the groove-textured tools and conventional tools for comparison. Results show that the groove-textured tools can reduce the power consumption by 5% or so. The radial width of cut, the cutting speed as well as the axial depth of cut all have statistical and physical effect on the power consumption per unit volume in dry milling of Ti-6Al-4V alloys, while the feed per tooth seems to have no significant effect on that.

Effects of solution treatment on the Mg-2Zn-0.4Zr-0.6Ce (wt.%) biomedical magnesium alloy have been studied through SEM, immersion test, electrochemical measure. The result shows, compared with as-cast alloy, the grain becomes coarse and the most of second phases dissolve for the quenched alloys. Meanwhile, solution treatment gives an enhancement in the corrosion resistance and electrochemical properties, which is attributed to the reduction of second phases and homogenization of alloying element. The corrosion rate of quenched alloys firstly decreases with the increasing temperature of solution treatment, when the temperature is up to 460 °C, the corrosion rate increases slightly. And the optimal corrosion rate is acquired at 450°C and is about 0.7293 mm·a⁻¹. Electrochemical measure shows: with the increasing temperature of solution treatment, the diameter of capacitive loop firstly increases and then decreases, I_corr first decreases and then increases.

AC-14 high holding power anchor is one of the best recognized by the world. The strength and fatigue characteristics of AC-14 high holding power anchor directly related to the safety of the ship. Taking 3097mm fluke width of AC-14 high holding power anchor as an example, according to the tensile test of the anchor in the anchor technology condition of 548-1996 GB/T, we established the stress distribution model of the anchor and combined with the finite element analysis to carry on the static analysis and fatigue analysis. The results show that the maximum stress of anchor is 207.5MPa lying on the fluke, this value is less than the yield limit of material 230MPa ; The maximum displacement of the anchor is 15mm appearing in the fluke tip, this value is very small; The fatigue life of the anchor is 3.5×10¹³ times, it’s very long. So the structural strength, rigidity and life of the anchor meet the requirements of the ship.

Permeability testing technology is an evaluation method which based on the electromagnetic induction principle which states that induced voltage is proportional to the change in rate of flux in the closed magnetic circuit of probe to test the permeability change of specimen. It can detect various changes related to the permeability in a certain area of the component with high precision such as stress concentration, fatigue damage, aging and decay, etc. Taking Q235 and 45 # steel as examples, the relationships between the detection signal and the tensile stress, residual stress and fatigue damage were studied from experiments. The results show that permeability testing technology can effectively measure the stress state of rod material specimen and the maximum stress of rod material specimen which had been suffered before. We can calculate the maximum stress by measuring the residual stress after stress was applied to the rod material specimen. The detection sensitivity of the fatigue damage was lower than the stress concentration. The detection sensitivity of fatigue damage of the low carbon steel Q235 was greater than the medium carbon steel 45 # steel. The research indicated that the permeability testing technology has a broad application prospects.

In order to study the influence of clay content on incipient motion and erosion features of artificial filling clay, a combination of methods of data analysis and experiment was used. The factors of incipient shear stress and erosion rates were analyzed according to the soil experiment results, which considered the influence of clay content. The two dimensionless formulas of the shear stress and erosion rate were put forward, which used multiple linear regression method to determine the coefficient and index. According to the results, when the clay content is different, the incipient shearing stress will increase as the clay content of soil samples increases, and the erosion rate will decrease as the clay content of soil samples increases.

This paper conducted a friction stir welding (FSW) experiment on 2219 aluminum alloy plates with two different initial tempers of T87 and solution treatment (W), and artificial aging treatment(S) was carried out for the welded 2219 aluminum alloy at W to obtain the welds at the two conditions of AA219T87+FSW and AA2219W+FSW+S. By the means like metalloscopy scanning, tensile test and micro hardness test, metallographic structure, mechanical performance and hardness distribution rule of the two welds were compared and analyzed. Results showed that there were different defect forms of FSW welds at the two conditions; although the two different defects emerged at the advancing side, the weld defects of 2219 aluminum alloy at T87 were relatively scattered with a concentration in the welding nugget zone close to the advancing side and they had different sizes of defects. On the weld condition of AA2219+W+FSW+S, defects were concentrated at the bottom of weld close to advancing side. Compared with base metal, the mechanical performance of welding materials on the two conditions dropped. The welds of base metal at T87 dropped to 67.6% for welding tensile strength, 40.4% for yield strength and 37.4% for ductility, while the welds of base metal at the condition W+FSW+S dropped to 70.6% for welding tensile strength, 68.8% for yield strength and 25.9% for ductility. Average welding nugget hardness at T87 was lower than W+FSW+S process. The hardness of the upper part of the nugget’s weld section was obviously higher than that of the lower part and more evenly distributed. This research is about to provide important support for the welding processes of manufacturing large structures.

Based on an orthogonal experimental design method, optimal welding process parameters are studied on 316L stainless steel diffusion welding joint. Three factors, i.e. welding temperature, pressure and holding time, are distinguished. The optimal parameter set is obtained to have welding temperature of 1100°C, welding pressure of 10MPa and holding time of 3 hrs. At the same time, a statistical estimation is performed for the tensile strength data of the welding joint round bar samples following three Weibull distributions. Estimated statistical parameters of the distribution are with a position parameter of 85.5242, scale parameter of 64.8969 and shape parameter of 1.0351, respectively. Average value of the strength data is 150 MPa.

A great challenge in improving the machining accuracy of high speed machine center is to establish accurate thermal error models for motorized spindle as its thermal errors are the main sources of inaccuracy. With the rising of the rotation speed, the spindle’s temperature and thermal error increase gradually. In this paper, a new approach to derive an effective mathematic thermal model for motorized spindle is presented. The thermal errors accumulated are the combination of thermal distortions from different components with different thermal characteristics. The thermal deformation is a nonlinear procedure due to the variational working condition. By taking into consideration the thermal-elastic characteristics, a dynamic self-recurrent wavelet neural network is applied to capture the dynamics in order to assure thermal error predictive model accuracy. The structure of this model determines its dynamic characteristic with memory feedback loop. To evaluate the performance of proposed model, a verification experiment is carried out. The predictive results show the proposed model can improve the accuracy of motorized spindle effectively.

Most scholars have reached a consensus on this point that there is a very close relationship between the development characteristics and controlling factors of fractures and gas accumulation. Thus, the study of volcanic fracture characteristics and controlling factors is significant. We selected Xujiaweizi fault depression Yingcheng as the study area. There are many pores and primary fractures in the volcanic reservoirs of Yingcheng Formation in the Xujiaweizi fault depression, but the connectivity is very poor. The development degree of tectonic fractures determines the reservoir quality and probability of hydrocarbon accumulation. In order to illuminate the relationship between fractures and natural gas accumulation, using data of cores, image logs and experimental analysis, researches are conducted firstly on the fracture genetic types, characteristics, controlling factors. Among them, secondary tectonic fractures are dominant. The distribution of tectonic fractures is controlled by lithology, lithofacies and fault in the plane, while cyclicity exists in the longitudinal direction which is controlled by unconformity.

