A Textbook of Clinical Ophthalmology

The following sections are included:

• SUB EDITORS

• ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

• CONTENTS

At an early stage the authors found that the schematic students' ophthalmic texts were of limited value in the real world, but Henry Stallard in his books always ‘seemed to have been there before’ and his practical advice gave great relief and encouragement to the reader faced with the needs of his patients, especially if isolated. Accordingly, the authors in turn have attempted what he achieved and this has been the spirit in which they have written this book, sensible always of the debt they owe their teachers and colleagues…

The following sections are included:

• The eye

• The bony orbit

• The orbital fascia

• Blood supply of the eye and orbit
  • Arteries
  • Veins and lymphatics

• Extraocular muscles

• Nerves of the eye and orbit

• The 3rd cranial (oculomotor) nerve

• The 4th cranial (trochlear) nerve

• The 6th cranial (abducens) nerve

• The 5th cranial (trigeminal) nerve

• The 7th cranial (facial) nerve and its connections

• The autonomic nervous system

• The efferent sympathetic nervous supply to the eye and orbit (adrenergic)

• The efferent parasympathetic nervous supply to the eye and orbit (cholinergic)

• The eyelids

• The lacrimal apparatus

• The conjunctiva

• The cornea

• The sclera

• The lens

• The vitreous

• The uvea
  • The iris
  • The ciliary body
  • The choroid
  • The blood supply of the uveal tract

• The retina
  • Anatomy
  • The retinal cells and layers

• The physiology of the retina and vision and the anatomy of the visual pathways

The following sections are included:

• Development of the eye

• The development of the retina

• The development of other ocular structures

The following sections are included:

• Optical definitions
  • Visual Acuity
  • Refraction
  • Prisms
  • Refraction at a spherical surface
  • Refraction by lenses
  • Lens aberrations
  • The ocular lens system
  • Accommodation

• Emmetropia and ametropia (refractive error)
  • The calculation of intraocular implant lens power

• Refractive or pathological cause for reduced visual acuity
  • The pin hole test

• Determination of refractive error
  • Retinoscopy
  • Methods of subjective refraction
  • The duochrome test
  • Near vision testing
  • Presbyopic lenses
  • Measurement of lens power
  • Polarisation of light
  • Contact Lenses
  • Types of contact lenses

• Lasers
  • Lasers used in ophthalmology
  • Selected standard optics texts

The following sections are included:

• History and symptoms

• Examination of function
  • Visual acuity tests in children
  • Partially objective tests for children of one to three years of age
  • Examination of Function
  • Examination of function
  • Types of visual field defect
  • History and symptoms
  • The examination of visual fields
  • Confrontational visual field testing
  • The testing of children
  • Significance of field defects
  • Other visual field tests
  • Examination of function

• Examination of structure
  • The eyelids
  • The conjunctiva
  • Presence of discharge
  • The cornea
  • The pupil
  • The lens
  • The vitreous
  • The retina, choroid and optic nerve
  • Measurement of the intraocular pressure (tonometry)

The following sections are included:

• Refractive error

• Opacities in the media
  • Corneal opacity
  • Diagnosis

• Opacity of the lens

• Cataract
  • Causes of the opacity (other than systemic disease and other ocular disease)
  • Traumatic cataract

• Cataracts associated with systemic disease
  • Diabetic cataract

• Cataract formation associated with other ocular disease
  • Heterochromic cyclitis

• The management of cataract and indications for surgery
  • Preventive measures
  • Management of cataract in children
  • Congenital cataract
  • Acquired cataract
  • Management of cataract in adults

• Principles of cataract surgery
  • Pre-operative assessment
  • Anaesthesia for cataract operations
  • Surgical techniques

• The current extracapsular cataract extraction with posterior chamber lens implantation and often phakoemulsification
  • Complications of cataract extraction
  • Refractive correction of aphakia

• The evolution of the present technique of cataract extraction
  • Basic extracapsular cataract extraction. (ECCE)
  • The intracapsular cataract extraction (ICCE)

• Diseases of the retina and choroid

• C (a) Retina

• Vitreous haemorrhage i.e. haemorrhage into the vitreous
  • Clinical picture
  • Causes of vitreous haemorrhage
  • Management
  • Symptoms
  • Signs
  • Causes
  • Differential diagnosis of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment
  • Treatment of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment

• Vascular disease of the retina
  • Central retinal artery occlusion
  • Branch central retinal arterial occlusion

