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A Clinical Approach to Medicine
Pages: 1136
- Edited by:
- Yong Yau Ong (Singapore General Hospital),
- Keng Thye Woo (Singapore General Hospital),
- Han Seong Ng (Singapore General Hospital),
- Patrick Tan (Singapore General Hospital), and
- Tang Ong Teng (Singapore General Hospital)
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ISBN: 978-981-3105-74-4 (ebook)
USD 86.00
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ISBN: 978-981-3105-74-4 (ebook)
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IMPORTANT!
This ebook can only be accessed online and cannot be downloaded. See further usage restrictions.
This ebook can only be accessed online and cannot be downloaded. See further usage restrictions.
Ong Yong Yau and his team of editors have successfully assembled a panel of leading clinicians and researchers to provide an integrative review of the key areas of medicine — cardiology, endocrinology, gastroenterology, haematology, neurology, oncology, rheumatology, renal and respiratory medicine.
This book is unique in that it reflects the knowledge and experience of leading experts on patterns of disease in the Asia-Pacific region. Currently there are several other similar books but these are by authors from the west and therefore reflect the western perspectives. In addition, the book also includes discussions on genetic diseases, infectious diseases and the pattern of antimicrobial resistance to antibiotics, highlighting local incidence and statistics.
Each chapter starts with the basic concepts of a particular topic and gradually develops the theme to present the state-of-the-art on the topic. With its focus on practices and expertise unique to the Asia Pacific, this book is a must read for the student, practicing clinician and research scientist interested in the latest developments in the important fields.
Sample Chapter(s)
Chapter 1: Hypertension (754 KB)
Contents:
- Cardiology
- Emergency Medicine
- Endocrinology
- Gastroenterology
- Haematology
- Internal Medicine
- Medical Oncology
- Neonatology
- Neurology
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology
- Renal Medicine
- Respiratory Medicine
- Rheumatology
Readership: Medical students, practising clinicians, generalists, specialists, and doctors preparing for higher examinations.
Free Access
FRONT MATTER
- Pages:i–xxi
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789810248178_fmatter
Preview Abstract
The following sections are included:
- Preface
- List of Contributors
- Contents
Cardiology
No Access
Hypertension
- Pages:3–25
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789810248178_0001
Preview Abstract
The following sections are included:
- HYPERTENSION
- DEFINITION OF HYPERTENSION
- HYPERTENSION IN SINGAPORE
- NATURAL HISTORY AND COMPLICATIONS
- STROKE
- CORONARY HEART DISEASE
- HEART FAILURE AND RENAL DISEASE
- PATHOGENESIS OF PRIMARY HYPERTENSION
- PATHOGENESIS OF SECONDARY HYPERTENSION
- DIAGNOSIS OF HYPERTENSION
- INVESTIGATIONS FOR SECONDARY HYPERTENSION
- MANAGEMENT OF HYPERTENSION
- Non-pharmacological Treatment
- Pharmacological Treatment
- Choice of Drugs
- Other Drugs
- HYPERTENSION IN SPECIAL GROUPS
- Pregnancy
- Very Elderly
- THE COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF PHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT
- References
No Access
Ischaemic Heart Disease
- Pages:26–90
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789810248178_0002
Preview Abstract
The following sections are included:
- INTRODUCTION
- CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF MYOCARDIAL ISCHAEMIA
- Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MYOCARDIAL ISCHAEMIA
- Non-obstructive Coronary Artery Disease (“Normal Coronary Angina Syndromes”)
- ANGINA PECTORIS
- Symptoms
- Stable Angina
- Unstable Angina and Acute Coronary Syndrome
- PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
- ELECTROCARDIOGRAMS OF MYOCARDIAL ISCHAEMIA
- NON-INVASIVE AND FUNCTIONAL TESTING OF MYOCARDIAL ISCHAEMIA
- INVASIVE ASSESSMENT OF ISCHAEMIC HEART DISEASE — CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY
- MANAGEMENT OF ISCHAEMIC HEART DISEASE
- Clinical Pathway for Management of Patients with Chest Pain
- STABLE ANGINA PECTORIS
- Pharmacologic Therapy
- Nitrates
- Beta-blocking Agents
- Calcium Channel Blockers
- Metabolic or Cytoprotective Agents
- Anti-platelet Agents
- Statins and Other Lipid-lowering Agents
- Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
- Coronary Revascularisation
- General Considerations
- Surgical Coronary Revascularisation Versus Medical Therapy
- Percutaneous Coronary Revascularisation Versus Medical Therapy
- Surgical Versus Percutaneous Coronary Revascularisation
- Pharmacologic Therapy
- MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES
- Anti-platelet Therapy
- Aspirin, Ticlopidine and Clopidogrel
- Glycoprotein Ilb/IIIa Receptor Blockade
- Antithrombin Therapy
- Unfractionated Heparin
- Low Molecular Weight Heparin
- Direct Thrombin Inhibitors
- Medical Therapy versus Percutnaneous Coronary Intervention in Acute Coronary Syndromes
- Conclusion
- Anti-platelet Therapy
- MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
- Pathopysiology of Acute Myocardial Infarction
- Electrocardiographic Changes of AMI
- Biochemical Markers of AMI
- Non-invasive Cardiac Imaging
- MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
- Pharmacological Reperfusion Therapy
- Mechanical Reperfusion Strategy
- Other Adjunctive Pharmacological Therapies
- Anti-platelet Therapy
- Anticoagulation
- Beta-adrenergic Blockers
- Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
- Nitrates
- Calcium Channel Blockers
- Other Management Strategies
- Alleviation of Pain and Anxiety
- Monitoring and Treatment of Complications
- Management of Recurrent Ischaemia
- Management of Acute Left Ventricular Failure
- Risk Factor Modification
- Cardiac Rehabilitation
- Risk Stratification for Survivors of Myocardial Infarction
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
No Access
Biochemical Markers of the Acute Coronary Syndromes
- Pages:91–98
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789810248178_0003
Preview Abstract
The following sections are included:
- INTRODUCTION
- DIAGNOSIS OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
- Creatine Kinase MB Isoenzyme
- Creatine Kinase MB Isoforms
- Myoglobin
- Cardiac Troponins T and I
- Choice and Combination of Markers
- RISK STRATIFICATION AND PROGNOSIS
- ASSESSMENT OF REPERFUSION
- CONCLUSION
- References
No Access
Lipids and Coronary Heart Disease
- Pages:99–110
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789810248178_0004
Preview Abstract
The following sections are included:
- INTRODUCTION
- PLASMA LIPIDS AND LIPOPROTEINS
- LIPOPROTEIN METABOLISM
- LDL and LDL Receptor
- HMG CoA Reductase
- EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HYPERLIPIDAEMIA
- Hyperlipidaemia in Singapore
- SERUM CHOLESTEROL AND CORONARY HEART DISEASE
- THE 4S
- LIPID Trial
- WOSCOPS
- Other Trials
- THE DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP: IS THERE A THRESHOLD?