To confirm the relationship between the wheel tread wear of 209 bogie and the stability of the bogie, choose the passenger cars operated on Qingzang Line to measure and calculate the wheel tread wear and equivalent conicity; measure the acceleration signals on the three axles x, y, z of floor above the bogie by the portable test device, analyze the bogie’s instability condition by time frequency and frequency spectrum. According to the instability distribution condition of the bogie and the equivalent conicity of every wheel, analyze the relationship between the wheel tread wear and the stability of the bogie, grasp primarily the wheel’s limitation condition based on the conicity management. The result shows: the wheel tread wear of 209 bogie with disc brake and surface cleaning device is smaller than that with tread brake; 209 series bogie’s instability condition and the equivalent conicity distribution reflect the corresponding relationship between the large equivalent conicity and the bogie’s instability condition; it is suggested to choose UIC519 with 0.5 equivalent conicity as the limitation volume of 209 series bogie’s wheel to the conicity management.

A reliability assessment strategy named Structural System-oriented Active learning reliability method combining Kriging and Monte Carlo Simulation (SSo-AK-MCS) was proposed, the number of calls to the limit-state function of SSo-AK-MCS is 0.000121% of Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS), 4.3478% of Subset Simulation (SS), 11.2768% of Importance Simulation (IS). In the meantime, calculation precision of SSo-AK-MCS is 100.2930 times of SS, 11.5431 times of IS. The cost of achieving that outstanding performance is the uplift of the degree of intelligence w.r.t. reliability assessment strategy. At this moment, the reliability assessment strategy is no longer static, but dynamic, which has been equipped with the adaptive active learning strategy. Under the circumstances that uncertainty must be taken into account, the structural reliability assessment w.r.t. complex heterogeneous structure which is extremely sensitive to reliability, such as the duct of two augmented turbofan engines named RD-93 of fighter J-31.

The energy consumption at rural household in china has accounted for significant portion of our power usage. In Beijing alone, the capital of China, although the rural household accounts for only about 14% of the inhabitants, they responsible for nearly 30% of the energy consumption, so much as the issue of sustainable energy has taken on extra urgency when Beijing were covered in smog. The article studies the energy usage pattern in rural Beijing households, and base on the finding to put forward plan for sustainable energy policy to manage the countryside to develop a sustainable energy model.

In this article, a study on scandium bearing minerals species, content and dissemination characteristics of the rare earth mine at Yingjiang, Yunnan undertaken using chemical analysis, X-diffraction analysis, polarized light microscopy analysis, electron probe spectroscopy, and EDS analysis are presented. The results shows that scandium mainly distributes in the alteration of clay minerals (montmorillonite, talc) by ion adsorption, could be abstracted with direct leaching method. While another scandium mainly distributes in hornblende in the form of isomorphism, which could be abstracted by hornblende enrichment.

The effect of anammox coupling with heterotrophic denitrification process was investigated in an anaerobic reactor with an influent at the temperature of 35 °C, pH of 7.0, hydraulic detention time of 30h and the influent dilution ratio at 75%, the effects of different concentrations of nitrite on total nitrogen and organic matter removal were studied by changing ${\text{NO}}_3^{-}$-N/${\text{NH}}_4^{+}$-N ratio in the anaerobic reactor with the ammonia concentration of 140±5mg/L and COD of 900±5mg/L. The removal rate of ammonia nitrogen, nitrite, TN, COD were 54.71%, 81.49%, 73.58, 81.61%, respectively, with a ${\text{NO}}_2^{-}$-N/${\text{NH}}_4^{+}$-N ratio of 1.6. The optimum stoichiometric ratio can enhance anaerobic ammonium oxidation and denitrification, improving the removal efficiency of nitrogen carbon simultaneously.

This research aims to study the adsorption kinetics and isothermal adsorption features, as well as how different background pH, cation and various organic matter amount may affect on the adsorption effect in Albic soil of sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) by OECD guideline 106 batch equilibrium method. The results indicated that: when the initial concentration was 5 mg·L⁻¹, the absorption process of SMZ in the Albic soil followed the Particle Diffusion Equation. The adsorption process can be divided into fast and slow stages, and the equilibrium time is 24 hours. The isothermal adsorption behavior of the sediment SMZ could be better fitted with Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherm, correlation coefficient (r) of which could be as high as 0.9890 and 0.9967. The adsorption isotherm of Freundlich equation is categorized as “L” type, and the adsorption capacity of K_f is 1.8616. With the solution pH increased, the adsorption ability of SMZ was weakened. The isothermal adsorption curves of SMZ in the Albic soil made based by various background solutions with different cations showed a better imitative effect on the Freundlich equation and Langmuir equation. The higher the ionic states are, the less K_f, Q_m are contained. The absorption ability of SMZ increases if more organic matters exist.

With the rapid development of high-precision measuring equipment in manufacturing industry, the demands of reference platform are becoming higher and higher. With the features of long-term strength, high hardness and good stability, marble platform becomes one of the most ideal high-precision measuring equipment. However, there are many problems during the process of polishing with the marble platform, for example, big noise, heavy dust and complex processing procedures and so on. Therefore, this article mainly discusses the marble platform processing equipment, which can solve the above-mentioned problems about environmental protection and integrate milling, grinding and polishing at the same time.

In this article, a numerical simulation is performed to investigate both the charging and discharging process of high-temperature phase change thermal energy storage container used in solar thermal power generation using the solidification/melting model. The effects of the several impact factors such as Fourier number, Stephen number and Reynolds number on the phase change process are discussed in detail. As the rule of the phase change process of high-temperature phase transition thermal energy storage container in solar thermal power generation was obtained, it provides an important reference value and theoretical basis for its optimization design.

Based on the inconsistency of inhomogeneous wave between the propagation direction of phase shift and the amplitude attenuation direction in conductive medium, by the solution of the light wave equation, with the boundary conditions of electromagnetic field, the recurrence formula of optical wave propagation has been derived for non-uniform vertical polarized light in composite film of multilayer ultrathin metal and transparent medium. We have also given the calculation examples of the energy reflectivity for 12 layers with different thickness of metal film under different wavelength, analyzed for each calculation example, and obtained the different incident angles that can be seen in the same color, which provide a theoretical basis for the printing of the optical variable ink.