• Central retinal vein occlusion
  • Branch retinal vein occlusion

• Choroidoretinal degenerations

• Retinal changes associated with systemic disease
  • Diabetic retinopathy

• C (b) Choroid
  • Posterior uveitis
  • Neoplasms of the retina and choroid

• Primary open angle glaucoma
  • Presentation
  • Measurement of the intraocular pressure

• Mechanisms
  • Mechanisms of the rise in intraocular pressure
  • Management
  • Treatment to lower intraocular pressure
  • Sympathetic alpha 2 agonists
  • Prostaglandins

• A practical regime for the treatment of primary open angle glaucoma

• Diseases of the optic nerve
  • Pressure effects
  • Inflammation (optic neuritis)
  • Signs
  • Toxic substances (toxic optic neuropathy or syn. toxic amblyopia)
  • Deficiency states
  • Vascular causes of optic neuropathy
  • Trauma

• Disease of the intracranial visual pathways involving the optic chiasma, optic tracts, optic radiations and visual cortex

The following sections are included:

• Ocular trauma
  • Blunt injury (contusion)
  • Non perforating corneal injury
  • Perforating injury
  • Eyelid lacerations
  • Orbital trauma is considered on p540
  • Burns

• Corneal inflammation and infection (keratitis)
  • Phlyctenulosis
  • Bacterial infection
  • Bacterial toxins
  • Viral infections of the cornea
  • Exposure keratitis and neuroparalytic keratitis

• Uveitis
  • Anatomical classification
  • Clinical classification
  • Aetiological classification
  • Pathological classification
  • Clinical features
  • Anterior uveitis (iritis, indocyclitis) (Plate 7.23 p177, LCW 3.6 p42)
  • Subsequent course and complications
  • Intermediate uveitis (cyclitis)
  • Posterior uveitis (chowiditis)
  • Investigation of uveitis
  • Treatment of uveitis
  • Sympathetic ophthalmia
  • Toxoplasma retinochoroiditis
  • Endophthalmitis (panophthalmitis)

• Acute primary angle closure glaucoma
  • Symptoms
  • Signs
  • Detection of patients at risk of primary angle closure glaucoma (screening)
  • Mechanism
  • Explanation of the physical signs
  • Treatment
  • Plateau iris
  • Secondary glaucoma

The following sections are included:

• Classification

• Aetiology

• Types of conjunctivitis

• Bacterial conjunctivitis

• Chlamydial conjunctivitis and keratitis
  • Trachoma
  • Adult Inclusion Conjunctivitis (AIC)
  • Neonatal Inclusion Conjunctivitis (NIC)

• Ophthalmia neonatorum (Neonatal conjunctivitis)
  • Management of ophthalmia neonatorum

• Viral conjunctivitis

• Allergic/hypersensitivity conjunctivitis

• Toxic conjunctivitis

• Other causes of red sticky eyes

The following sections are included:

• Causes of lacrimation

• Causes of epiphora

• Investigation of watering eyes
  • Examination of the lid position and the punctal orifices

• Delayed canalisation of the lacrimal apparatus in babies

• Acquired epiphora (defective drainage of tears)

• Treatment of naso-lacrimal duct obstruction in the adult

The following sections are included:

• Reduction of tear flow (kerato-conjunctivitis sicca)

• Causes of reduced tear production
  • Tumours of the lacrimal gland
  • Infection of the lacrimal gland (dacryoadenitis)
  • Treatment of kerato-conjunctivitis sicca

The following sections are included:

• Explanation of some of the terms used in squint management
  • Manifest concomitant squint (heterotropia)
  • Latent concomitant squint (heterophoria)
  • Binocular single vision
  • Diplopia
  • Suppression
  • Amblyopia
  • Convergent concomitant squint - esotropia
  • Relationship between accommodation and esotropia

• Management of a child suspected of a convergent squint
  • History
  • Examination
  • Treatment of convergent concomitant squint (Esotropia)
  • Treatment of amblyopia
  • Divergent concomitant squint - exotropia
  • Types of divergent concomitant squint

• Management of a child suspected of a divergent squint

• ‘A’ and ‘V’ phenomena i.e. concomitant squints complicated by an element of paralysis of the vertically acting muscles