- INVESTIGATION OF A HYPERLIPIDAEMIC PATIENT
- History
- Clinical Examination
- Laboratory Tests
- MANAGEMENT OF HYPERLIPIDAEMIA
- CONCLUSIONS
- References
No Access
Cardiac Arrhythmias
- Pages:111–140
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789810248178_0005
Preview Abstract
The following sections are included:
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPES OF CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS
- Atrial or Ventricular Ectopics
- Bradyarrhythmias
- Tachyarrhythmias
- AETIOLOGY AND MECHANISM OF CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS
- BENIGN VERSUS MALIGNANT CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS
- APPROACH TO THE PATIENT WITH CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS
- INVESTIGATIONS FOR CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS
- ECG
- Ambulatory Holter ECG and Long-term ECG Recording with Event Recorders or Loop Recorders
- Signal Averaged ECG
- Exercise Testing
- Electrophysiological Studies
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT OF CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS
- Empiric Treatment with Anti-arrhythmic Drugs
- Acute Therapy of Arrhythmias
- Long-term Management of Cardiac Arrhythmias
- Atrial and Ventricular Ectopics
- Bradyarrhythmias
- Atrial Fibrillation
- Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia
- Malignant Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias
- CONCLUSION
- References
No Access
Rheumatic Mitral Stenosis
- Pages:141–154
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789810248178_0006
Preview Abstract
The following sections are included:
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOLOGY AND PATHOPYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- NATURAL HISTORY
- TREATMENT STRATEGIES
- Medical Treatment
- Mechanical Treatment
- BMV Compared with Surgical Commissurotomy
- SUMMARY
- References
No Access
Chronic Mitral Regurgitation
- Pages:155–167
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789810248178_0007
Preview Abstract
The following sections are included:
- AETIOLOGY
- Prevalence
- NATURAL HISTORY
- PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
- LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS
- Electrocardiogram
- Chest X-ray
- 2D Echo
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Cardiac Catheterisation
- MANAGEMENT
- Medical Therapy
- Surgical Therapy
- Valve Replacement versus Valve Repair
- Indications for Surgery
- Symptomatic Patients With Normal Left Ventricular Function
- Left Ventricular Dysfunction With or Without Symptoms
- Asymptomatic Patients With Normal Left Ventricular Function
- Ischaemic MR
- References
No Access
Echocardiography
- Pages:168–174
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789810248178_0008
Preview Abstract
The following sections are included:
- VALVULAR HEART DISEASE
- ISCHAEMIC HEART DISEASE
- CARDIOMYOPATHY
- PERICARDIAL DISEASES
- CONCLUSION
- References
Emergency Medicine
No Access
Emergency Life Support
- Pages:177–190
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789810248178_0009
Preview Abstract
The following sections are included:
- INTRODUCTION
- EARLY ACCESS
- EARLY CARDIO-PULMONARY RESUSCITATION
- EARLY DEFIBRILLATION
- EARLY ADVANCED CARDIAC LIFE SUPPORT
- Ventricular Fibrillation/Pulseless Ventricular Tachycardia
- Asystole
- Pulseless Electrical Activity
- ORGANISATION OF MEDICAL RESUSCITATIONS
- Phase 1: Preparatory Phase
- Phase 2: Resuscitation Phase
- Phase 3: The Post-resuscitation Phase
- Phase 4: Debrief
- CONCLUSION
- References
No Access
Management of Poisoning
- Pages:191–213
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789810248178_0010
Preview Abstract
The following sections are included:
- INTRODUCTION
- OVERVIEW OF TOXICOLOGY
- PRINCIPLES OF POISON MANAGEMENT
- Resuscitation and Stabilisation
- Clinical Evaluation and Definitive Diagnosis
- Decontamination
- Eye and Skin Decontamination
- Respiratory Decontamination
- Gastrointestinal Decontamination
- Enhanced Elimination of Absorbed Poisons
- Forced Alkaline Diuresis
- Multiple Dose-Activated Charcoal (MDAC)
- Haemodialysis, Haemoperfusion, Haemofiltration and Peritoneal Dialysis
- Antidotes
- Chemical Antagonism
- Receptor Antibodies
- Chelation
- Competitive Inhibition
- Supportive Care
- Disposition of the Poisoned Patient
- TOXICOLOGY LABORATORY
- SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON POISON
- References
Endocrinology
No Access
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Pathophysiology and Treatment
- Pages:217–263
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789810248178_0011
Preview Abstract
The following sections are included:
-
- The Heterogeneity of Diabetes Mellitus
- THE BURDEN OF DIABETES MELLITUS
- BLOOD GLUCOSE
- PRE-DIABETES STATES
- Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Impaired Fasting Glycaemia
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
- PATHOGENESIS AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- The Genetics of Type 2 Diabetes
- From Normal Glucose Tolerance to Diabetes
- Insulin Resistance, Insulin Deficiency, Glucotoxicity and Lipotoxicity
- THE METABOLIC BASIS OF DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS
- The Syndrome X
- Role of Central Obesity
- Role of Glucose
- Role of Lipids
- MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
- Goals of Treatment
- Alleviating Global Risk Factors
- Targets of Control
- GLYCAEMIC CONTROL
- Benefits of Glycaemic Control on Microvascular Complications
- Benefits of Glycaemic Control on Macrovascular Complications
- Achieving Glycaemic Control
- Stepped Care Approach
- NUTRITIONAL THERAPY
- PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES
- PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF EXCESS WEIGHT
- PHARMACOLOGICAL REDUCTION OF BLOOD GLUCOSE
- Insulin Secretagogues — Sulphonylureas
- Insulin Secretagogues — Non-sulphonylurea
- Metformin
- Insulin Sensitisers
- α-Glucosidase Inhibitors
- Insulin
- Combination Therapy
- CONTROLLING DYSLIPIDAEMIA
- Smoking Cessation
- Dietary Measures and Correction of Glycaemia
- Lipid-lowering Drugs
- EFFECTS OF CO-MORBIDITY MEDICATIONS
- NEWER TREATMENT MODALITIES UNDER INVESTIGATION
- CONCLUSION: BIOLOGICAL AND NON-BIOLOGICAL APPROACH
- References
No Access
Thyrotoxicosis
- Pages:264–277
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789810248178_0012
Preview Abstract
The following sections are included:
- THYROTOXICOSIS
- BIOCHEMICAL CONFIRMATION OF THYROTOXICOSIS
- GRAVES' DISEASE
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Features
- Treatment
- CARBIMAZOLE OR PROPYLTHIOURACIL?