Through the investigation on flame-retardant properties of three kinds of inner-spring mattresses, it is found that without flame retardant, the heat release rate (HRR) of spring mattress is up to 600 kW, the concentration of carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) is 0.08% and 1.5% respectively. Thus, mattress has a very high fire risk. It could cause injuries and deaths through spreading of fire and emitted gases. The mattress with only fabric treated with flame retardant could be ignited, but did not cause the flame spread across a large area, the flame retardant performance satisfied grade B1 in GB 8624-2012. For the mattress which has both fabric and filler being flame retardant, the flame extinguished soon after the ignition sources were removed. Therefore, flame retardant performance for the last mattress was very well.

In recent years, the application of ultrahigh strength sucker rod has been increasing gradually in domestic oil fields, but its reasonable use is restricted by the lack of theoretical research on mechanical properties. By analyzing modified Goodman-stress diagram, the general formulas of allowable stress for ultrahigh strength sucker rod based on fatigue damage theory and API methods are given, which have considered the strength of sucker rod, loads bearing and working conditions. According to the results of tensile tests, a computing method of maximum allowable stress for grade HY and HL sucker rod is presented, which can provide theoretical references for optimal design of sucker rod string.

In order to ensure all contours are cut in turn and the cutting path is shortest in sheet metal cutting process, the cutting path optimization problem is proposed. It can be simplified to the cutting sequenced and the piercing point of the contour selected. An optimization model for the cutting path optimization problem is constructed, and a hierarchical genetic algorithm is developed for the better solution. A hierarchical structure with two chromosomes is designed in this algorithm. It can be used to simultaneously solve the cutting sequenced and the piercing point selected. The computational result and comparison prove that the presented approach is quite effective for the considered problem.

There are three finite element methods to solve the fracture problems, such as cohesive element, virtual crack closure technique (VCCT) and the extended finite element method (XFEM). In this paper, these methods were used to analyze the crack behavior of the same rubber specimen. Through the crack analyses, we found that the cohesive element is not suitable for rubber material. Results obtained from the other two methods agree very well by comparing the calculated results such as strain energy density and Mises stress. Hence, we consider the VCCT and XFEM can be applied to predict the crack behavior of rubber material and products.

The hydrogen storage property of Cl-doped LiNH₂ has been investigated by using first-principles method based on density functional theory. The calculated results show that Cl doping may result in the substitution of ${\text{NH}}_2^{-}$ by Cl⁻ in the hydride lattice and accordingly, a favorable thermodynamics modification. The electron structure analysis shows that Cl doping induces the movement of Li-2s towards higher energy levels and weakens the interaction between Li and N. The increased interaction between Cl and Li benefit the early release of NH₃. The hydrogen desorption property is thus improved.

Numerical analysis is carried on for the pull-out test of single fiber by ANSYS. Using bond-slip relationship between fiber and cement matrix obtained by test, the bond stress and its distribution of the fiber and cement matrix is studied, and the characteristics of the bond and debond part is obtained by calculating. Finite element analysis shows that fiber stress is transferred to the fiber embedded side as the fiber carrying the pullout force. When the pullout force is smaller, bond stress of fiber-mortar takes the form of a triangle or trapezoid; when it is maximum, bond stress is at maximum. The maximum pullout force calculated by FEM differs by 9.02% from experimental data, and the calculated value of pullout displacement at the pullout side differs by 7.43%∼12.37% from the experimental data. The calculated values are in good agreement with experimental.

The phase transitions under hydrostatic pressure in SrC and SrN are investigated by first-principles calculation based on density functional theory. Four structures: rocksalt (B1), cesium chloride (B2), zinc-blende (B3), and nickel arsenide (B8₁) and two magnetic states: ferromagnetic (FM) and paramagnetic (PM) are considered for both SrC and SrN. The B1 to B2 structural transition, high-spin to low-spin magnetic transition, and half-metal to metal electronic topological transition are reported. We predict $\text{FM}\text{B}1\stackrel{4\text{}\text{}\text{}\text{GPa}}{\to }\text{PM}\text{B2}$ for SrC and $\text{FM}\text{B}1\stackrel{14\text{}\text{}\text{}\text{GPa}}{\to }\text{FM}\text{B2}$ for SrN. Phonon band dispersions, density of phonon states, and elastic stiffness constants are given to test the lattice dynamical and mechanical stability for pressure-induced phase.

As energy carrier for the satellite and spacecraft, solar wings are related to the works of them. Thus, in the early design stage, the modal parameters of the solar wings are usually classified as the focus of the study. Compared several common substrate modeling methods and ideas, an equivalent model and an approximation method are proposed to analysis the floor and honeycomb core in existing solar wing substrates. The results indicate that it will be a good approximation to the honeycomb core model based on geometry by using the method of finite element modeling for anisotropic material equivalent honeycomb core.

The numerical and analytical methods are hardly used to solve the cracks problems for foam metal materials. Only experiments currently are used for the crack tensile and compression, as well as the cracks study of them. The finite element analysis is used to solve the problems of the crack tips, based on the similarity of the TG model and DP model. The results of the crack tips under the two conditions of the plane stress and plane strain for single notched side tension specimen are presented.

Spray deposited SiC_P/Al-Fe-V-Si composite is characterized with pores and oxide films between deposited particles, therefore further densification is needed. Densification of the composite preforms in large size has become the research emphasis and challenge. Critical parameters of wedge pressing, density distribution, flow behavior, and densification mechanism and regularity were investigated by combining experiment and finite element modelling. Density of the external layer are higher than that of the inter layer, density distribution become uniformity with overall reduction. Materials in preformed area flows along thickness direction with decreasing thickness of the plate, while that in main deformation area flows along length direction with increasing length of the plate. Wedge pressing of the spray deposited Al matrix composite plate follows porous metal plastic deformation mechanism under the condition of plane strain. Practical relative density of the plate is higher than the calculated value in the initial stage of pressing, while the practical relative density become lower than the calculated value as true strain exceeds 0.55, which can be attributed to the pores that are difficult to be eliminated resulted from aggregation and breaking of SiC particles.

This study was attempted to develop a new cell finite element model to present the cell mechanical response underlying the compression. The geometry and material properties of cytomembrane, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, and the nucleus were obtained according the previous experimental data. 5Mpa compression loading was simulated in LS-DYNA solvers, the displacement, strain, stress contour of the cytomembrane, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, and the nucleus were calculated in this study. According the prediction of this FE modeling, the mechanotransduction sequence of each part in cell was observed from cytomembrane to cytoskeleton and then the cytoplasm, finally to the nucleus. This phenomenon might indicate that the remodeling behavior of the cell cytoskeleton was influenced by the nucleus mechanical response.

