Energy Conservation in East Asia

The following sections are included:

• Acknowledgements

• Introduction

• Contents

The following sections are included:

• INTRODUCTION

• TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION (TEC)

• ENERGY USE BY SECTOR
  • Oil Reserves, Production and Consumption
  • Oil Refining
  • Oil Stocks
  • Natural Gas and LNG
  • Coal
  • Electricity
  • Hydropower
  • Nuclear Power
  • Geothermal Power
  • Renewable Energy and Cogeneration
  • Air Pollution Created from the Burning of Fossil Fuels

• FUTURE ENERGY CONSUMPTION

• CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

• APPENDIX
  • TEC in ASEAN + 3 Countries from 1980 to 2020
  • TEC in ASEAN + 3 Minus China from 1980 to 2020
  • TEC in ASEAN Countries from 1980 to 2020
    • Trajectory Based on the 1980–2003 Trend
  • Trajectory Based on the 2003 Growth Rate
  • TEC Based on the Trend Identified from 1980 to 2003 and Projected for 2020
  • Trajectory Based on the 2003 Growth Rate
  • TEC Based on a Growth Rate of 10 Per Cent per Year and Projected for 2020
  • TEC Based on the Growth Rate of 5 Per Cent per Year and Projected for 2020
  • Projections for Each Country
    • Brunet
    • Cambodia
    • Indonesia
    • Laos
    • Malaysia
    • Myanmar
    • Philippines
    • Singapore
    • Thailand
    • Vietnam
    • Japan
    • Korea
    • China

The following sections are included:

• INTRODUCTION

• ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS

• ENERGY INTENSITY

• ENERGY INTENSITIES OF EACH COUNTRY

• INCOME ELASTICITY

• THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENERGY INTENSITY AND INCOME ELASTICITY

• GOALS AND SCOPE OF ENERGY PROGRAMMES TO DATE: A BRIEF OVERVIEW

• THE MAIN PROBLEMS FACED IN ASEAN + 3

• THE CRUX IS PETROL SAVING

• MUCH CAN BE DONE TO REDUCE CONSUMPTION OF ROAD TRANSPORT FUELS

• APPLICATION OF THESE METHODS TO THE ASEAN + 3 REGION
  • A Closer Look at the Results for Japan and Korea
  • Applicability of These Methods to the Rest of the ASEAN + 3 Region
  • Other Possible Transport Fuel-Saving Measures Which Would Likely be Effective in Asia

• CONCLUSION

The following sections are included:

• WHAT IS ‘ENERGY SECURITY’ AND HOW CAN WE ACHIEVE IT?

• WHY AN ENERGY PARTNERSHIP IN ASIA?

• HISTORY OF ENERGY COOPERATION IN ASIA

• WHAT KIND OF ENERGY PARTNERSHIP IN ASIA?
  • Basic Principles
  • Elements of Policy Cooperation

• EXPERIENCES OF THE EU AND IEA
  • EU Experience
  • IEA Experience

• FUTURE OUTLOOK OF THE ‘ASIAN ENERGY PARTNERSHIP’

• CONCLUSION AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS

The following sections are included:

• INTRODUCTION

• ENERGY SUPPLY AND DEMAND IN BRUNEI: 1980–2030
  • The Energy Drivers—Macroeconomic Indicators
  • Primary Energy Production
  • Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES)
  • Final Energy Consumption
  • Electricity Generation

• ASSESSMENT OF THE ENERGY CONSERVATION PROGRAMMES IN BRUNEI
  • National Assessment
  • Electricity Sector
  • Cement Manufacturing Industry
  • Buildings
  • Oil and Gas Sector

• RECOMMENDATIONS
  • Improve Energy and GDP Statistics Reporting
  • Restructure National Development Plan towards a Softer Path
  • Set Minimum Energy Efficiency Standards for Greenfield Energy Intensive Plants
  • Reduce Energy Subsidies
  • Implement Demand-side Management
  • Conduct Regular Energy Auditing for Major Energy Consumers
  • Promote Sustainable Building
  • Award Financial Incentives for Fuel Efficient Vehicles

• ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The following sections are included:

• CHINA' ENERGY CONSERVATION STRATEGY

• CHINA'S EFFORTS AND ACHIEVEMENTS IN ENERGY CONSERVATION
  • Energy Conservation Efforts
  • Energy Conservation Planning
  • Energy Conservation Management and Service System
  • Energy Conservation Policies, Regulations and Standards
  • Energy Saving Technology/Product Promotion
  • Demonstration and Promotion of New Energy Conservation Mechanisms
  • Energy Conservation Promotion, Education and Training
  • International Exchange and Cooperation in Energy Conservation
  • Energy Conservation Achievements
  • Steady Increase in Energy Efficiency Level
  • Major Decrease of Energy Consumption per Unit of GDP
  • Decrease in Energy Consumption per Product

• CHINA'S ENERGY CONSERVATION TARGETS FOR 2010 AND NEW POLICY MEASURES OF ENERGY CONSERVATION
  • Energy Conservation Targets for 2010
  • New Energy Conservation Policy Measures
  • Revision of the Energy Conservation Law
  • Commencement and Implementation of Ten Major Key Energy Conservation Projects
  • Launching a One-Thousand-Enterprise Energy Conservation Activity
  • Establishment of GDP Energy Consumption Index

• SUGGESTIONS FOR CONFRONTING THE CHALLENGES FACED IN REALISING THE YEAR 2010 ENERGY CONSERVATION TARGETS AND CORRESPONDING POLICIES
  • Challenges in Realising the 2010 Targets
  • Relevant Policy Suggestions