• Management of concomitant squint in the older child and adult

• Paralytic squint (the usual cause of the symptom of double vision)
  • Synergists and antagonists
  • Increase in the angle of deviation when the paralysed eye is used for fixation
  • The actions of the extraocular eye muscles
  • The abnormal head posture
  • Causes of paralytic squint

• The approach to a patient with a paralytic squint
  • History
  • Examination
  • Investigations

• Neurological causes of paralytic squint (disorders of the nerve supply to the extraocular muscles)

• Sixth cranial nerve (abducens) palsy
  • Signs and symptoms
  • Causes of sixth cranial nerve palsy
  • Lesion along the course of the nerve
  • Management of sixth cranial nerve palsy
  • Duane's syndrome

• Third cranial nerve (oculomotor) palsy
  • Signs and symptoms
  • Causes of third cranial nerve palsy
  • Demonstration of a fourth cranial nerve involvement in a third cranial nerve palsy
  • Management of third cranial nerve palsy

• Fourth cranial nerve (trochlear) palsy
  • Signs and symptoms
  • Causes of fourth cranial nerve palsy
  • Treatment of fourth cranial nerve palsy

• Supranuclear disorders of ocular motility

The following sections are included:

• Examination of the external eye and anterior media
  • The small magnifying lens (loupe)
  • The slit lamp microscope
  • The principle of the direct ophthalmoscope
  • The use of the direct ophthalmoscope
  • The principle of the indirect ophthalmoscope
  • The use of the indirect ophthalmoscope
  • Ultrasonography
  • Computerised Tomography (CT)
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

The following sections are included:

• Visual physiology

• Colour vision
  • Colour vision defects

• Tests of visual function
  • Tests for colour discrimination
  • Parallel visual pathways
  • Visual acuity
  • Visual field
  • Methods of visual field testing (Perimetry)
  • Kinetic perimetry
  • Kinetic perimeters
  • The Bjerrum or tangent screen
  • Static perimetry
  • Interpretation of perimetry
  • Patterns of visual field loss
  • Arcuate scotoma

• The examination of ocular position and movements

• The examination of the pupil and its movements

• Electro-oculography, electro-retinography and electro-encephalography (visually evoked responses)
  • Electro-oculography (EOG)
  • Electro-retinography (ERG and PERG)
  • Visually evoked response (VER)

• Ocular blood flow

The following sections are included:

• General considerations of the retinal effects of vascular disorders
  • The retinal circulation
  • Fluorescein angiography
  • The retinal vessels
  • The retinal capillaries
  • Retinal ‘white lesions’
  • Arteriosclerosis

• Hypertension
  • Benign hypertension
  • Malignant hypertension

The following sections are included:

• Sickle cell disease

• Polycythaemia

• Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) deficiency syndrome

• Leukaemia

• Lymphoma, lymphosarcoma, reticulum cell sarcoma and Hodgkin's disease

• Multiple myeloma and Waldenstrom's macroglobulinaemia
  • Types of lymphocyte
  • Multiple Myeloma
  • Waldenstrom's macroglobulinaemia
  • Histiocytosis X

The following sections are included:

• Ocular manifestations of thyroid disease
  • Hyperthyroidism (Thyrotoxicosis)
  • Toxic nodular goitre
  • Graves' disease
  • Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of endocrine exophthalmos
  • Management of endocrine exophthalmos
  • Parathyroid glands

• Diabetes mellitus and the eyes
  • The size of the problem
  • Diabetic eye disease
  • The lens (cataract formation in diabetes)
  • The retina in diabetes
  • Screening

The following sections are included:

• Bacterial infections
  • Staphylococcus
  • Streptococcus
  • Neisseria
  • Mycobacteria

• Tuberculosis
  • Leprosy (Hansen's disease)

• Spirochaetes
  • Syphilis
  • Leptospirosis

• Viral infections
  • Herpes viruses

• HIV/AIDS
  • Lids
  • Neuro-ophthalmic abnormalities

• Chlamydia

• Rickettsiae

• Fungi

• Protozoan infections

• Metazoan infestation

• Nematodes (onchocerciasis, filariasis)
  • Onchocerciasis
  • Prevention and treatment
  • Loiasis
  • Wuchereria Bancrofti
  • Ascariasis
  • Ankylostomiasis
  • Toxocara canis or cati
  • Trichinosis

• Parasitic cysts
  • Cysticercosis
  • Hydatid
  • Ocular myiasis

• Nutritional deficiencies

• Criteria for nutritional deficiency disease

• Diseases due to nutritional deficiency

• Vitamin A deficiency

• Vitamin B deficiency

• Vitamin C deficiency

• Vitamin D deficiency

The following sections are included:

• Rheumatoid arthritis
  • Ocular effects
  • Management

• Juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA) and Still's disease

• Sjögren's syndrome

• Ankylosing spondylitis

• Reiter's disease

• Behçet's syndrome

• Systemic lupus erythematosus

• Polyarteritis nodosa

• Progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)

• Dermatomyositis

• Sarcoidosis
  • Treatment of ocular sarcoidosis

• Wegener's granulomatosis

• Stevens-Johnson syndrome

• Giant cell arteritis (syn. temporal arteritis)

• Myasthenia gravis

• Graves' disease

• Diabetes mellitus

The following sections are included:

• The investigation of neurological disease

• The practical anatomy of the optic nerve

• Optic nerve disease
  • Types and causes of optic nerve disease (optic neuropathy)

• Pressure effects

• Inflammation

• Toxic causes of optic neuropathy (toxic amblyopia)

• Nutritional deficiency conditions

• Vascular causes of optic neuropathy
  • Retinal venous stasis or occlusion

• Trauma

• Optic atrophy
  • General considerations
  • The clinical classifications of optic atrophy by ophthalmoscopic appearance
  • Ophthalmoscopic types of optic atrophy
  • The optic chiasma
  • Chiasmal conditions of clinical importance
  • Investigations

• The optic tracts

• The lateral geniculate bodies

• The optic radiations

• The visual cortex

• Cerebral aneurysms
  • Carotid artery aneurysms

• Migraine

• Cerebrovascular insufficiency

• Disorders of ocular motility

• Concomitant squint

• Paralytic squint

• Supranuclear gaze palsies
  • Disturbances of voluntary conjugate movement (frontal lobe disease)
  • Disturbances of following “pursuit” movements (occipital lobe disease)
  • The tonic neck reflexes
  • Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
  • Variations of internuclear ophthalmoplegia

• Myopathies and disease or injury of muscle causing squint
  • Myasthenia gravis
  • Myopathies
  • Thyroid disease and squint

• Nystagmus
  • Jerk nystagmus
  • Pendular nystagmus
  • Nomenclature of nystagmus
  • Disease processes which may cause acquired nystagmus
  • Vestibular nystagmus
  • The labyrinth
  • Caloric test
  • The eighth nerve and the vestibular nuclei
  • Cerebellar nystagmus
  • Congenital nystagmus
  • Prismatic and surgical treatment for nystagmus
  • Latent nystagmus
  • Alternating sursumduction (syn. dissociated vertical divergence)
  • Spasmus nutans

• Disorders of the pupil
  • Anatomy and physiology

• The pathways of the pupillary reflexes

• The light reflex

• The dark reflex

• The near reflex
  • Congenital Abnormalities
  • Acquired Mydriasis

• The afferent pupil defect and the swinging flashlight test

The following sections are included:

• Molecular genetics

• Ocular malformations as the result of infection in utero

• Developmental abnormalities due to exposure to abnormal oxygen concentrations

• The ocular effects of chromosomal abnormalities

• Genetically determined congenital malformations
  • Anterior chamber dysgenesis, Rieger's and Axenfeld's syndromes and Peter's anomaly
  • Lens anomalies
  • Anomaly of myelination
  • Dermoids
  • Lacrimal anomalies
  • Lid anomalies
  • Corneal conditions
  • Developmental glaucoma (buphthalmos, hydrophthalmos)

• Genetically determined ocular conditions
  • Corneal dystrophies
  • Retinal degenerations
  • Phakomatoses
  • Uveal degenerations
  • Optic atrophy

• Inherited disorders with systemic and ocular complications
  • Retinal pigmentary disorders
  • Disorders of lipid metabolism
  • Disorders of amino acid metabolism
  • Disorders of connective tissue
  • Mucopolysaccharidoses
  • Disorder of carbohydrate metabolism
  • Disorder of copper metabolism

• Phakomatoses

• Developmental abnormalities of the orbit

The following sections are included:

• Features of functional ocular conditions

• Functional visual loss

• Illusions and hallucinations

• Functional disorders involving the lids

• Self inflicted injuries to the eyes

• The importance of functional disorders

The following sections are included:

• The anatomy of the eyelids is described on p25

• Eyelid malpositions
  • Entropion
  • Ectropion
  • Ptosis (Blepharoptosis)
  • Treatment of ptosis
  • Eyelid retraction