In this paper we present three atomic decomposition theorems of two-parameter weak Orlicz-Lorentz martingale spaces. These results generalize the known results of Orlicz martingale spaces and Lorentz martingale spaces. As an application, we get the boundedness of fractional integrals on D_{F, ∞}.

Steel frame structures are prone to failure of local load-bearing components under fire, and the progressive collapse could occur. Exploring the mechanism and law of progressive collapse of steel frame under fire is significant in design and reinforcement of steel structure, and to avoid progressive collapse under fire. In this paper, the analysis of the specimens of six story three-span plane steel frame of the bottom column and side column under fire after the failure of the remaining elements of progressive collapse process by ANSYS finite element software. The analysis results well simulated the whole progressive collapse process of the steel frame under the fire, then analyzed the change of structure and shape of the progressive collapse of the steel frame in every moment, which lay the foundation for the subsequent collapse analysis.

The aim of this study is to investigate the concentration of solid particles inside the furnace. Starting from the material circulating system and distribution of concentration of solid particles in CFBB, the model of material circulating system was established. Finally, the system was simulated in Matlab. Through analysis of the simulation results: along the direction of the furnace, the concentration of solid particles inside the furnace shows in the distribution of ‘the upper part is dilute and the under part is concentrated’. Moreover, in the dense phase zone, the concentration of solid particles decreases rapidly. But in the transition zone and dilute phase zone, it decreases slowly and tends to be stable at the exit of the furnace.

The effect of the notch depth on the impact response of the steel butt joint bonded by multi layer under the Charpy impact test was studied using the elasto-plastic finite element method (FEM). The results obtained from numerical simulation show that both the elastic strain and plastic strain occurred at the point near the upper or lower surface decreased significantly when the notch depth increased from 0 mm (normal joint) to 6 mm. The value of the normal stress Sx and the von Mises equivalent stress Seqv increased first when the notch depth is increased and then it decreased significantly when the notch depth is greater than 2 mm. There is a value fluctuation for stress Seqv at the point 0.5 mm away from the upper surface when the notch depth reached 6 mm.

The influence of the step height toward the bondline on the stress distribution in the aluminum single lap weld-bonded joint was investigated using elasto-plastic finite element method (FEM). The results from the numerical simulation show that the peak stress along the mid-bondline at the end of lap zone is decreased as the step height increased when a couple of inner steps were arranged in the adherend. The stress Sx in the region of nugget is decreased as the step height increased from 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm. The appropriate inner step height is 0.5mm to 1 mm for optimizing the stress in the single lap aluminum weld-bonded joint under the study condition.

The effect of the adhesive thickness from 0.05 mm to 0.25 mm on the stress distribution in weld-bonded single lap DP 600 steel joint was investigated using elastic finite element method (FEM). The results obtained show that all the values of the peak stresses along the bondline at the points near the both ends of the lap zone decreased except Sx when the adhesive thickness increased. The peak stress of Sx and Seqv in the region of the nugget is decreased a little as the adhesive thickness increased. It is suggested that an adhesive layer with the thickness of 0.15 mm to 0.2 mm be appropriate to optimize the stress distribution in the weld-bonded single lap DP 600 steel joint.

Meso mechanics computation method is different from the macro mechanics calculation method and micro test methods in analyzing the drill string damage, which can denote the effect of micro crack propagation or hard inclusion on the macroscopic properties of the drill-stem material at the meso scale. The “homogenization” method is important to the meso mechanical computation. Based on description of the meso mechanics calculation process and data storage structure of ABAQUS software output database, the codes of achieving homogenization process of meso mechanics are finished by using ABAQUS scripting Python language. The calculation results of representative volume element model under the different load cases are treated by the homogenization code to acquire the parameters of elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio and stress-strain distribution curve, which are the same with the input of model. Verifying the integrity and correctness of the homogenization code provides the technical means for drilling tools’ damage research on meso mechanics further.

Meso-scale simulation of concrete with finite elements is very time consuming, in which solution of the related linear systems occupies most of the time. In this paper, the software package LIS, which is designed to solve sparse linear systems and sparse linear eigenvalue problems in parallel, is adopted to accelerate the simulation. The flexural fracture of wet-sieved and three-graded concrete beams is simulated. For the linear systems considered are all symmetric positive definite, the preconditioned conjugate gradient is used all the time. And five symmetric preconditioners including ILU(0), ILU(1), SSOR, SAINV, and SAAMG are tested. The results show that, though the number of iterations with the smoothed aggregation based algebraic multigrid preconditioner SAAMG is less than that with the others, the average solution time is longer than that with the simple preconditioners ILU(0) and SSOR, and its efficiency is closely related to the selection of parameters.

In order to control KR production cost, production data investigation was done on site at one steelmaking plant. The investigation is mainly about desulfurizing agent consumption. By comparison and analysis, it is found that the desulfurizing agent consumption in this plant can be improved further and major influencing factors are investigated such as initial [S] content, desulfurizing rate, hot metal temperature, impeller stirring status. By technical improvement, the desulfurizing agent consumption could be reduced with 0.5∼1kg/t steel, saving 0.5∼1RMB/t steel.

The secondary development of SolidWorks simulation is very important in the research of overhead crane structure. The article is based on C# study on secondary development of SolidWorks. The emphasis is the secondary development of SolidWorks simulation method. The purpose is to realize integration of parametric modeling and finite element analysis in Solid Works software about the overhead crane, which is helpful to improve the efficiency of product development and to reduce the repetitive work.

Sandwich multi-cell conical tube was researched and a finite element model was build. Crashworthiness of sandwich multi-cell conical tube and ordinary conical tube, four-cell conical tube under axial impact were researched. The sandwich multi-cell conical tube deformation mode was analyzed. Energy absorption performance with different angles was studied. Specific energy absorption of sandwich multi-cell conical tube more than four cell conical tube increased by 35.79% and more than ordinary conical tube increased by 157%. Six different angles of sandwich cone tube with θ= 5°, θ=7.5°, θ=8.5°, θ=10°, θ=11° and θ=12.5°were researched. The initial peak force increased with the increasing of cone angle became smaller. Energy absorption is the best when sandwich multi-cell conical tube with θ=10°. As angle increases or decreases, specific energy absorption declines.

Taking the minimum stress of the dangerous section of the variable amplitude cylinder and the telescopic arm was used as the optimization goal of the high altitude working platform. On this basis, the mathematical model was established by the ideal point method. MATLAB optimization toolbox was used to seek the optimal solution of the problem.

ADAMS software was used to analyze the kinematics of the crank link mechanism of the compressor. The ADMAMS/Durability module of ADAMS was used to analyze the durability of the crank link mechanism of the compressor. Through the analysis of the durability of the crank connecting rod mechanism, the service life of the mechanism was predicted, which has a good reference value for the improvement of the mechanism.

