Elaboration and Applications of Metal-Organic Frameworks

The following sections are included:

• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• Contents

The following sections are included:

• List of Abbreviations
• Introduction
• Metals and Ligands
  • High Valent Metal Nodes and O-Donor Linkers
  • Low Valent Metal Nodes and N-Donor Linkers
• Other Structural Characteristics
  • High Connectivity of Metal Nodes and Ligands
  • Short Length of Ligands
  • Hydrophobic Groups
• Synthetic Methods
  • De Novo Synthesis
  • Kinetically Tuned Dimensional Augmentation
  • Metal and Ligand Exchange
  • Surface Modification
• Acknowledgment
• References

The following sections are included:

• List of Abbreviations
• Introduction
  • Designing MOFs with Programmable Solid-State Reactivity
  • Ligand-Induced MOF Dimensionality
  • Chemical versus Thermal MOF Stability
• MOFs with Phosphorus
  • Phosphorus(III)-Containing MOFs
    • Phosphine MOFs and Their Applications
  • Phosphorus(V)-Containing MOFs
    • Phosphonate MOFs
      • Gas Adsorption
    • Magnetism of Phosphonate MOFs
      • One-Dimensional Magnetic Phosphonates
      • Two-Dimensional Magnetic Phosphonates
      • Three-Dimensional Magnetic Phosphonates
    • Luminescence in Phosphonate MOFs
      • Luminescent Lanthanide Phosphonates
      • Luminescent Transition Metal Phosphonates
    • Catalysis of Phosphonate MOFs
      • Metal Phosphonates as Catalysts
      • Metal Phosphonates Incorporating Catalytically Active Sites
    • Proton Conduction of Phosphonate MOFs
      • Metal Phosphonates as Proton Conductors
      • Metal Phosphonates Incorporating Proton Conducting Sites
    • P(V) Derivatives of Phosphines: Phosphine Oxide and Phosphonium MOFs (O = PR₃, R′-PR₃)
      • Gas Adsorption
      • Magnetism
      • Luminescence
    • Phosphinates
      • Gas Adsorption
      • Magnetism
      • Luminescence
      • Catalysis
• MOFs and Porous Coordination Polymers with Sulfur-Based Ligands
  • Sulfur(VI)-Containing MOFs
    • Sulfonate MOFs
      • Structural Development/Stability of Arylsulfonate Frameworks
      • Proton Conduction in Sulfonate Frameworks
      • Gas Storage with Sulfonate Frameworks
    • Luminescence Found in Sulfonate Frameworks
      • Nonlanthanide-Based Framework Luminescence
      • Luminescence of Lanthanide-Based Sulfonate MOFs
    • Magnetism within Sulfonate Frameworks
      • Magnetism within 2-D Sulfonate Frameworks
      • Magnetism within 3-D Sulfonate Frameworks
    • Sulfones
      • Structural Development of Sulfone Frameworks
      • Proton Conduction in Sulfonyl Frameworks
      • Gas Sorption of Sulfonyl Frameworks
      • Luminescent Properties of Sulfonyl Frameworks
      • Magnetism in Sulfonyl Frameworks
  • Sulfur(II)-Containing MOFs
    • Thiophenes
      • Structural Studies of Thiophene Frameworks
      • Luminescence of Thiophene Frameworks
      • Magnetism in Thiophene Frameworks
    • Thioethers
      • Structural Examples of Thioether Frameworks
      • Luminescent Thioether Frameworks
      • Magnetic Thioether Frameworks
    • Thiolates
      • Bonding Properties of Thiolate-Based Frameworks
      • Thiolate Coordination Polymers with Magnetic Properties
    • Dithiolates
      • Dithiocarbamate
      • Dithiocarboxylate
• Outlook and Conclusions
• References

The following sections are included:

• List of Abbreviations
• Introduction
• Postsynthetic Linker Exchange in Pillared MOFs
  • Control of Pore Size
  • Interpenetration Control
  • Isolation of Functional Sites
• Postsynthetic Linker Exchange in Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks
  • Isostructural Transformation in ZIFs
  • Topological Transformation via Linker Exchange in ZIFs
  • Crystal Size Control in ZIFs
• Postsynthetic Linker Exchange in UiO-Series
  • Enhancement of CO₂ Separation
  • Chemical Route for Introducing Catalytic Sites
  • MOF-Based Sensors
• Postsynthetic Linker Exchange in Other MOFs
  • Enhancement of Proton Conduction
  • Introduction of Functionality
• Sequential Self-Assembly of MOFs via Postsynthetic Linker Exchange
• Linker Exchange on MOF Surface
• Mechanism and Thermodynamics in Linker Exchange
• Beyond Postsynthetic Linker Exchange: Site-Specific Metal and Linker Replacement Within Ordered Vacancies
• Conclusion and Future Outlook
• References