• Eyelid inflammatory conditions
  • Dermatitis
  • Blepharitis

• Cystic lesions of the eyelids

• Epithelial and other lesions of the eyelid
  • Haemangioma
  • Lipid deposition

• Eyelid lacerations

• Congenital abnormalities
  • Cryptophthalmos
  • Blepharophimosis
  • Coloboma

The following sections are included:

• Lacrimal gland swelling
  • Tumours of the lacrimal gland

• The lacrimal drainage system
  • Congenital anomalies
  • Acquired conditions
  • Canaliculitis
  • Dacryocystitis - acute and chronic
  • Lacerations of the lacrimal drainage apparatus

The following sections are included:

• Conjunctivitis

• Conjunctival Degenerations
  • Conjunctival lithiasis (concretions)
  • Pinguecula
  • Pterygium
  • Pseudopterygium

• Conjunctival tumours
  • Pigmented conjunctival lesions
  • Non-pigmented conjunctival tumours

• Conjunctival cysts and dermoids
  • Simple conjunctival cysts
  • Conjunctival, epibulbar and limbal dermoids

The following sections are included:

• Cornea
  • Congenital abnormalities
  • Corneal inflammation (Keratitis)
  • Non-infective corneal inflammation
  • Mooren's ulcer (and Terrien's marginal degeneration)
  • Phlyctenular Keratitis
  • Filamentary keratitis
  • Superficial punctate keratitis
  • Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis
  • Thygeson's superficial punctate keratitis

• Corneal changes secondary to conjunctival disease
  • Ocular cicatricial pemphigoid p203 syn. (Benign mucous membrane pemphigoid)
  • The Stevens-Johnson syndrome (Erythema multiforme)
  • Pterygium

• Abnormal pigmentation of the cornea

• Corneal dystrophies
  • Irido corneal endothelial syndrome (ICE syndrome)

• Management of corneal dystrophies

• Miscellaneous conditions of the cornea
  • Corneal oedema
  • Vitamin A deficiency (keratomalacia, nutritional xerophthalmia)
  • Corneal arcus (arcus senilis, arcus juvenilis)
  • Band-shaped keratopathy
  • Exposure keratitis and neuroparalytic keratitis (pl74) Amiodarone opacity (p619)

• Corneal grafting (keratoplasty)
  • Factors adversely affecting the fate of the graft
  • Types of graft

• The surgical and laser correction of refractive error

• The sclera

• Symptoms and signs of scleral disease

• Injuries

The following sections are included:

• The practical anatomy and physiology of the lens is described on p35

• Cataract
  • Complications of cataract surgery
  • Operative complications
  • Early post-operative complications
  • Late complications
  • Decision making in cataract treatment

• Dislocation of the lens
  • Traumatic dislocation
  • Spontaneous dislocation

The following sections are included:

• Pathological changes of the vitreous

• Vitreous collapse (posterior vitreous detachment)
  • The relationship between vitreous collapse and retinal detachment
  • Vitreo-retinal changes associated with lattice degeneration
  • Pre-retinal membranes
  • Proliferative vitreo-retinopathy
  • Vitreous haemorrhage
  • Asteroid hyalosis
  • Synchysis scintillans

• Vitreous surgery
  • Anterior vitrectomy
  • Pars plana vitrectomy

The following sections are included:

• Uveitis

• Injuries

• Serous choroidal detachment

• Tumours of the uvea
  • Posterior malignant uveal melanocytic lesions
  • Iris melanocytic lesions
  • Choroidal Haemangiomas

• Genetically determined congenital malformations of the uvea

• Degenerations of the uvea
  • Disciform degeneration of the retina

• Anterior segment dysgenesis

The following sections are included:

• Assessment of retinal function

• Disorders of the retinal vascular system

• Inflammatory (retinal vasculitis)
  • Retinal infections
  • Retinal disorders associated with haemorrhage and blood diseases

• Retinal degenerations
  • Variants of primary pigmentary degeneration of the retina and the differential diagnosis

• Primary macular degenerations

• Phakomatoses

• Cerebro-macular degenerations

• Fluid separation of retinal and choroidal layers
  • Retinal (separation) detachment