According to the problems of the time varying parameters and time lag characteristic in temperature control for glass tempering and annealing process, a kind of self-learning fuzzy controller based on improved genetic algorithm is put forward in this paper. Also, some of the strategies for improving genetic algorithm are stated. The improved algorithm can be used to fast search global optimal weighting factors. Thus the fuzzy control rules are perfected and corrected. The simulation results demonstrate that this kind of control method is suitable for systems with time varying parameters and time lag characteristics.

The structural, elastic and electronic properties of Al₃Fe, Al₆Mn and Mg₂Si have been researched by first-principles calculations within the framework of generalized gradient approximation (GGA). The structural parameters and electronic structure such as lattice constant (a₀), shear modulus (G) and density of states (DOS) are in good agreement with the theoretical and experimental results available. It can be inferred from the negative cohesive energy and formation enthalpy that these compounds are structural stable, and the Al₃Fe phase is much steady from energetic point of view. The elastic constant of these phases obtained comply with the mechanical stability conditions. Then the shear modulus G, bulk modulus B, Young’s modulus E and Poisson’s ratio v of the studied compounds were concluded. Electronic structure of these compounds has been analyzed from electron density and density of states distribution.

In tunnel engineering, the forms of lining structure usually are similar. In order to conveniently and quickly evaluate and analyze the tunnel lining structure safety, based on the general finite element software ANSYS, a parameterized model for tunnel lining structure safety analysis with APDL and UIDL was researched in this paper. The results show as follows: The developed parameterized model using the numerical method of limit analysis of strata structure may not only conveniently and quickly evaluate and analyze the tunnel lining structure safety, but also analyze and calculate the safety factor of tunnel lining structure taking into account the effect of tunnel excavation process. The applicability and simplicity of the developed parameterized model in the paper also support its usefulness.

In order to economically and quickly design the tunnel lining structure based on the general finite element software ANSYS, a design optimization module of the tunnel lining structure with APDL and UIDL was studied in this paper. The results show as follows: the TUNNEL_ANALYSIS module developed in the paper can conveniently calculate internal forces and safety factors of tunnel lining structure, which may quickly evaluate and analyze the tunnel lining structure safety; the design optimization module developed in the paper may obtained the results of optimization conveniently for the tunnel lining structure. The applicability and simplicity of the design optimization module developed in the paper also support its usefulness. The case validation shows that the module may satisfy the requirements of engineering and study.

β-phosphogypsum is prepared from phosphogypsum in industrial waste. With characteristics and influence factors determined, the General Regression Neural Network (GRNN) model was established for the forecast of β- phosphogypsum strength. 15 groups of laboratorial data, which were trained by the network as learning samples. With the high precision of predicted results, the ability of GRNN which includes nonlinear mapping function, fault tolerance and self-study, was demonstrated efficaciously in predicting β-phosphogypsum’s strength. With laboratorial level and efficiency improved, large quantities of aimless proportioning test and material waste were avoided.

In this paper, we exploit the contact unit (TARGE170 and CONTA174) in ANSYS analysis software to simulate the secondary lining structure and waterproof material of tunnels. Then the longitudinal deformations of the secondary lining structure in air temperature field for cold-region are computed based on instances under different temperatures respectively. Finally, we compare the computation with the data field observed and analyze the results.

The Al-based matrix diamond grinding wheels manufactured by the Lost Foam Casting (LFC) process was explored in this research. Software of Pro-CAST for numerical simulation casting process was used to simulate the flow fields and temperature fields of aluminum-based diamond grinding wheels during the LFC process. The influences of different gating system designs and process parameters on the filling and solidification behaviors of the wheels were simulated. Casting defects were also predicted. By analyzing the simulation results of the casting process, the gating system and process parameters were optimized as follows: The runner and gating system was located at the center of the cast; The pouring temperature was 740°C and the vacuum degree was 30kPa; The foam densities of wheel substrate and wheel grinding layer were 15kg/m³ and 30kg/m³ respectively. By using the optimized results, diamond wheels were fabricated successfully.

The method of composite brazing induced by ultrasonic vibration is used in preparing Sn-58Bi-0.05Sm micro braze welding joint. Heat transfer experiments are carried out using a self-made multi-field coupling aging device. Temperature changes at the ends of the specimen and the ends of solder are detected by a thermocouple thermometer. ABAQUS, an finite element analysis software, is used to draw the three-dimensional model of the micro tensile specimen, bring into the parameters and the measured temperature value, simulate the temperature at both ends of the solder, and calculate the temperature gradient. The results of ABAQUS simulation show that: the cold end and hot end temperature of Cu/ Sn-58Bi-0.05Sm /Cu micro solder joint are 66.95,°C and 73.05°C, the temperature gradient being 305°C /cm. When the temperature of the hot end and cold end reaches 40°C and 180°C, the temperature gradient at the ends of the solder joint is as high as 1068°C / cm. Such a high temperature gradient can be sufficient to induce heat transfer of metal atoms and cause serious problems of reliability.

Based on the software ANSYS of the finite element analysis, a material model with bilinear elastic-plastic matrix and elastic reinforcement was adopted to establish the finite element model of stress simulation for the matrix and reinforcement which included radiation heat transfer and heat transfer by oil convection. The simulation results show that the difference of thermal expansion coefficient exists between 5CrNiMo steel matrix and WC particulate reinforcement. In the process of oil quenching treatment, there is a large stress gradient near the interface. The stress of the composites increases with the decreasing of the particle pointedness. When the pointedness is less than 60 degrees, the stress of the particle and matrix is very large, and the probability of microscopic damage is greater. The stress rises with the increase of particle diameter, while the change is relatively small when the particle size of the reinforcement is in the range of 0.2∼0.8mm, but the stress value is larger when it is greater than 1.0mm.

Absorptive sound barrier is an effective way to reduce the damage of vehicle driving noise to the surrounding environment. The characteristics of sound absorbing materials are important factors to determine the noise reduction effect. This paper presents two different sections of the noise spectrum, combined with a variety of sound absorption materials, by calculation the results, the contribution of the sound absorption coefficient of the sound absorption type barrier to the overall sound absorption and noise reduction is discussed, and obtained the influence degree of the change of the sound absorption coefficient on the whole noise reduction, dependent on sections of the noise spectrum distribution.

In order to solve the lagging problem of mixture material gradation test in HMA, the image detection and analysis technology is studied, which achieves the dynamic grading test in construction. In this paper, firstly, the platform of image detection and analysis equipment is set up in a road construction project; secondly, the conversion of image information and gradation data is realized by using computer technology; finally, the test gradation curve and design gradation curve are drawn and compared. The measurement and analysis show that the image acquisition technology can quickly get a large amount of aggregate gradation information, and the grading curve can meet the requirements of construction accuracy.