- DECREMENTAL VERSUS OTHER REGIMENS
- RADIOIODINE FOR GRAVES' DISEASE
- SURGICAL TREATMENT OF GRAVES' DISEASE
- SURGERY FOR GRAVES' DISEASE
- MANAGEMENT OF HYPOTHYROIDISM
- CLINICAL FEATURES OF HYPOTHYROIDISM
- AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS
- SUBACUTE AND SILENT THYROIDITIS
- DIAGNOSIS OF HYPOTHYROIDISM
- THYROID HORMONE REPLACEMENT
- References
No Access
Hyperlipidaemia: Scope and Problems in Singapore
- Pages:278–295
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789810248178_0013
Preview Abstract
The following sections are included:
- INTRODUCTION
- OBJECTIVES OF TREATMENT
- PRIORITIES FOR TREATMENT OF LIPID ABNORMALITIES
- Secondary Prevention
- Diabetics
- Primary Prevention in Those with High Coronary Risks
- Familial Hypercholesterolaemia
- LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS
- SECONDARY CAUSES OF HYPERLIPIDAEMIA
- DIET RECOMMENDATIONS
- EXERCISE
- PHARMACOTHERAPY: CHOICE OF DRUGS
- Hypercholesterolaemia
- Statins
- Side Effects of Statins
- Indications for Stopping/Switching Statins
- Monitoring for Side Effects of Statins
- Resins
- Side Effects of Resins
- Nicotinic Acid
- Side Effects of Nicotinic Acid
- Combination Therapy in Hypercholesterolemia
- Hypertriglyceridaemia
- Fibrates
- Side Effects of Fibrates
- Omega-3 Fish Oils
- Mixed Hyperlipidaemia
- Combination Therapy in Mixed Hyperlipidaemia
- Hypercholesterolaemia
- DURATION OF TREATMENT
- SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
- Diabetes Mellitus
- Diabetics Above 45 Years of Age
- Diabetics Below 45 Years of Age
- Mixed Hyperlipidaemia in Diabetics
- Children
- Women
- Pregnancy
- Elderly
- Renal Disease
- Liver Disease
- Resistant Hyperlipidaemia
- References
No Access
Erectile Dysfunction
- Pages:296–304
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789810248178_0014
Preview Abstract
The following sections are included:
- THE SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM
- AETIOLOGY OF ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION
- EVALUATION OF THE IMPOTENT MAN IN AN OUTPATIENT SETTING
- SPECIFIC TESTS IN ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION
- THERAPY OF ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION
- Oral Agents
- Alprostadil and Vasoactive Agents
- Vacuum Erection Device
- Surgical Options
- A COMPARISON OF TREATMENT COSTS
- References
Gastroenterology
No Access
Jaundice
- Pages:307–322
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789810248178_0015
Preview Abstract
The following sections are included:
- BILIRUBIN PRODUCTION AND METABOLISM
- CLASSIFICATION OF JAUNDICE
- EVALUATION OF JAUNDICE
- History
- Age
- Past History
- Family History
- Alcohol, Drugs and Toxins
- Travel
- Occupation
- Pregnancy
- Other Exposures
- Other Associated Symptoms
- Physical Examination
- Investigations
- History
- CONCLUSION
- References
No Access
Viral Hepatitis
- Pages:323–347
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789810248178_0016
Preview Abstract
The following sections are included:
- VIRAL HEPATITIS
- HEPATITIS A
- HEPATITIS B
- HEPATITIS C
- HEPATITIS DELTA
- HEPATITIS E
- NEWER VIRUSES
- ACUTE VIRAL HEPATITIS
- Clinical Features
- Prodromal Phase
- Icteric Phase
- Convalescence
- Diagnosis
- Biochemistry
- Serologic Tests
- Hepatitis A
- Hepatitis B
- Hepatitis C
- Hepatitis D
- Hepatitis E
- Hepatitis G
- Complications
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Clinical Features
- CHRONIC VIRAL HEPATITIS
- Clinical Features
- Symptoms and Signs
- Laboratory Findings
- Histology
- Management
- Treatment of Chronic Viral Hepatitis
- Hepatitis B
- Hepatitis C
- Management of Liver Cirrhosis
- Ascites
- Varices
- Hepatic Encephalopathy
- Hepatocellular Carcinoma
- Clinical Features
- References
No Access
Abdominal Pain
- Pages:348–356
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789810248178_0017
Preview Abstract
The following sections are included:
- INTRODUCTION
- PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
- ACUTE ABDOMINAL PAIN
- CHRONIC ABDOMINAL PAIN
No Access
Diarrhoea
- Pages:357–371
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789810248178_0018
Preview Abstract
The following sections are included:
- INTRODUCTION
- APPROACH TO ACUTE ONSET DIARRHOEA
- Enteric Infections
- APPROACH TO CHRONIC/RECURRENT DIARRHOEA
- Functional Causes of Chronic Diarrhoea
- Organic Causes of Chronic Diarrhoea
- Response to Fasting
- Presence of Blood/Leucocytes in Stools
- Presence of and Degree/Type of Steatorrhoea
- Other Features
- Therapeutic Trial
- Localisation of the Site of Disease
- Simple Laboratory Blood Test
- Hypoalbuminaemia
- Definitive Specialised Investigations
- Factitious Diarrhoea
No Access
Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding: An Evidence-Based Approach
- Pages:372–394
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789810248178_0019
Preview Abstract
The following sections are included:
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- INITIAL ASSESSMENT AND RESUSCITATIVE MANAGEMENT
- Blood Transfusion
- ENDOSCOPY
- SPECIFIC THERAPY FOR DIFFERENT BLEEDING LESIONS
- Peptic Ulcer Haemorrhage
- Endoscopic Therapy
- Anti-secretory Therapy for Peptic Ulcer Haemorrhage
- Helicobacter pylori Eradication
- NSAID-induced Ulcer
- Bleeding from Portal Hypertension
- Pharmacological Therapy During Acute Bleeding
- Endoscopic Intervention During Acute Bleeding
- Balloon Tamponade
- Radiological and Surgical Approach
- Secondary Prophylaxis with Endoscopic and Pharmacological Approach
- Oesophagitis and Mallory-Weiss Tear
- Haemorrhagic Gastritis
- Neoplasms
- Miscellaneous
- Peptic Ulcer Haemorrhage
- STRATIFICATION OF LOW-RISK PATIENTS FOR EARLY DISCHARGE
- References
Haematology
No Access
Anaemia
- Pages:397–410
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789810248178_0020
Preview Abstract
The following sections are included:
- INTRODUCTION
- MICROCYTIC ANAEMIA
- IRON DEFICIENCY ANAEMIA
- CAUSES
- Dietary Deficiency
- Intestinal Malabsorption
- Blood Loss
- THALASSAEMIA
- Thalassaemia Major
- Thalassaemia Intermedia
- Thalassaemia Minor
- NORMOCYTIC ANAEMIA
- Acute Bleeding
- Anaemia of Chronic Disease
- Anaemia of Chronic Renal Failure
- Anaemia of Endocrine Disorder
- Anaemia Due to Marrow Disorder
- Aplastic Anaemia
- Red Cell Aplasia
- Anaemia Due to Marrow Replacement
- MACROCYTIC ANAEMIA
- Megaloblastic Anaemia
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Cobalamin Therapy
- Folate Therapy
- Evaluation of Response and Follow-up
- Non-megaloblastic Macrocytic Anaemia
- Reticulocyte Index
- Haemolytic Anaemias
- Evidence of Haemolysis