The following sections are included:

• List of Abbreviations
• Introduction
  • Hydrogen: Production and Storage Goals
  • MOFs as Hydrogen Storage Materials
• Factors Influencing Hydrogen Storage
  • Open Metal Sites
  • Interpenetration
  • Guest Metal Ions
  • Decoration with Metal Nanoparticles
  • Ligands and Ligand Functionalization
• Evaluation of High-Pressure Storage at Room Temperature
• Conclusions and Future Outlook
• Acknowledgments
• References

The following sections are included:

• List of Abbreviations
• Introduction
• Onboard Natural Gas Storage Technologies
  • Compressed Natural Gas
  • Liquefied Natural Gas
  • Adsorbed Natural Gas
• Porous Materials for Methane Storage and Delivery
• High-Pressure Methane Storage Principles and Terminology
  • Excess, Absolute and Total Adsorption
  • Gravimetric and Volumetric Capacity
  • Deliverable/Working Capacity
• MOFs for Methane Storage
• Metrics Influencing Methane Storage Capacity in MOFs
  • Surface Area and Pore Volume
  • Pore Shape and Size
  • Open Metal Sites
  • Ligand Design and Functionality
• Evaluating MOFs for Methane Storage and Delivery
  • At Ambient Temperature (298 K) and Relatively Low Pressure (35 and 65 bar), (ARPA-E Operation Conditions)
    • Copper Based Tricarboxylic Ligand, HKUST-1 (tbo MOF-1)
    • Copper Based Tetracarboxylic Ligands, nbo MOFs
    • Other MOFs
  • At Ambient Temperature (298 K) and Relatively High Pressure (80 bar)
    • Aluminum-Based Tetracarboxylic Ligands, soc-MOF Platform
    • Expanded HKUST-1-like tbo-MOF Platform
    • Zinc-MOF Based on Acrylate Links
  • At Low Temperature (270, 258 K) and Different Pressure of 65 and 80 bar
• Summary and Outlook
• Acknowledgments
• References

The following sections are included:

• List of Abbreviations
• Introduction
• Paraffin Separation of C1/C2/C3
• Paraffin/Olefin Separations
• Acetylene/Ethylene Separations
• Paraffin of C4+ Separation
• Summary
• Acknowledgment
• References

The following sections are included:

• List of Abbreviations
• Introduction
• MOF Membrane Fabrication Methods
  • In Situ Growth Method
  • Secondary Growth Method
  • Other Methods
• MOF Membrane for Separations
  • Gas Separation
    • Hydrogen Separation
    • Carbon Dioxide Separation
    • C2 and C3 Hydrocarbon Separation
  • Liquid Separation
• Conclusions and Outlook
• References

The following sections are included:

• List of Abbreviations
• Introduction
• MOFs for Anion-Exchange
  • Introduction to MOFs
  • Design Principles and Fabrication of Cationic MOFs
  • Advantages of Cationic MOFs
  • Anion-Exchange in Cationic MOFs: State of the Art
• Anion-Exchange in MOFs: Potential Applications
  • Capture of Toxic Inorganic Anions
  • Capture of Organic Anionic Pollutants
  • Anion Sensing in MOFs
    • Luminescent-Based Sensors
    • Colorimetric Sensors
  • Anion-Dependent Sorption Behavior
  • Cationic MOFs for Drug Delivery
  • Anion-Exchange-Based Tunable Magnetism
• Summary and Future Outlook
• Acknowledgments
• References

The following sections are included:

• List of Abbreviations
• Introduction
• Metal-Organic Frameworks: A Promising Class of Solid Materials for Heavy Metal Removal
  • Hard-and-Soft Strategy as Exemplified by the Carboxyl-Thioether and Thiol Combination
• Postsynthetically Installed Binding Sites for Heavy Metal Removal
• Charged MOF Hosts for Ion Exchange with Heavy Metal Solutes
• Conclusion and Outlook
• References

The following sections are included:

• List of Abbreviations
• Introduction
• Synthetic Strategies for Homochiral MOFs
• Special Structures of Homochiral MOFs
• Applications of Homochiral MOFs
• Conclusions and Outlook
• References

The following sections are included:

