Chemical Dynamics in Extreme Environments

The following sections are included:

• INTRODUCTION

• PREFACE

• CONTENTS

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Chemistry at High Temperatures and Pressures

• High Temperature Chemistry in the Atmosphere

• Low Temperature Chemistry

• Conclusions

• Acknowledgment

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Cluster Impact

• A New Regime of Dynamics

• Chemistry within an Impact Heated Cluster
  • Motivation
  • The Reactive System
  • The Role of the Cluster
  • Rare Gas Clusters Containing Several N₂ and O₂ Molecules

• The Rapid Thermalization of the Impact Energy
  • The Translational Thermal Equilibrium
  • Model
  • The Shock Front Propagation

• The Shattering of Clusters
  • The Sudden Onset of a Shattering Regime
  • Shattering by Maximal Entropy
  • The Results of the Information Theory Analysis

• The Burning of Air: A Theoretical Study Using Two Complementary Procedures

• Summary

• Epilogue

• Acknowledgments

• Appendix: Complete List of Publications

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Laboratory and Flight Investigations

• Computational Modeling
  • Continuum Methods
  • The Direct Simulation Monte Carlo Method
  • Hybrid Continuum-Particle Methods

• Results
  • Test Cell Studies
  • Flow Field Studies

• Acknowledgments

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Brief History and Basic Operating Principles of COIL

• Development and Modeling of COIL Systems

• Precavity Kinetics in COIL Systems
  • The I₂ Dissociation Mechanism
  • Rovibrational Relaxation of I₂ (X, v > 20)
  • Deactivation Rate Constants for and the I* + I₂ Energy Transfer Process
  • Implications of Relaxation Kinetics for COIL Models

• Intracavity Kinetics in COIL Systems
  • I* + O₂(X): Electronic Energy Transfer
  • Collisional Transfer between the Hyperfine Sublevels of I (²P)
  • Pressure Broadening and Velocity Changing Collisions
  • Diagnostics for COIL Systems

• Present Status of COIL Kinetics

• Laser Concepts Based on NF(a¹Δ) and NCl(a¹Δ) Metastables
  • General Considerations
  • Lasers Driven by Transfer from NF(a)
  • Studies of Elementary Reaction Kinetics of Relevance to NF(a) Laser Systems
  • Lasers Driven by Transfer from NCl(a)
  • Studies of Elementary Reaction Kinetics of Relevance to NCl(a) Laser Systems

• Prospects for NX(a) Driven Laser Systems

• Note Added in Proof

• Acknowledgments

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Dynamics Studies of the H + O₂ → OH + O Elementary Combustion Reaction
  • Experimental Technique
  • Absolute Reaction Cross Section for H + O₂ → OH + O

• Absolute Radical Concentration Measurements and Modeling of Low Pressure Flames
  • Experimental Technique
  • Flame Modeling Calculations
  • Results and Discussion

• Laser-Induced Ignition Processes

• Laser Diagnostics of Catalytic Combustion
  • Experimental Technique
  • In Situ Detection of CO Surface Species Using Sum Frequency Generation (SFG)
  • CO Detection During Catalytic CO Oxidation
  • Measurements of CO Coverage During Catalytic CO Oxidation

• Laser Diagnostics of Engine Combustion
  • Imaging of Fuel and Temperature Distribution Prior to Ignition
  • 2D-Temperature Measurements Using Two-Line Tracer-LIF
  • Imaging of NO Concentrations and Temperatures in SI Engines

• Acknowledgments

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Meteor Phenomenology
  • Origin of Meteors
  • Meteor Physics
  • Meteor Field Observations
  • Ionospheric Models

• Chemical Dynamics
  • Overview
  • Hyperthermal Collision Processes
  • Ion Beam Studies Involving Metallic Species
  • Fast Neutral Collisions Involving Metallic Species

• Conclusions

• Acknowledgments

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction
  • Orbital Environment
  • Historical Background to Hyperthermal Energy Gas/Surface Dynamics

• Orbital Decay from Aerodynamic Drag
  • Ion/Surface Scattering Experiments
  • Models of Collisional Energy Transfer
  • Implications for Satellite Drag

• Vehicular Charging in Earth Orbit
  • Energetic Ion/Surface Collisions
  • Charge Transfer at Surfaces
  • Secondary Ion Production

• Summary

• Acknowledgments

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Observations

• Radiation Chemistry

• Hydrated Minerals

• Summary

• Acknowledgments

• Appendix

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction
  • The Atomic Oxygen Problem
  • Mitigation Approaches
  • Gas-Phase Atomic Oxygen Reactions with Hydrocarbons
  • Gas-Surface Interactions
  • Scope of this Chapter

• Experimental Methods
  • Exposure Environments
  • Material Loss Measurements
  • Scattering Dynamics

• Survey of Experimental Results and Related Modeling Studies
  • Erosion Yields and Surface Topography
  • Surface Chemistry
  • Dynamics of Initial Interactions: O + Squalane
  • Steady-State Material Removal

• Relevance of Gas–Surface Interaction Dynamics to the Study of Space Environmental Effects

• Conclusions and Future Directions

• Acknowledgments

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction and Chapter Overview

• Creating a TBC System
  • Commonly Used Materials
  • Formation of the Thermally Grown Oxide
  • Depositing the TBC and Bond Coat

• Characterizing the TBC
  • Characterization Techniques
  • Characterization of Ideal Interfaces

• TBC Failure
  • Likely Culprits
  • Spallations Mechanisms
  • Complicating Features of Spallation
  • Adhesion
  • Measures of Stress, Fracture and Spallation

• Theoretical Prediction of Interface Stability

• Atomistic Approaches
  • Structural Models for M/C Interface
  • Ab Initio Techniques
  • The Harris Functional
  • Tight Binding
  • Semiempirical Potentials

• Multiscale Modeling

• Phenomenological Approaches

• Conclusions and Outlook

• Acknowledgment

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Models and Methods
  • Reactive Empirical Bond Order (REBO) Potentials
  • Initial Conditions and Computational Methods

• AB Model I: Detonation and Initiation
  • Detonation
  • Critical Widths
  • Initiation

• AB Model II: Detailed Comparisons with Classic Detonation Theory
  • Detonation Hugoniots and the CJ Point
  • Selfsimilar Behavior

• AB Model III: Phase Transitions and Detonations

• Summary and Conclusions

• Acknowledgments

• References

The following sections are included:

• GLOSSARY

• INDEX