- Haemolytic Mechanism
- Diagnosis
- Megaloblastic Anaemia
- Further Reading
No Access
Coagulopathy
- Pages:411–436
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789810248178_0021
Preview Abstract
The following sections are included:
- NORMAL HAEMOSTASIS
- CAUSES OF COAGULOPATHY
- CLINICAL APPROACH TO COAGULOPATHY
- LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS
- HAEMOPHILIA AND CONGENITAL BLEEDING DISORDERS
- MANAGEMENT OF HAEMOPHILIAS
- Factor Replacement for Haemophilia A
- Factor Replacement for Haemophilia B
- Level of Factor Replacements in Bleeding Episodes
- Factor Replacements in Surgery
- COMPLICATIONS OF DISEASE
- COMPLICATIONS OF THERAPY
- OTHER CONGENITAL COAGULATION DEFICIENCIES
- VON WILLEBRAND'S DISEASE
- VITAMIN K DEFICIENCY
- LIVER DISEASE
- ACQUIRED ANTICOAGULANTS
- DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION (DIC)
- MASSIVE BLOOD TRANSFUSION
- ANTICOAGULANT OVERDOSE
- Further Reading
No Access
Haematological Malignancies
- Pages:437–463
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789810248178_0022
Preview Abstract
The following sections are included:
- INTRODUCTION
- ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA IN ADULTS
- Clinical and Laboratory Features
- Classification
- Morphologic Classification
- Cytogenetic
- Immunophenotypic Analysis
- Treatment
- Induction Therapy
- Post-remission Therapy
- Relapsed and Refractory AML
- ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA
- Diagnosis of APL
- Therapy of APL
- Central Role of ATRA in APL
- Coagulopathy
- Retinoic Acid Syndrome (ATRA Syndrome)
- Consolidation Therapy
- Maintenance Therapy
- Salvage Therapy
- ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKAEMIA
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Supportive Measures
- Bone Marrow Transplantation
- Future Directions
- CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA
- Introduction
- Clinical and Laboratory Features
- Molecular Pathophysiology
- Treatment
- Chemotherapy
- Interferon-alpha
- Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation
- Investigational Modalities
- Conclusions
- CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA
- Epidemiology
- Aetiology
- Cytogenetics
- Clinical Features
- Clinical Presentation and Laboratory Abnormalities
- Diagnosis
- Minimum Diagnostic Criteria
- Demonstration of Clonality
- Staging
- Therapy
- Response Criteria
- Complications
- Acknowledgments
- References
No Access
Immunological and Molecular Diagnosis of Haematological Diseases
- Pages:464–486
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789810248178_0023
Preview Abstract
The following sections are included:
- INTRODUCTION
- FLOW CYTOMETRY
- The Flow Cytometer
- Analysis of Flow Cytometry Data
- Use of Flow Cytometry in Haematological Diagnosis
- Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia
- Acute Myeloid Leukaemia
- Acute Biphenotypic Leukaemia
- Chronic Lymphoid Leukaemia
- Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia and Myelodysplasia Syndrome
- Multiple Myeloma and Plasma Cell Dyscrasias
- Lymphoma
- Detection of Minimal Residual Disease
- Multi-drug Resistance
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
- Functional Platelet Disorders
- Immune Thrombocytopaenia
- Paroxysmal Nocturnal Haemoglobinuria
- MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS IN HAEMATOLOGY
- Thalassaemia
- Activated Protein C Resistance
- Haemophilia
- Chimerism Analysis
- Leukaemia
- Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia
- Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia
- Acute Promyelocyte Leukaemia
- Lymphoma
- Follicular Lymphoma
- Mantle Lymphoma
- References
No Access
Bone Marrow Transplant
- Pages:487–513
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789810248178_0024
Preview Abstract
The following sections are included:
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
- RATIONALE
- INDICATIONS
- ALLOGENEIC AND SYNGENEIC BONE MARROW OR PERIPHERAL BLOOD STEM CELL TRANSPLANT
- AGE CONSIDERATION
- CHOOSING THE DONOR
- ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF STEM CELLS
- AUTOLOGOUS STEM CELL TRANSPLANT
- PREPARATION FOR STEM CELL TRANSPLANT
- THE CONDITIONING REGIMEN
- AGENTS USED IN THE CONDITIONING REGIMEN
- STEM CELL HARVEST
- CELL DOSE
- USE OF MARROW VERSUS MOBILISED PERIPHERAL BLOOD STEM CELLS
- ENGRAFTMENT AND RECOVERY OF BLOOD COUNTS
- GRAFT VERSUS HOST DISEASE PROPHYLAXIS
- POST-TRANSPLANT SUPPORTIVE CARE
- TRANSPLANT-RELATED COMPLICATIONS
- Pancytopaenic Complications
- Infections
- Severe Bleeding
- Regimen-related, Non-haematologic Toxicities
- Toxicity from Prophylactic Modalities
- Immunological Conflicts Between the Host and Donor Cells (Graft Rejection and Graft Versus Host Disease)
- Graft Rejection
- Graft Versus Host Disease
- Chronic Graft Versus Host Disease
- Delayed Immune Recovery and Late Opportunistic Infections
- Pancytopaenic Complications
- MATCHED, UNRELATED DONOR
- MISMATCHED, RELATED TRANSPLANT
- THE UMBILICAL CORD STEM CELL TRANSPLANT AND CORD BLOOD REGISTRY
- OVERVIEW OF BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION IN SINGAPORE
- STEM CELL TRANSPLANT OUTCOMES ON THE MAJOR DISEASE CATEGORIES: THE LOCAL EXPERIENCE
- The Leukaemias
- Aplastic Anaemia
- Lymphoma
- FUTURE DIRECTIONS
- References
Internal Medicine
No Access
Pyrexia of Unknown Origin
- Pages:517–527
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789810248178_0025
Preview Abstract
The following sections are included:
- DEFINITION
- CAUSES OF PUO
- CLINICAL APPROACH
- PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
- INVESTIGATIONS
- Case 1
- Case 2
- Case 3
- MELIOIDOSIS
- Transmission
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Problems in Management
- References
No Access
Infections in the Immunocompromised Host
- Pages:528–542
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789810248178_0026
Preview Abstract
The following sections are included:
- INTRODUCTION
- OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGENS
- WHAT CONSTITUTES AN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED STATE
- INFECTIONS IN TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS
- THE FEBRILE NEUTROPAENIC
- Monotherapy
- Duotherapy Without Vancomycin
- Vancomycin Plus One or Two Other Agents
- CONCLUSION
- References
No Access
Malaria
- Pages:543–556
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789810248178_0027
Preview Abstract
The following sections are included:
- INTRODUCTION
- MALARIA EPIDEMIOLOGY IN SINGAPORE
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- Uncomplicated Malaria
