Nanoscience: Friction and Rheology on the Nanometer Scale

The following sections are included:

• Foreword

• Bibliography of the authors

• Contents

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Short outline of the history of tribology

• Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)

• Guillaume Amontons (1663-1705)

• Leonhard Euler (1707-1783)

• Charles Augustin Coulomb (1736-1806)

• Friction and wear
  • Ploughing
  • Wearless friction

• Friction on a macroscopic scale

• The Bowden and Tabor adhesion model

• The shear strength

• The real area of contact
  • Measuring the real contact area
  • Single asperity contact
  • Statistical ensemble of asperities: Apparently flat surfaces

The following sections are included:

• Introduction to instruments

• Tribometer experiments
  • Plastic or elastic deformation
  • Velocity dependence

• Extensions of tribometers
  • Electrical contact resistance
  • Height measurements
  • Wear measurements
  • Optical measurements
  • Temperature measurements
  • Triboscopy
  • Implementation into ultrahigh vacuum

• Surface force apparatus
  • Friction measurements with SFA
  • SFA-tribometry of ultrathin films
  • Adhesion vs. friction

• Resonant stick-slip motion in colloidal crystals

• Quartz crystal microbalance

• Friction force microscopy
  • Introduction to friction force microscopy
  • Atomic-scale stick slip
  • Loading dependence
  • 2d-histogram technique
  • Resolution limits
  • Stiffness measurements: Ways to determine the contact area in FFM

• Extensions of friction force microscopy: Nanosled experiments
  • Outlook

The following sections are included:

• Important forces between atoms and molecules

• Important forces between probing tip and sample
  • Van der Waals forces
  • Magnetic forces
  • Electrostatic forces
  • Capillary forces
  • Short-range forces

• Microscopic description of the tip-sample contact
  • Empirical potentials
  • Molecular dynamics
  • Continuum elasticity theory
  • Ab initio calculations

• True atomic resolution with normal forces

The following sections are included:

• Geometrical effects: The role of topography

• Step edges and Schwoebel barriers

• Atomic-scale friction: Tomlinson's mechanism
  • Introduction

• A modern analysis of Tomlinson's mechanism
  • One-dimensional Tomlinson model
  • Two-dimensional Tomlinson model
  • Instabilities and the superlubric phase

• Comparison of atomic-scale stick slip with the Tomlinson plucking mechanism
  • Atomic-scale stick slip under ultrahigh vacuum conditions
  • Zig-zag walk

• Friction between atomically flat surfaces
  • Introduction
  • Commensurability in one dimension
  • The one-dimensional Frenkel-Kontorova-Tomlinson model
  • Two-dimensional infinite surfaces
  • Two-dimensional commensurate structures
  • The two-dimensional FKT model
  • Symmetry of the force scan image
  • Friction in the FKT model
  • Finite area of contact

• Molecular dynamics simulations: Quantitative results

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Friction behaviour in the limit ν ↦ 0

• Phononic friction

• Electronic friction

• Van der Waals friction

• Comparison

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Continuum mechanics
  • Elastic moduli and free energy relations
  • Special cases of elasticity and methods
  • Fundamental equations of fluid flow
  • Unsteady flow and viscous boundary layers
  • Hydrodynamic lubrication
  • Extended regimes of lubrication
  • Viscoelastic lubricants
  • Linear viscoelasticity of solids
  • Mechanical models

• Nanorheological and shear behavior of confined liquids
  • Dynamic surface forces apparatus studies on confined liquids
  • Dynamic force microscopy study on liquids
  • Viscous friction force measurements between lubricated surfaces
  • Theoretical shear simulations and mechanical models

• Nanorheological and shear behavior of complex liquids
  • Rheological and shear properties of confined complex liquids composed of polymer brushes and solvent
  • Rheological and shear properties of compressed polymer layers melts
  • Film thickness variations of compressed polymer layers under shear
  • Nanorheological properties of interfacially confined films
  • Lateral confinement of simple liquids
  • Measurements of interfacial and lateral confinement of low viscosity liquids
  • Dewetting-shear-apparatus
  • A list and summary of distinct confinements

• Nanorheological and mechanical properties of polymeric surfaces and thin films measured by SFM
  • Introductory remarks
  • Static deformations and sinusoidal perturbations
  • Elastic indentation models of surfaces
  • Static force measurements on polymeric systems
  • Resolution limits of force modulation measurements
  • Procedure of scanning force modulation measurements
  • First promising measurement in force modulation
  • Three-fold measurements: Topography, lateral force and force modulation
  • Determination of mechanical properties of polymer blends
  • Molecular mobility, interfaces and surface glass temperature
  • Measurement of shear moduli
  • Surface mechanical properties measured by lateral forces
  • Surface stresses as indicators of surface instabilities
  • Static and dynamic force-displacement measurements
  • Ultrasonic force method
  • Pulsed force method
  • Scanning static elastic method
  • Summarizing critical remarks

The following sections are included:

• Abstract

• Introduction

• The stick-slip process between flat surfaces with adsorbed soft molecules

• Stick-slip processes between ideally flat surfaces without adsorbed soft molecules

• Excitations of transverse acoustic vibrations in thin films by stick-slip processes

• Excitation of ultrasonic waves by friction between rough surfaces Theoretical considerations

• Previous experimental studies of acoustic emission

• Proposed experiments for the detection of high frequency ultrasonic waves generated by friction

• On the possible reduction of friction by ultrasonic waves

• Conclusions

• Acknowledgements

• References

The following sections are included:

• Material-specific contrast of friction force microscopy
  • Langmuir-Blodgett films
  • Anorganic thin films
  • Carbon surfaces
  • Silicon and silicon oxides
  • III-V Semiconductors

• Anisotropy of friction

• Role of environment
  • Humidity dependence: Mica
  • Humidity dependence: MoS₂-platelets on Mica and Al₂O₃

• Chemical nature of probing tip
  • Diamond on diamond
  • PTFE on silicon
  • SAM on SAM
  • Chemical force microscopy

• Traditional and new concepts to understand the material-specific contrasts of FFM

The following sections are included:

• Cantilevers
  • Design principles of cantilevers
  • Minimum forces and Q-factor
  • Preparation of cantilevers

• Microscopes
  • Deflection sensors: Techniques to measure small cantilever deflections

• Calibration procedures
  • Calibration of scanner
  • Calibration of lateral forces

• Modes of operation
  • Imaging modes
  • Force vs. distance curves

The following sections are included:

• Index