• List of Abbreviations
• Introduction
• Lewis Acidic MOFs and Catalysis
  • MOFs with CUM Sites Generated by the Removal of Coordinated Solvent Molecules
    • Microporous MOFs
    • Mesoporous MOFs
    • Chiral MOFs
  • MOFs with CUM Sites of Defective Origin
• Brønsted Acidic MOFs and Catalysis
  • MOFs with Brønsted Acid-Functionalized Organic Linkers
  • MOFs as a Host Matrix for the Incorporation of Brønsted Acidic Molecules
  • MOFs with Engineered Brønsted Acidic Defect Sites
• Summary
• Acknowledgment
• References

The following sections are included:

• List of Abbreviations
• Introduction
• Metal-Organic Frameworks Based Catalysts for Biomass Conversion
  • MOF Catalysts with Lewis Acidity
  • MOF Catalysts with Brønsted Acidity
    • Postsynthetic Modification
    • Incorporation of External Brønsted Acids
    • Direct Synthesis of MOFs with Intrinsic Brønsted Acidity
  • MOFs Loaded with MNPs
    • Hydrogenation
    • Hydrodeoxygenation
    • Oxidation
    • Esterification
• Summary and Outlook
  • MOF Catalysts with Hybrid Lewis/Brønsted Acidity
  • Other Catalytic Reactions
• Acknowledgments
• References

The following sections are included:

• List of Abbreviations
• Introduction
• Photoactivity in MOFs
  • Ligand Design
  • Ligand-to-Metal Charge Transfer
  • Homogeneous Photosensitizer
  • Semiconductor
• MOFs as Photocatalysts for Artificial Photosynthesis
  • Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
    • Metal-Oxo Clusters as the Cocatalyst
    • Pt NPs as the Cocatalyst
    • Molecular Pt Complex-Based Cocatalyst
    • Diiron Complex-Based Cocatalyst
    • Cobalt Molecular Complex-Based Cocatalyst
    • Polyoxometalates-Based Cocatalyst
    • Other Types of Cocatalysts
  • CO₂ Reduction
    • Metal-Oxo Clusters as the Cocatalyst
    • Noble Metal as the Cocatalyst
    • 3d Transition Metal Complexes as the Cocatalyst
  • Water Oxidation Reaction
• Photocatalytic Organic Transformation
  • Net Oxidative Reactions
    • Alcohol Oxidation
    • Oxidative Generation of Iminium Ions
    • Other Types of Oxidation Reactions
  • Net Reductive Reactions
  • Redox Neutral Reactions
  • Photocatalysis via Energy Transfer
• Conclusions and Further Perspectives
• References

The following sections are included:

• List of Abbreviations
• Introduction
  • Background Information About Energy Transfer
    • Coupling Regimes
      • Strong Coupling
      • Weak Coupling
  • Coupling Mechanisms
    • Distance Dependence of Coupling Mechanisms
    • Dexter-Type Integral, (ab|ji))
    • Förster-Type Integral, (ai|jb)
  • Why MOFs
• Lanthanide-Based Luminescent MOFs
  • ET in Ln-Node-Based MOFs
  • Ln@MOF
  • Summary
• Ru/Os-Based MOFs
  • Ru/Os in Zn-Node-Based MOFs
  • ${\text{Ru(bpy)}}_{\text{3}}^{\text{2+}}$-Doped Zirconium(IV) MOFs
  • Summary
• Porphyrin- and Metalloporphyrin-Based MOF Materials
  • Porphyrin-Based MOFs as Crystalline Powders
  • Porphyrin-Based MOFs as Thin Films
  • Summary
• Nonporphyrinic, Organic Chromophore-Based MOFs
  • Summary
• Conclusions
• Acknowledgment
• References

The following sections are included:

• List of Abbreviations
• Introduction
• MOFs with Intrinsic Conductivity
  • Through-Bond Charge Movement in Intrinsically Conducting MOFs
  • Conducting MOFs Based on Metal Ions Providing Mobile Charge Carriers
  • In-Plane Charge Transport in 2D Graphitic MOFs
  • Through-Space Charge Transport in Intrinsically Conducting MOFs
• Guest-Induced Conductivity in MOFs
  • Iodine-Induced MOF Conductivity
  • Li⁺ Ion-Induced MOF Conductivity
  • Through-Bond Charge Transport Through Coordinated Cross-Linking Guests
  • Through-Space Charge Transport Activated by π-Intercalated Guests
• Summary and Outlook
• Acknowledgment
• References

The following sections are included:

• List of Abbreviations
• Introduction
• Single-Molecule Magnets@MOF Composites
• Polyoxometalates@MOF Composites
• Paramagnetic Endohedral Fullerenes@MOF Composites
• Single-Ion Magnets@MOF Composites
• Future Perspectives
• Conclusions
• Acknowledgments
• References

The following section is included:

• Index