- Complicated Falciparum Malaria
- Cerebral Malaria
- Cardiovascular Complications
- Pulmonary Oedema
- Gastrointestinal
- Renal Failure
- Hepatic Impairment and Jaundice
- Haematological Complications
- Hypoglycaemia
- Secondary Infections
- DEFINITION OF SEVERE AND COMPLICATED MALARIA
- DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- Non-falciparum Malaria
- Drug Therapy
- Other Points in Treatment
- Uncomplicated Falciparum Malaria
- Drug Therapy
- Other Points in Treatment
- Severe and Complicated Falciparum Malaria
- Drug Therapy
- Other Points in Treatment
- Non-falciparum Malaria
- CONCLUSION
- Further Reading
No Access
Antimicrobial Resistance
- Pages:557–564
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789810248178_0028
Preview Abstract
The following sections are included:
- INTRODUCTION
- RESISTANT BACTERIA
- Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
- Vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus
- Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus species
- Extended Spectrum β-lactamase Producing Enterobacteriaceae
- Multi-resistant Gram-negative Bacteria
- Drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae
- CONTROL OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE
- The Antimicrobial Policy
- Drug Formulary
- Drug Detailing
- Drug Use
- Drug Utilisation Review
- The Antimicrobial Policy
- CONCLUSION
- References
Medical Oncology
No Access
Pathogenesis of Cancer
- Pages:567–572
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789810248178_0029
Preview Abstract
The following sections are included:
- GENERAL CONCEPTS
- PROCESSES AND PATHWAYS
- ENVIRONMENT VERSUS GENES
- IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER PREVENTION
No Access
Population Cancer Screening
- Pages:573–582
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789810248178_0030
Preview Abstract
The following sections are included:
- CERVICAL CANCER
- BREAST CANCER
- COLORECTAL CANCER
- CONCLUSION
- Reference
Neonatology
No Access
Diagnostic Approach to the Dysmorphic Infant
- Pages:585–600
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789810248178_0031
Preview Abstract
The following sections are included:
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOGENETIC MECHANISMS
- Malformation
- Deformation
- Disruption
- Dysplasia
- TYPES OF BIRTH DEFECTS
- Major and Minor Anomalies
- Isolated and Multiple Anomalies
- ASSESSMENT AND DOCUMENTATION
- History
- Physical Examination
- Laboratory Studies
- Perinatal Autopsy
- DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH AND PITFALLS
- PLANNING MANAGEMENT
No Access
Practical Genetic Counselling
- Pages:601–616
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789810248178_0032
Preview Abstract
The following sections are included:
- DEFINITION
- INDICATIONS OF GENETIC COUNSELLING
- ACCURATE DIAGNOSIS
- Genetic Heterogeneity
- Review of Medical Records
- Medical History
- Physical Examination
- Laboratory Investigations
- Post-Mortem Examination
- Molecular Genetic Analysis
- When Diagnosis is Uncertain
- ESTIMATION OF RISKS
- COMMUNICATION OF FACTUAL INFORMATION
- Choosing the Right Time
- Describing the Genetic Condition
- The Counselling Session
- Non-directive Approach
- PERCEPTION AND ACCEPTABILITY OF GENETIC RISKS
- Burden
- REPRODUCTIVE OPTIONS AND PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS
- CARE OF THE FAMILY
Neurology
No Access
Headache and Brain Tumours
- Pages:619–643
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789810248178_0033
Preview Abstract
The following sections are included:
- BASIC CONCEPTS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HEADACHES
- HEADACHE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- A CLINICAL APPROACH TO HEADACHES
- History Taking
- COMMON CLINICAL PATTERNS OF HEADACHE
- Generalised Headaches
- Diffuse Generalised Headache Present for More Than One Year
- Diffuse Generalised Headache Present for Years, but With Mounting Intensity or Frequency
- Diffuse Generalised Headaches Present for Years and Associated With Neurological (Transient or Permanent) Deficits
- Diffuse Generalised Headaches Present for Months or Weeks
- Diffuse Generalised Headache of Acute Onset (Hours/Days)
- Focal Headaches
- Intermittent Headache Localised to One Half or Part of the Head
- Continuous Headache Localised to One Half or Part of the Head
- Generalised Headaches
- HEADACHE CLASSIFICATION
- OTHER TYPES OF HEADACHES
- Indomethacin Responsive Headaches
- Headache Due to Low CSF Pressure
- Headache Due to High CSF Pressure (Pseudotumour Cerebri)
- INVESTIGATION OF HEADACHE
- TREATMENT OF HEADACHES
- Treatment of Tension-type Headache
- Treatment of Migraine
- Analgesics
- Specific Anti-migraine Drugs
- Prophylactic Treatment
- Other Treatments for Specific Types of Headache
- Steroids
- Verapamil
- Lithium
- Oxygen Inhalation
- Ergot Derivatives
- Indomethacin
- BRAIN TUMOURS
- Symptoms and Signs of Brain Tumours
- Raised Intracranial Pressure
- Localising Signs Due to Direct and Indirect Neuronal Damage
- Seizures/Epilepsy
- Symptoms and Signs of Brain Tumours
- CEREBRAL METASTASIS
- MENINGEOSIS CARCINOMATOSA
- ESTABLISHING A DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- References
- Further Reading
No Access
Meningitis and Encephalitis
- Pages:644–658
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789810248178_0034
Preview Abstract
The following sections are included:
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOGENESIS AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- Bacterial Meningitis
- Viral Meningitis
- Fungal and TB Meningitis
- Encephalitis
- ETIOLOGIC ORGANISMS
- Bacterial Meningitis
- Fungal Meningitis
- Tuberculous Meningitis
- UNUSUAL TYPES OF MENINGITIS
- Aseptic Meningitis
- Differential Diagnosis of CSF Lymphocytic Pleocytosis
- Chronic Slow Viral Infections
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- INVESTIGATIONS
- CSF Results in Common Conditions
- MANAGEMENT
- Recommended Antimicrobial Therapy of Common Bacterial Meningitis
- References
No Access
Seizures and Epilepsy
- Pages:659–682
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789810248178_0035
Preview Abstract
The following sections are included:
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION OF EPILEPTIC SEIZURES AND EPILEPSY
- AETIOLOGY OF EPILEPSY
- DIAGNOSIS OF EPILEPTIC SEIZURE AND EPILEPSY
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- INVESTIGATIONS
- Electroencephalogram (EEG)
- Structural Neuro-imaging
- Other Investigations
- DRUG TREATMENT OF SEIZURES AND EPILEPSY
- When to Start Treatment
- Which Anti-epileptic Drug (AED)?