The hot deformation behavior of TC4-DT alloy was investigated using a hot Gleeble-1500D thermal simulator in the temperature range of 908 °C ∼1038 °C and at constant strain rate from 0.01s⁻¹ to 10s⁻¹. Flow behavior of TC4-DT alloy was discussed. The deformation activation energy was calculated. Processing map of TC4-DT alloy was established. The results indicate that the hot deformation behavior of TC4-DT alloy is sensitive to the deformation temperature and strain rate. The peak flow stress decreases with the increase of the test temperature and decrease of the strain rate. A constitutive equation was constructed as a function of temperature and strain rate, and the activation energy of deformation was estimated to be 685KJ/mol in the α+β phase region and 242KJ/mol in β phase region, respectively. The processing map is generated at the true strain of 0.7, which shows that the peak efficiency domain appears at the temperature of 965°C and the strain rate of 0.01⁻¹ with a peak efficiency of 54%.

VO₂(M) nanobelts were successfully synthesized using commercial V₂O₅, ethanol and water as the starting materials by a template-free hydrothermal method and subsequent calcination. The as-obtained products were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, the study on the influence of the as-prepared VO₂(M) nanobelts on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) were evaluated by Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis and Differential Thermal Analysis (TGA/DTA), which showed the thermal decomposition temperatures of AP in the presence of the as-prepared VO₂(M) nanobelts were reduced to 421 °C (decreased by 35 °C). The results indicated that VO₂(M) nanobelts had great influence on the thermal decomposition temperature of AP.

Road dust samples were collected from 8 typical paved roads of Shijiazhuang city in autumn, 2014, for analyzing the characteristic of silt loading and finding the difference according to road types. Correlation analyses of silt loading of vehicle lane and bicycle lane from four types of road were conducted. Results show that, silt loading of expressway, main trunk road, secondary trunk road and branch road of Shijiazhuang city are 2.14g/m²,2.28g/m²,3.70 g/m² and 0.65 g/m² respectively. And its sequence is secondary trunk road>main trunk road>expressway>branch road. The differences of silt loading between vehicle lane and bicycle lane are large. Linear correlations are significant between the silt loading of vehicle lane and bicycle lane. Results can provide suggestion for the Shijiazhuang city road dust management.

In order to develop national reference material and solve valuation method for oxygen transmission rate, apparatus performance and measurement factors involved in valuation should be assessed first. According to the definition of the oxygen transmission rate, based on the equal-pressure method with coulometric sensors, experimental study on oxygen transmission rate was carried out. Repeatability and stability were measured under normal conditions with a typical commercial equal-pressure apparatus, and effects of different measurement temperatures were analyzed. The results show that the relative measurement repeatability can reach about 1% and the relative stability is about 5% for the equal-pressure method apparatus at 23°C and 0% relative humidity. Moreover, the oxygen transmission rate generally increases as the temperature increases. The temperature is proved to be an important factor to the oxygen transmission rate measurement. If the transmission cell temperature at 23°C is controlled within ±0.5°C, about 2% relative error of the oxygen transmission rate may be caused.

Red clay has high liquid limit, high plasticity, high void ratio and other special engineering properties. Whether the red clay can be used as road material? How does the CBR properties present? These problems are worthy of being studied. No soaking water, soaking water 1, 2, 4, day-night and under the dry-wet circulation of CBR tests are made by subgrade pavement material strength test system. Study results show that the CBR value of soil samples without soaking water decreases, when moisture content increases, and more than the highway specification requirement of each parts for CBR value. The CBR value which soaking water after 4 day-night cannot satisfy the CBR value requirement of highway specification, each parts of first grade roads. CBR value decreases with the increase of soaking water time, soaking water after 1 day-night and CBR value reduction is large. Soil samples’ CBR value decreased with increasing cycles, the first cycle reduced amplitude is larger than other cycles, in which reduced amplitude becomes gentle. Soil samples of different compaction degree and moisture content experience more dry-wet circulations, their CBR value becomes closer.

Carbon fibre has been widely used as reinforced fibres in composites for auto and civil engineering industry. The characterizations of this fibre inform us more about the interface behaviour and help us to improve the properties of the composites using these fibres. In this paper, methods including Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Optical Microscopy have been used to determine the surface morphology of carbon fibres. The results suggested that: Firstly, the number of filaments of a carbon fibre bundle can be well obtained by using optical microscope. Second, the carbon fibre with PAN precursor has ribbon like shallow furrows along the longitudinal direction. Finally, the carbon fibre with higher modulus shows more clearly skin-core structure.

Based on the laboratory one-dimensional consolidation test, the paper analyses the initial state and dry-wet circulation state consolidation deformation characteristics of red clay, and improves the moisturizing method in the process of consolidation test. The results show that the moisturizing method of compression test supports previous hydrating & wet towel cover measures, and indicate how much water needs to be replenished according to the loss of water. When the water content is between optimum water content minus 2% and the optimum water content, the variation, regarding void ratio, compression deformation coefficient and compression coefficient, is not obvious. When the water content is greater than the optimum value, void ratio, compression deformation coefficient and the amplitude of compression coefficient are getting larger with the increase of water content. From the view point of controlling the sedimentation of subgrade, it suggests that the water content of compacted subgrade is between optimum water content minus 2% and the optimum water content. The stress-strain relationship of compacted red clay is available to be expressed by $\frac{\epsilon }{\text{p}}=K{p}^n$. Compression coefficient of red clay is obviously larger than the initial state after dry-wet circulation. With the increase of cycles, compression coefficient increases. The three previous cycles’ compression coefficient increases are larger than other cycles, while the fourth and the fifth cycle compression coefficients tend to be stable. Suggested by subgrade settlement calculation using long-term compression coefficient index (the fourth or fifth cycle compression coefficient), the result of calculation tallies better with the actual situation. The study results provide good technical supports on subgrade settlement calculation.

Crystal structure and microwave dielectric properties of (Ca_1−xPr_x) [(Li_1/3Nb_2/3)_0.95Zr_0.05]_3−δ (0.0≤x≤0.2,CPLNZ) ceramics were investigated. A single phase with orthorhombic perovskite structure was obtained at x=0.0∼0.09. With an increase of Pr³⁺ content, the quality factor value firstly increased and then began to decrease at x=0.06 due to a decrease of the B-site 1:2 ordering degree. The variation of τ_f with tolerance factor was discussed. When x=0.07, the optimum microwave dielectric properties: the permittivity is 30.1, the quality factor is 25010GHz, and the temperature coefficient of resonator frequency is −10.6×10⁻⁶/°C.

