The Creation of Quantum Chromodynamics and the Effective Energy

The following sections are included:

• CONTENTS

• PREFACE

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This is a personal account of those events which, in the eyes of the author, were the most crucial ones in the development of our insights in the nature of the strong interactions.

The following sections are included:

• Quark Confinement

• The U(1) Anomaly

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The split-field magnet spectrometer at the CERN intersecting storage rings was used to measure, in p–p collisions at , the inclusive momentum distribution of the charged particles produced in the same hemisphere as the leading proton (x > 0.4). A new scaling variable was introduced in order to take into account baryon-number conservation effects in p–p interactions. It is shown that distributions in this variable are in good agreement with the momentum distribution of the hadrons produced in e⁺e⁻ annihilation. The results suggest that the multiparticle production mechanism in p–p collisions is the same as in e⁺e⁻ provided that the effects of baryon-number conservation are removed.

The «leading »-baryon effect is reported. A comparison is made between baryon-baryon and lepton-baryon interactions. The «leading» effect is present in both cases. This shows its relevance for the understanding of hadronic phenomena in strong, weak, and electromagnetic processes.

A world review is presented of the « leading »-particle effect in hadron physics: baryon-baryon, baryon-antibaryon, meson-baryon and photon-baryon processes are studied and compared with hadron production from an initial state which does not contain any hadron. In this latter case the «leading» effect is not present. It is shown that the «leading »-particle effect is fully present even in hadron interactions initiated by neutrinos. The importance of the «leading» effect in hadron physics is discussed.

The use of the correct variables in (pp), (e⁺e⁻), and deep-inelastic scattering (DIS) processes allows universality features to be established in these—so far considered—different ways of producing multihadronic states.

The correlations between the two «leading » protons in the x-range 0.4< x <0.9 are measured to be below ± 1%, at the highest ISR energy.

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The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Experimental Results: Comparison with e⁺e^-

• Experimental Results: Comparison with e⁺e^- when Leading Effect is in

• Experimental Results: Comparison with DIS

• First Conclusion on (e⁺e^-) and DIS

• Experimental Results: Comparison with Transverse Physics at ISR

• Experimental Results: Comparison with Collider Physics

• Conclusions

• References

• Discussion

The following sections are included:

• Morning Discussion Session

• References

By using (pp) interactions at three different c.m. energies, , 44, 62 GeV, it is shown that the average charged-particle multiplicity 〈n_ch〉 vs. the invariant mass of the hadronic. system m_1,2 has the same behaviour as it has vs. 2E^had. Moreover, in both cases 〈n_ch〉 is shown to be nearly independent of and in good agreement with the average charged-particle multiplicity measured in the (e⁺e⁻) annihilation.

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Experimental (pp) Data and Comparison with (e⁺e^- ) Data

• References

• Dicussion

In gluon-induced jets, produced in (e⁺e⁻) annihilation at LEP and studied using the L3 detector, evidence is found for leading production of η′, in contrast with η production. This is the first direct proof of a strong gluonic composition of the η′–meson.

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