- Monotherapy
- AED Serum Level Monitoring
- Alternative Monotherapy and Polytherapy
- Epilepsy Surgery
- Discontinuing Drug Therapy
- References
- Suggested Reading
No Access
Neuromuscular Disorders
- Pages:683–710
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789810248178_0036
Preview Abstract
The following sections are included:
- INTRODUCTION
- APPROACH
- History
- Physical Examination
- Investigations
- MOTOR NEURONE DISEASES
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Picture
- Diagnostic Criteria
- Pathology
- Investigations
- Prognosis
- Management Strategies
- SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHY
- Investigations and Management
- MULTI-FOCAL MOTOR NEUROPATHY
- Clinical Features
- Electrodiagnosis
- Treatment
- DISEASES OF THE NERVE ROOT
- Cervical and Lumbar Radiculopathy
- DISEASES OF THE PLEXUS
- Brachial Neuritis (Neuralgic Amyotrophy)
- DISEASES OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVES
- Guillain-Barre Syndrome
- Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy
- Diabetic Neuropathy
- Other Secondary forms of Neuropathy
- Inherited Neuropathies
- Entrapment Neuropathies
- MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
- Clinical Picture
- Osserman Classification
- Differential Diagnosis
- Diagnosis
- Diagnostic Testing
- Management
- Anticholinesterase Agents
- Thymectomy
- Corticosteroids
- Azathioprine
- Cyclosporine
- Plasma Exchange and Intravenous Immunoglobulins
- Malignant Thymomas
- DISEASES OF THE MUSCLE
- Muscular Dystrophy
- Metabolic Myopathy
- Inflammatory Myopathy
- Myotonia
- References
No Access
Stroke
- Pages:711–742
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789810248178_0037
Preview Abstract
The following sections are included:
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY AND LOCAL FIGURES
- APPROACH TO STROKE
- Basic Cerebral Supply and Anatomy
- Stroke Mechanisms
- Thrombosis
- Embolism
- Hypoperfusion
- STROKE AETIOLOGIES
- Atherosclerosis
- Cardiac Sources of Stroke
- Arterial Dissection
- STROKE SYNDROMES
- INVESTIGATIONS
- Structural Imaging
- Computed Tomography
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Neurovascular Imaging
- Ultrasound Imaging and Doppler Sonography
- Computed Tomographic Angiography and Magnetic Resonance Angiography
- Cerebral Angiography
- Other Imaging modalities
- Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)
- Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
- Others
- Structural Imaging
- TREATMENT OF STROKE
- MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE STROKE
- Specific Measures
- Antithrombotics
- Anticoagulation
- Thrombolytics
- Neuroprotective Agents
- General
- Specific Measures
- MANAGEMENT OF STROKE RELATED COMPLICATIONS
- GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF STROKE
- STROKE PREVENTION
- Secondary Prevention of Stroke
- Anti-platelet Agents
- Anticoagulation
- Carotid Endarterectomy
- Angioplasty and Stenting
- Primary Prevention of Stroke
- Secondary Prevention of Stroke
- REHABILITATION AND DISCHARGE PLANNING
Obstetrics and Gynaecology
No Access
Medical Problems in Pregnancy
- Pages:745–775
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789810248178_0038
Preview Abstract
The following sections are included:
- INTRODUCTION
- HYPERTENSION AND PRE-ECLAMPSIA
- PROPHYLAXIS AGAINST PRE-ECLAMPSIA
- DIABETES MELLITUS IN PREGNANCY
- THYROID DISEASE IN PREGNANCY
- ANAEMIA IN PREGNANCY
- CARDIAC DISEASE IN PREGNANCY
- RENAL DISEASE IN PREGNANCY
- EPILEPSY IN PREGNANCY
- LIVER DISEASE IN PREGNANCY
- MALARIA IN PREGNANCY
- THROMBOEMBOLISM IN PREGNANCY
- HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS IN PREGNANCY
- Vertical Transmission Rates
- Diagnosis of Infection in the Infant
- Perinatal HIV Infection
- CHICKENPOX AND PREGNANCY
- Maternal VZ Infection
- Congenital Varicella Syndrome
- Varicella Infection of the Newborn
- MANAGEMENT OF A WOMAN WITH SUSPECTED VARICELLA CONTACT IN PREGNANCY
- MANAGEMENT OF A PREGNANT WOMAN WHO PRESENTS WITH CHICKENPOX
- OTHER COMMON SITUATIONS
- APPENDIX 1. PROTOCOL FOR SEVERE PRE-ECLAMPSIA
- APPENDIX 2. MANAGEMENT OF ECLAMPSIA
- APPENDIX 3. PROTOCOL FOR MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES IN PREGNANCY
- APPENDIX 4. PROTOCOL FOR MANAGEMENT OF CARDIAC DISEASE IN LABOUR
- References
- Further Reading
Renal Medicine
No Access
Glomerulonephritis
- Pages:779–793
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789810248178_0039
Preview Abstract
The following sections are included:
- INTRODUCTION
- ACUTE NEPHRITIC SYNDROME
- RAPIDLY PROGRESSIVE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS (CRESCENTERIC GLOMERULONEPHRITIS)
- ASYMPTOMATIC HAEMATURIA AND PROTEINURIA
- History
- Physical Examination
- Investigations
- Clinical Courses
- NEPHROTIC SYNDROME
- CAUSES OF NEPHROTIC SYNDROME
- Minimal Change Disease
- Focal and Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
- Mesangial Proliferative Glomerulonephritis
- Membranous Glomerulonephritis
- Mesangiocapillary Glomerulonephritis (MCGN)
- MANAGEMENT OF NEPHROTIC SYNDROME
- General Treatment
- Specific Treatment
- Treatment with Steroids and Cytotoxic Agents
- Persantin and Warfarin Plus Regimen (P and W + Regimen)
- POSTSCRIPT
- References
No Access
Urinary Tract Infection
- Pages:794–809
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789810248178_0040
Preview Abstract
The following sections are included:
- SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
- MICROBIOLOGICAL SPECTRUM AND ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY
- DIAGNOSIS
- CLINICAL SYNDROMES
- Acute Cystitis/Urethritis
- Recurrent Infections
- Acute Pyelonephritis
- Relapses
- Prostatitis
- Asymptomatic Bacteriuria
- Acute Cystitis/Urethritis
- COMPLICATED URINARY TRACT INFECTION
- SPECIFIC PATIENT POPULATIONS
- The Elderly
- Catheter-related
- Diabetics
- Renal Transplant Recipients
- Pregnancy
- Fungal Cystitis
- SUMMARY
- References
No Access
Renal Hypertension
- Pages:810–823
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789810248178_0041
Preview Abstract
The following sections are included:
- INTRODUCTION