Crystal structure and microwave dielectric properties of Ca[(Li_1/3Nb_2/3) _0.93Zr_0.07]O_3−δ−xTiO₂(0≤x≤0.2) ceramics were investigated. A single phase with orthorhombic perovskite structure was obtained at x=0.0∽0.1. With an increasing of Ti⁴⁺ content, the Qf value decreased due to a decrease of the degree of B-site 1:2 ordering. However, the τ_f value increased from−14.2ppm /°C to −6.3ppm/°C. When x=0.04, the optimum microwave dielectric properties: ε_r=31.6, Qf =17160GHz and τ_f =−8.5 ppm/°C.

In order to further enhance the capability of engineering monitoring, considering the deformable body, whose deformation mechanism is ambiguity and the destruction form is complex. Through the study of sensing principle and adopting the technology integration method, this paper developed a set of multidimensional deformation monitors with the function of three dimensional displacement monitoring, Dutch roll and inclination. The application results show that the displacement observation accuracy is better than 1 mm, and dip angle observation accuracy is better than 0.01°. This device can meet the demand of engineering monitoring.

Aramid fiber III has been treated by ultrasound to enhance the adhesion between aramid fiber III and epoxy. The effects of different ultrasonic systems and conditions were studied. The XPS and SEM indicated the obvious physical and chemical corrosion in the surface of fiber after ultrasonic treatment. The yarn pull-out method was used to evaluate the effect of surface modification. The evaluation results show the tensile strength and NOL ILSS of treated aramid fiber III/epoxy composite increased by 12.5% and 15.2%, respectively. In summary, the effect of ultrasonic treatment is obvious and has potential in industrial application.

Relative to the conventional enzymatic treatment of deproteinization, purified natural rubber treated with adsorption precipitation method has better thermal stability because of the removal the water-soluble proteins instead of binding proteins in NR. Thermal degradation mechanisms of purified natural rubber (PNR) were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DSC). The results show that, the removal of water-soluble proteins and the other non-rubber components from the NR leads to a remarkable change in the degradation stabilization. The total activation energy of PNR calculated by Coats-Redfern method was 167.99 kJ/mol, which is 35.05 KJ/mol higher than that of NR. For the whole thermos-oxidative degradation stage, the thermal decomposition mechanism of PNR is similar to that of NR. The thermal decomposition mechanism of PNR corresponds to a three-dimensional diffusion (Jander equation) at the first stage, and a phase boundary controlled reaction (one-dimensional movement) at the second stage. Kinetic analysis showed that activation energy (Ea), activation entropy (ΔH) and activation Gibbs energy (ΔG) values are all positive, indicating that the first thermos-oxidative degradation process of PNR is non-spontaneous.

High-speed machining tests were performed on vol.(0-10%) TiC_p/Ti6Al4V and vol.10% (TiC_p+TiB_w)/Ti6Al4V composite in the speed range of 15-150 m/min using Polycrystalline Diamond (PCD) tools to investigate the cutting temperatures and cutting forces. The results showed that the cutting temperature range was 260-590 °C under the cutting parameters used. Cutting speed and tool wear had a significant effect on cutting temperature. For all the machining tests, the cutting temperature for the new tool was 60-100 °C higher than that for the worn tool (VB=0.1 mm) at all cutting speed levels used. The cutting temperature for the titanium matrix composites was 40-90 °C higher than that for the Ti6Al4V matrix. However, it slightly decreased when relatively higher volume fraction composites were used. The cutting forces increase by 15% with the increasing cutting speed at the range of 15-100 m/min but they increase by up to 35% when the cutting speed is between 100 m/min and 150 m/min. The cutting forces increased slightly or even decreased with the increasing cutting speed when using a worn tool, also they moderately increased when machining the workpiece with higher reinforcement volume fraction. The cutting forces significantly increased with the increasing tool flank wear especially for the peripheral force and feed force which increased 300-500 percentages.

High speed adaptive cutting experiment of high strength alloy steel based on fractal theory has been carried out. The impacts of cutting parameters on the cutting force, fractal dimension and surface roughness were analyzed. Based on the W-M function, the relationship between the fractal parameters and the traditional surface precision index is established. Meanwhile, the relationship between the cutting parameters and the fractal parameters of the cutting surface is also determined. Experimental results indicate that the main cutting force decreased by about 6% when the cutting speed increased from 100m/min to 240m/min under the condition of the cutting depth being 3.5mm and the feeding being 0.25 mm/r. The surface roughness decreases with the increase of the cutting speed, while it increases with the increase of the cutting feed and cutting depth. The biggest influence on the surface roughness is the cutting speed. The biggest influential factor is the cutting speed on the surface roughness. The impacts of cutting feeding and cutting depth are smaller.

In order to analyze the forming law of micro droplet spray material, a series of experiments was carried out on the micro droplet spray forming technology by the self-designed test platform. Firstly, using water as a jet of liquid, the information of the injection process was collected by the high speed camera. This paper analyzed the mechanism of droplet injection and the change law of the liquid zone length with the fracture time. Meanwhile the influences of the trapezoidal wave amplitude, the high level holding time and the driving frequency on the micro liquid droplet were investigated. Finally, the various problems encountered during the injection process were discussed, and the micro droplet spray head was evaluated comprehensively. Experimental results indicate that the conical spray chamber needs less voltage amplitude in the case of same liquid length. When driving frequency is 25Hz and high level keep time is 1100μs, the liquid length of cylindrical cavity is biggest that the voltage is 130V or so.

The arc in the vicinity of the molten pool in the process of CO₂ welding has a complex distribution. Changes of the arc limit the development of seam tracking technology based on vision seriously. Therefore, exploring and studying the image's gray distribution, which is captured by the CCD camera in the vicinity of the molten pool, can provide the basic conditions for the selection of suitable welding current and the irradiated area, thus preparing for getting a clear picture. Firstly, image acquisition system which can be flexibly adjusted is established. Secondly, the numerical model of gray value in the area near the welding pool under different welding currents is built with the toolbox called cftool in Matlab. Experimental results show that: with the increase of welding current, the gray value of the image, which is captured by the CCD camera near the weld pool, is increased slightly; with the increase of distance, the gray value of the image, which is captured by the CCD camera near the weld pool, is reduced. When the distance between torch and the area is less than 10mm, the gray value decreased sharply. When the distance between torch and the area is more than 10mm, the gray value decreased slowly. The fitting results conform to the objective laws. It lays the foundation for the welding seam automatic tracking technology.