• Retinal (separation) detachment (serous retinal detachment)
  • Retinal detachment with a retinal hole or tear (rhegmatogenous)
  • Retinal detachment without a retinal hole
  • Retinal separation associated with central choroido-retinal degeneration
  • Age related macular degeneration (ARM wet type)
  • Treatment

• Choroidal detachments

• Retinal injuries

• Toxic disorders of retina

• Retinal neoplasms (retinoblastoma)

The following sections are included:

• Evaluation of orbital disease
  • Radiological assessment

• Thyroid associated disease

• Orbital inflammatory conditions

• Lymphoma

• Orbital mass lesions
  • Mucocele
  • Dermoid
  • Dermolipoma
  • Vascular tumours
  • Neural tumours
  • Soft tissue tumours
  • Osteoid tumours
  • Tumours invading the orbit by local spread
  • Orbital metastases

• Orbital trauma
  • External fractures
  • Internal (blow-out) fractures

• Developmental abnormalities of the orbit
  • Craniofacial synostoses
  • Clefting syndromes
  • Branchial arch syndromes

The following sections are included:

• Relationship between glaucoma and intraocular pressure

• ‘The glaucomas’

• Concepts basic to the classification of the glaucomas
  • Nitric oxide, endothelin and glutamate
  • Ganglion cell death. Apoptosis
  • The regulation of intraocular pressure
  • The regulation of optic disc blood supply
  • The control of vasospastic reactions
  • Neuroprotection

• Diagnostic techniques
  • Tonometry

• Clinical aspects of glaucoma
  • Epidemiology and screening
  • Genetic aspects of primary open angle glaucoma
  • Screening for primary open angle glaucoma - Risk factors

• Signs, symptoms and treatment of glaucoma

• Developmental glaucoma (buphthalmos, hydrophthalmos, congenital glaucoma)
  • Symptoms and signs
  • Treatment

• Primary angle closure glaucoma
  • Effects of angle closure
  • Symptoms, signs and treatment of primary acute angle closure glaucoma
  • Provocative tests for angle closure

• Primary open angle glaucoma
  • Clinical aspects
  • Types of primary open angle glaucoma
  • Principles to be considered in treatment

• Secondary glaucoma
  • Secondary glaucoma due to anterior uveitis
  • Lenticular causes of secondary glaucoma
  • Flat anterior chamber and the aqueous misdirection syndrome (‘malignant glaucoma’)
  • Rubeotic glaucoma
  • Increased orbital pressure or orbital venous pressure
  • Toxic effects causing secondary glaucoma
  • Irido-corneal endothelial (ICE) syndrome (Essential iris atrophy)
  • Trauma
  • Intraocular neoplasms

• Low intraocular pressure

The following sections are included:

• Routes of administration
  • Local application
  • Systemic administration

• Systemic administration
  • Agents acting on the parasympathetic nervous system
  • Agents acting on the sympathetic nervous system

• Miotics
  • Mechanism of action of the miotics
  • Acetylcholine analogues
  • Anticholinesterase miotics
    • Reversible anticholinesterases
    • Irreversible anticholinesterases
  • Echothiophate iodide (Phospholine Iodide) and general anaesthesia

• Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

• Osmotic agents

The following sections are included:

• Antibacterial agents
  • Chloramphenicol
  • Fusidic acid
  • Penicillins
  • Cephalosporins
  • Aminoglycosides
  • Fluoroquinolones
  • Tetracyclines

• Antiviral agents

• Antifungal preparations

• Antiprotozoal agents

• Anti-inflammatory agents
  • Corticosteroids
  • Local Steroids
  • Systemic steroids
  • Oral
  • Non-steroidal anti-inflammation agents (NSAIDS)

• Local anaesthetic agents
  • Topical anaesthesia
    • Injectable anaesthetic agents

• Other therapeutic and diagnostic agents
  • Staining agents
  • Mucolytics
  • Citrate and ascorbate
  • Artificial tears and ocular lubricants

The following sections are included:

• Systemic toxicity of ocular therapeutic agents
  • The parasympathomimetic agents
  • The parasympatholytic agents
  • The sympathetic beta-blockers
  • The sympathomimetic agents

• Drugs inducing ocular adverse reactions
  • Amiodarone
  • Chlorpromazine
  • Thioridazine (Melleril)
  • Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine
  • Quinine
  • Tamoxifen (Nolvadex)
  • Digoxin and digitoxin
  • Ethambutol
  • Phenytoin and Vigabatrin
  • Drugs affecting intraocular pressure

The following sections are included:

• Index