- RENAL HYPERTENSION — DETECTION AND ASSESSMENT
- Clinical History
- Physical Examination
- Initial Investigations
- Specialised Investigations
- Renal Ultrasound
- Intravenous Urogram
- Captopril Challenge Test
- Isotope Renogram
- Renal Angiography
- Renal Vein Renin Ratio
- Renal Biopsy
- HYPERTENSION IN RENAL PARENCHYMAL DISEASE
- Mechanisms of Hypertension
- Hyperfiltration Mechanism of Renal Injury
- Treatment
- Lifestyle Measures
- Drug Therapy
- RENOVASCULAR HYPERTENSION
- Medical Treatment
- Invasive Treatment
- Percutaneous Transluminal Renal Angioplasty
- Renal Artery Stenting
- Surgical Treatment
- Choice of Therapy
- HYPERTENSION IN DIALYSIS PATIENTS
- HYPERTENSION IN RENAL TRANSPLANT PATIENTS
- References
No Access
Diabetic Nephropathy
- Pages:824–833
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789810248178_0042
Preview Abstract
The following sections are included:
- NATURAL HISTORY OF DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY
- SCREENING FOR MICROALBUMINURIA
- SCREENING PROCEDURE FOR MICROALBUMINURIA
- ROLE OF GLYCAEMIC CONTROL IN DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY
- ROLE OF HYPERTENSION IN DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY
- ROLE OF ANGIOTENSINOGEN CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS
- THE ROLE OF DIETARY PROTEIN RESTRICTION IN DIABNX
- THE ROLE OF HYPERLIPIDAEMIA IN DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY
- INDICATIONS FOR REFERRAL OF A PATIENT WITH DM TO A NEPHROLOGIST
- CONCLUSION
- References
No Access
Contemporary Management of Renal Failure
- Pages:834–853
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789810248178_0043
Preview Abstract
The following sections are included:
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE
- INITIATION OF DIALYSIS
- RENAL TRANSPLANTATION
- HAEMODIALYSIS
- PERITONEAL DIALYSIS
- LONG-TERM MANAGEMENT OF END STAGE RENAL FAILURE
- References
Respiratory Medicine
No Access
Obstructive Airway Disease
- Pages:857–870
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789810248178_0044
Preview Abstract
The following sections are included:
- DEFINITION
- CLINICO-PATHOLOGIC FEATURES OF OBSTRUCTIVE AIRWAY DISEASES
- RADIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS
- PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTS
- DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- Treatment of Asthma
- Treatment of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
- References
No Access
Pulmonary Infections
- Pages:871–922
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789810248178_0045
Preview Abstract
The following sections are included:
- ACUTE UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS
- Common Cold
- Clinical Features
- Treatment
- Sinusitis
- Common Cold
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- TREATMENT
- Pharyngitis
- Clinical Features
- Treatment
- Epiglottitis
- Clinical Features
- Treatment
- Laryngotracheitis
- Pharyngitis
- ACUTE BRONCHITIS
- Clinical Features
- Investigations
- Treatment
- Complications
- BRONCHIECTASIS
- Aetiologies and Associated Conditions
- Infections
- Mucociliary Clearance Defects
- Immunoglobulin Disorders
- Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis
- Other Causes
- Clinical Features
- Investigations
- Chest Radiography
- High Resolution CT Scan
- Lung Function and Cardiac Studies
- Sputum Cultures
- Others
- Complications
- Treatment
- Physiotherapy
- Antibiotic Therapy
- Surgery
- Specific Therapies
- Aetiologies and Associated Conditions
- PNEUMONIA
- Classification
- Community-acquired Pneumonia (CAP)
- Aetiology
- Clinical Features
- Investigations
- Complications
- Treatment
- Nosocomial Pneumonia
- Aetiology
- Clinical Features and Investigations
- Treatment
- Ventilator-associated Pneumonia
- Aspiration Pneumonia
- Pneumonia Due to Opportunistic Infections
- Aetiology
- Clinical Features
- Investigations
- Treatment
- LUNG ABSCESS
- Clinical Features
- Investigations
- Complications
- Treatment
- EMPYEMA
- Clinical Features
- Investigations
- Treatment
- MYCOBACTEROSIS
- Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
- Clinical Features
- Investigations
- Complications
- Treatment
- Non-tuberculous Mycobacteria
- Mycobacterium Avium Intracellulare Complex
- Clinical Features
- Investigation
- Treatment
- Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
- MYCOSES
- Cryptococcosis
- Aspergillosis
- Candidiasis
- PARASITIC INFECTIONS
- Protozoa
- Nematodes
- Playthelminths
- SUMMARY OF PULMONARY INFECTIONS
- References
No Access
Lung Cancer
- Pages:923–940
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789810248178_0046
Preview Abstract
The following sections are included:
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY OF LUNG CANCER
- PATHOLOGY OF LUNG CANCER
- SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
- Asymptomatic
- Symptomatic — Local
- Symptomatic — Metastatic
- Symptomatic — Paraneoplastic
- DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR LUNG CANCER
- STAGING
- The International Staging System for NSCLC
- MANAGEMENT OF NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER
- Surgical Treatment
- Radiotherapy
- Chemotherapy
- INTERVENTIONAL BRONCHOSCOPY FOR MALIGNANT AIRWAY OCCLUSION
- MALIGNANT PLEURAL EFFUSION
- MALIGNANT PERICARDIAL EFFUSION
- SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER
- Treatment
- Limited Stage Disease
- Extensive Disease
- Recurrent Disease
- Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation
- Surgery for Small Cell Lung Cancer
- The Solitary Pulmonary Nodule
- Treatment
- SCREENING FOR LUNG CANCER
- References
No Access
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
- J RAGHURAM and
- PHILIP ENG
- Pages:941–959
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789810248178_0047
Preview Abstract
The following sections are included:
- INTRODUCTION
- INCIDENCE
- DEFINITION
- Acute Lung Injury
- Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
- PATHOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
- RISK FACTORS
- MANAGEMENT
- POSITIVE END EXPIRATORY PRESSURE
- PERMISSIVE HYPERCAPNIA