A method of dynamically solving cutting force and cutting temperature in end milling is established based on moving heat source methods. Also, the distribution of cutting temperature and cutting forces of AISI1045 in a certain operating condition is studied through combining with the experimental data. Analysis results indicate that the maximum of F_x, F_y and F_z are 198.2 N, 50.8 N and 90.4 N respectively, the deviation between calculated and measured value are 2.1%, 20.3% and 10.2% respectively. The maximum temperature of tool-chip area showing three nonlinear phases is about 150°C. The deviation between the calculated and the measured value is about 10%, which shows good consistency. It indicates that the established method can be used to accurately investigate the thermo-mechanics of workpiece in milling process.

By the means of OM, Hot-tensile test and SEM, we study the austenitic phase transformation kinetics and thermoplastic behaviors of 35CrMo steel during the process of temperature-controlled die forging. At the same time, the coarsening temperature of austenite grain growth and the better thermoplastic temperature range of steel are proven. The experimental results show that, when the holding time is certain, the austenite grain size of 35CrMo steel is growing exponentially with the increase of heating temperature. The austenite grain coarsening temperature is 950 °C. When the heating temperature is certain, the austenite grain size is approximately of parabola growth with the prolonging of holding time. In order to obtain the uniform size of austenite grain, the holding time should be controlled in 1h or so. Meanwhile, the true stress-true strain curves of the hot tensile, the changes of the area reduction at different temperature and the fracture morphology of SEM are comprehensively considered to show that the heating temperature should be controlled in 950 °C ∼ 1000 °C to ensure good thermoplastic.

Based on the shallow-drawing analysis of car roof panel, the problem of insufficient stretching during the drawing process was studied. Reasons and solutions were discussed. The finite element software was used for the numerical modeling of the drawing process. Three parameters, namely distribution of the lock force percentage, distance of the drawbeads and blank holder force, were testified with the orthogonal experimental design method. The influence of each parameter on insufficient stretching of the blank was analyzed with other two parameters unchanged. According to the results of orthogonal experiment, the process parameters were optimized to control the defects of panel during drawing process. The research can be a valuable reference for solving the deficient stretch in the process of drawing.

This paper is to prepare porous beta tricalcium phosphate scaffolds by in-situ decomposition method. The particles of CaCO₃ and NH₄H₂PO₄ with different sizes were used to react at the different temperatures. Their phase and microstructure were detected. The results of XRD and SEM energy spectrum analysis showed that CaCO₃ and NH₄H₂PO₄ reacted and generated β-Ca₃(PO₄)₂ at high temperature. SEM analysis showed that a lot of pores are formed in the scaffold materials, and the pores are connected and irregular. The average size of pores of CaCO₃ powder groups is from 20μm to 90μm, while that of Nano CaCO₃ groups is from 30μm to 110μm.

In the past achievements of a single FRP or HFRP reinforced concrete beam, the most are focused on a certain amount of the experimental study of the specimens, because of the high nonlinear performance of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete beam element and the complexity of three dimensional nonlinear programming. The theoretical calculation and analysis are conducted by using the commercial finite element software. According to the theory of the solid degradation element, the main steels are managed with three degrees of freedom of spatial bar element. The contribution matrix of the main steels to the stiffness matrix of the hybrid composite element is completed on basis of the node displacement coordination of the main steel element. It is shown from the examples that the derived hybrid composite element can be accurately used for the whole process of analysis of the RC rectangle beams reinforced with the high performance HFRP sheets.

Research on the image processing based on the metal microelectrodes is widely popular in the experimental teaching of the physical electronics subject. In this research, the microelectrodes were designed using the gold electrodes. The number of the microelectrodes is 8, with the width of 1000μm. A method of image processing based on the system was demonstrated. Filtering result is optimal when the neighborhood window size is 3×3 by using median filtering algorithm. Applying the edge detection of Roberts’s operator, the result is qualified when the threshold value is 0.05.

For building the mathematical models of stress distribution on the interference fit surface between the roll sleeve and roll mandrel by the shrinkage fit method, the roll sleeve and roll mandrel were discretized segment by segment. Based on the green function of for biharmonic equation of circular domain, the mathematical models for the stress acted on the interference fit surface during strip cold rolling were derived. These models were transformed from polar coordinates to orthogonal coordinates. Moreover, the summation of stress during strip cold rolling and hot charging stress on the interference fit surface was calculated to obtain the radial stress, tangential stress and shear stress on the interference fit surface and flattening zone respectively. Therefore, it built up an important theoretical foundation to improve the manufacturing technology and practical application of the composite back-up roll.

By in-situ compaction test in the construction site for the blasted material with the 80.0cm thickness of placing and spreading and different compacted times, the compaction construction technology of blasted material in dam was studied and related construction parameters was suggested. The study showed that: when the watering content increased from 0.0% to 10.0%, the indexes, including average compacted settlement, porosity and dry density, of the blasted material was influenced obviously with the increasing of compaction times. But when the watering content further increased from 10.0% to 15.0%, there was no obvious change of the above indexes with the increasing of compaction times, particularly, when the watering content increased from 0.0% to 15.0%, it seemed that there was a little influence of the water content and indexed of granular with the change of compaction times. It satisfied with the design requirement with the following suggested construction technique and related parameters: when the blasted material is as the compacted materials, it is placed and spread by the step-forward technique, the thickness of placing and spreading is 80.0cm, the watering content is 5.0% or 10.0% (watering content is controlled by volumetric method), then it is compacted 10 times or 8 times according to different watering contents by the smooth drum vibratory roller with the 32 tons at the velocity of 2.8 km/h, during the compaction, the forward and backward method with lapped joint width is about 1/10 vibration wheel’s width is adopted.

A series of CT images were obtained by using CT to scan the meso fracture process of concrete under uniaxial compression. Through the gray image and numerical simulation for comparative analysis, it is clarified that, due to uniaxial compression, the concrete experiences dense pressure, expansion, CT scale crack initiation, expansion, coalescence and concrete macroscopic failure stage. Studies have shown that CT analysis is fine view damage detection and an effective analysis method. It provides an important basis for further quantitative description of the concrete fine view of failure process, and confirms the feasibility of calculation using numerical simulation.

Aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) is an effective agent for combating two-dimensional liquid fuel fires. The fire suppression effect of AFFF extinguishant behaves differently on different burning liquids. Previous work indicates that, for most liquid fuel, the fire suppression effect depends on the foam spreading process and its coverage area. In this study, the foam spreading process was investigated, with different foam expansion of agent. Firstly, based on theoretical fluid dynamic analysis, an axisymmetric foam spread model was established. Then foam spreading experiments were carried out to obtain coefficients in the spread model. It was found that, in the stable spreading stage, the spreading speed of AFFF is well consistent with the axisymmetric model. Finally, by fitting the coefficients, the relation of foam coverage and time is obtained, which may provide theoretical guidance for fire suppression.

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