Fuzzy Algorithms: With Applications to Image Processing and Pattern Recognition

The following sections are included:

• Preface

• Acknowledgements

• Contents

The following sections are included:

• Basic Concepts of Fuzzy Sets
  • Probability and Fuzziness
  • Fuzzy Sets
  • Properties of Fuzzy Sets
  • Operations on Fuzzy Sets

• Fuzzy Relations

• Fuzzy Models for Image Processing and Pattern Recognition

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Heuristic Selections

• Clustering Approaches
  • C-means Clustering Approach
  • Learning with Adaptive Vector Quantization
  • Self-organizing Map Approach
  • Merging Neighboring Membership Functions

• Tuning of Membership Functions
  • Gradient Descent Algorithm
  • Neural Network Approach

• Concluding Remarks

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Threshold Selection Based on Statistical Decision Theory
  • Statistical Decision Rule
  • Gaussian Distributions

• Non-fuzzy Thresholding Algorithms
  • Model Fitting Method
  • Otsu's Thresholding Method
  • Minimum Error Thresholding Method

• Fuzzy Thresholding Algorithm
  • Fuzzy Membership Functions
  • Threshold Selection Based on Fuzzy Measure
  • Fast Computation

• Unified Formulation of Three Thresholding Algorithms
  • Analytical Formulation
  • Analysis of Cost Functions

• Multilevel Thresholding
  • Generalization of Model Fitting Method
  • Generalization of Non-iterative Methods

• Applications
  • Segmentation of Document Images
  • Segmentation of Building Images
  • Segmentation of Human Images

• Concluding Remarks

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• C-means Algorithm

• Fuzzy C-means Algorithm

• Comparison between Hard and Fuzzy Clustering Algorithms

• Cluster Validity

• Applications
  • Characterization of Tissues in MR Images
  • Segmentation of Natural Color Images
  • Fuzzy Parameter Identification

• Concluding Remarks

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Similarity Measures between Line Segments
  • Location Similarity
  • Orientation Similarity
  • Relation Similarity

• Basic Matching Algorithm
  • Entropy Measure
  • Matching Costs
  • Examples

• Dealing with Noisy Patterns
  • Detecting and Removing Extra Lines
  • Detecting and Recovering Missing Lines
  • Summary of Matching Algorithms

• Dealing with Rotated Patterns
  • Basic Algorithm
  • Fast Algorithm

• Applications
  • On-line Handwritten Chinese Character Recognition
  • Point Pattern Matching

• Concluding Remarks

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Learning from Examples

• Decision Tree Approach
  • Decision Trees and Rules
  • Simplified Decision Trees
  • Fuzzified Decision Rules

• Fuzzy Aggregation Network Approach

• Minimization of Fuzzy Rules
  • Minimization Based on Data Clustering
  • Minimization Based on Karnaugh Maps

• Defuzzification and Optimization
  • Maximum Matching
  • Maximum Accumulated Matching
  • Centroid Defuzzification
  • Two-layer Perceptron Approach

• Applications
  • Segmentation of Map Images
  • Printed Upper-case English Letter Recognition
  • Handwritten Numeral Recognition

• Concluding Remarks

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Voting Schemes

• Maximum Posteriori Probability

• Multilayer Perceptron Approach

• Fuzzy Measures and Fuzzy Integrals
  • Fuzzy Measures
  • Fuzzy Integrals
  • A Fuzzy Integral Model for Classifier Fusion

• Applications
  • Optimized Nearest Neighbor Classifier
  • Markov Chain-based Classifier
  • Combined Classifiers

• Concluding Remarks

The following sections are included:

• Bibliography

• Index