- INVERSED RATIO VENTILATION
- POSTURE
- LIQUID VENTILATION
- EXTRACORPOREAL SUPPORT
- OPTIMISATION OF OXYGEN TRANSPORT
- PHARMACOLOGICAL THERAPY
- Steroids
- Inhaled Vasodilator
- Surfactant
- OUTCOME
- References
No Access
Sleep-disordered Breathing
- Pages:960–984
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789810248178_0048
Preview Abstract
The following sections are included:
- RESPIRATION DURING SLEEP IN NORMAL SUBJECTS
- Fall in Basal Metabolic Rate
- Increase in Upper Airway Resistance
- Control of Ventilation During Sleep
- Atonia or Hypotonia of Respiratory Muscles During REM Sleep
- OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNOEA
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Features
- Symptoms During Sleep
- Daytime Symptoms
- Risk Factors for OSA
- Physical Examination
- Evaluation of the Oronasomaxillofacial Region
- Evaluation of Obesity and Its Distribution
- OSA and Associated Syndromes
- Complications of OSA
- Objective Evaluation of OSA
- Management of OSA
- PRIMARY SNORING AND THE UPPER AIRWAY RESISTANCE SYNDROME
- CENTRAL SLEEP APNOEA
- Aetiology
- Disorders of Decreased Ventilatory Drive
- Disorders of the Chest Wall, Ventilatory Muscles and Pulmonary Parenchyma
- Mixed Disorders
- Evaluation of Patients with Chronic Ventilatory Failure
- Therapeutic Modalities
- Pharmacologic Therapy
- Ventilatory Assistance
- Diaphragmatic Pacing
- Oxygen Therapy
- Aetiology
- CONCLUSIONS
- References
No Access
Sleep Disorders
- Pages:985–996
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789810248178_0049
Preview Abstract
The following sections are included:
- FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF SLEEP AND CLINICAL CORRELATES
- CLASSIFICATION
- DISORDERS OF INITIATING AND MAINTAINING SLEEP — INSOMNIA
- DISORDERS OF EXCESSIVE DAYTIME SLEEPINESS
- PRIMARY HYPERSOMNIA
- SECONDARY HYPERSOMNIA
- Narcolepsy
- Diagnosis
- Management
- Idiopathic Hypersomnia
- Periodic Hypersomnia
- Narcolepsy
- SLEEP APNOEA SYNDROME
- NON-OBSTRUCTIVE (CENTRAL AND NEUROMUSCULAR) SLEEP APNOEA
- PERIODIC LIMB MOVEMENTS DURING SLEEP
- RESTLESS LEG SYNDROME
- PARASOMNIAS (EVENTS AROUND SLEEP)
- DISORDERS OF SLEEP-WAKE SCHEDULE
- LEGAL ASPECTS OF SLEEP AND ALERTNESS
- References
- Further Reading
Rheumatology
No Access
Diagnosis in Rheumatic Diseases
- Pages:999–1011
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789810248178_0050
Preview Abstract
The following sections are included:
- INTRODUCTION
- History
- Family History
- Drug History
- Travel History
- Physical Examination
- Laboratory Investigations
- Conclusion
- References
No Access
Connective Tissue Disease and Systemic Vasculitis
- Pages:1012–1049
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789810248178_0051
Preview Abstract
The following sections are included:
- INTRODUCTION
- CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES
- Principles of Diagnosis
- Principles of Management
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
- Epidemiology
- Immunogenetics and Pathogenesis
- Manifestations and Outcome
- SLE and Reproduction
- Investigations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Practice Points
- Illustrative Case One
- Discussion of Case One
- Sjogren's Syndrome
- Dermatomyositis and Polymyositis
- Scleroderma
- Mixed Connective Tissue Disease
- Antiphospholipid Syndrome
- SYSTEMIC VASCULITIDES
- Introduction
- Pathogenesis
- Primary Vasculitides
- Secondary Vasculitides
- Differential Diagnosis
- Investigations
- Treatment
- Practice Points
- Illustrative Case Two
- Discussion of Case Two
- References
No Access
Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Pages:1050–1065
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789810248178_0052
Preview Abstract
The following sections are included:
- EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- LABORATORY EVALUATION
- MANAGEMENT
- Rationale for Early, Aggressive Treatment and Prognostic Factors
- General Approach to the Treatment of Patients
- Drug Treatment
- Non-steroidal, Anti-inflammatory Drug
- Disease Modifying, Anti-rheumatic Drugs
- Newer Drugs
- Role of Steroids
- Role of Surgery
- Complications
- References
No Access
Seronegative Spondyloarthropathy
- Pages:1066–1076
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789810248178_0053
Preview Abstract
The following sections are included:
- INTRODUCTION
- AETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
- ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS
- Clinical Features
- Investigations and Assessment of Disease Status
- Management
- REACTIVE ARTHRITIS (REITER'S SYNDROME)
- References
No Access
Gout
- Pages:1077–1096
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789810248178_0054
Preview Abstract
The following sections are included:
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- Asymptomatic Hyperuricaemia
- Acute Gout
- Inter-critical Gout
- Chronic Gout
- Extra-articular Involvement
- Associated Conditions
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- Acute Monoarthritis
- History of Episodic Mono- or Oligoarthritis
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT
- Modification of Diet and Reversible Causes of Hyperuricaemia
- Asymptomatic Hyperuricaemia
- Treating the Acute Attack
- Preventing Attacks (Prophylaxis)
- Lowering Serum Urate Concentrations
- Extra-articular Manifestations
- Indications for Specialist Evaluation
- SPECIFIC CLINICAL SITUATIONS
- Gout in the Elderly
- Gout in the Young (Below 30 Years of Age) and in Pre-menopausal Women
- Transplant Gout
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- References
Free Access
BACK MATTER
- Pages:1097–1111
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789810248178_bmatter
Preview Abstract
The following sections are included:
- Index
“I strongly recommend this textbook to all practising clinicians, general practitioners, physicians in training and medical students. It is a worthy addition to the library of hospitals, medical schools, physicians, medical students, etc.”
Annals of Academy of Medicine, Singapore
Sample Chapter(s)
Chapter 1: Hypertension (754 KB)