• CONCLUSIONS

The following sections are included:

• INTRODUCTION

• ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION IN INDONESIA

• THE DEMOCRATIC TRANSITION AND OIL SECTOR REFORM

• GOVERNMENT RESPONSE TO OIL PRICE INCREASE

• CONCLUSION

The following sections are included:

• INTRODUCTION

• MALAYSIA'S ENERGY POLICIES

• INITIATIVES IN THE INDUSTRIAL SECTOR

• INITIATIVES IN THE RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERCIAL SECTORS

• ENERGY STANDARDS FOR BUILDINGS

• FINANCIAL INCENTIVES

• ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ENERGY: RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY

• NUCLEAR ENERGY

• INITIATIVES IN THE TRANSPORT SECTOR

• THE MAIN OBSTACLE TO ENERGY CONSERVATION: FUEL SUBSIDIES

• STRUCTURAL PROBLEMS IN THE ELECTRICITY SECTOR

• CONCLUSIONS

The following sections are included:

• ENERGY SUPPLY AND DEMAND IN KOREA

• THE ENERGY SECURITY AND ENERGY CONSERVATION CHALLENGES

• SURVEY OF ENERGY CONSERVATION IN KOREA
  • Legal Framework
  • Institutions

• ENERGY CONSERVATION PROJECTS
  • Policy Objectives
  • Energy Conservation Policy Measures
    • Sectoral Categorisation
    • Policy Measures of Energy Savings and Conservation
      • Management of Energy-Intensive Users
      • Energy Impacts Assessment on Energy-Intensive Projects
      • Voluntary Agreements
      • Energy Saving in the Public Sector
      • Waste Heat Recovery and Utilisation
      • Energy Service Companies
      • Energy Auditing
      • Demand-Side Management
      • Research and Development
      • Local and Regional Energy Plans
      • Education and Training Programmes
      • Information and Statistics
    • Energy Efficiency Policy Measures
      • Energy Efficiency Standards
      • Energy Labelling
      • Certification of High Efficiency Energy-Using Appliances
      • Energy-Saving Office Equipment and Home Electronics
      • Financial and Taxation Assistance to Energy Efficiency Investments
    • Environment and Energy Conservation
      • Reduction of Greenhouse Gases
      • Alternative and Renewable Energy
      • Green Energy Family Movement

• PROSPECTS AND TASKS
  • Basic Energy Act and Energy Vision 2030
  • Policy Tasks

The following sections are included:

• INTRODUCTION

• JAPAN'S ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

• THE NEED FOR FURTHER IMPROVEMENT IN JAPAN'S ENERGY EFFICIENCY

• ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND CONSERVATION POLICIES IN JAPAN

• EVALUATION OF THE VARIOUS MEASURES' SUCCESS

• LESSONS FOR EMERGING ASIAN ECONOMIES: NEW “FLYING GEESE” MODEL

The following sections are included:

• INTRODUCTION

• A SHORT HISTORY OF ENERGY POLICY IN THE PHILIPPINES

• CURRENT POLICIES AND PROGRAMMES FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION
  • Information, Education and Communication Campaign
  • Voluntary Agreements
  • Energy Labelling and Efficiency Standards
  • Energy Use Standards for Buildings
  • Government Enercon Programme (GEMP)
  • Energy Management Programmes
  • Alternative Fuels and Technologies
  • Renewable Energy Bill
  • Getting Prices Right
  • Deregulating the Downstream Oil
  • Restructuring the Power Sector

• SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

The following sections are included:

• INTRODUCTION

• RECENT AND PROJECTED ENERGY CONSUMPTION PATTERNS

• ENERGY RESOURCE GOVERNANCE POLICY
  • Reforming the Energy Industry
  • Multi-Sectoral Engagement
  • Specialised Multi-Agency Government Bodies

• KEY INITIATIVES FOR POLICY IMPLEMENTATION
  • Power Generation
  • Consumers and Household Sector
  • Industry Sector
  • Building Sector
  • Transportation Sector
  • R&D and Development of New Energy Technologies

• ENERGY RESOURCE GOVERNANCE POLICY: WHITHER PRAGMATISM AND REFLEXIVITY?

• CONCLUSION

The following sections are included:

• INTRODUCTION

• THE ECONOMY AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION
  • Consumption of Energy and Electricity
  • Energy Consumption and GDP Growth
  • Energy Conservation Activities in the Pre-ENCON Act Period
  • 1973-1980 Period
  • 1981-1986 Period
  • 1987-1992 Period

• ORGANISATION OF ENERGY CONSERVATION ACTIVITIES FROM 1992 TO 2004

• ENERGY CONSERVATION ACTIVITIES SUPPORTED BY THE ENCON FUND
  • Mandatory Plan
  • Programme for Existing Designated Factories and Buildings
  • Programme for Designated Factories and Designated Buildings under Construction
  • Programme for Government Buildings
  • Voluntary Plan
  • Renewable Energy and Rural Industry Programme
  • Renewable Energy-Based (Very) Small Power Producers
  • Industrial Liaison
  • Research and Development Programmes
  • Complementary Plan
  • Human Resource Development Programme
  • Information Dissemination in Support of the Mandatory Plan
  • Public Information and Campaign
  • Administrative Support

• REVIEWS OF THE MASTER PLAN FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION
  • Review of Phase One
  • Mandatory Plan
  • Voluntary Plan
  • Complementary Plan
  • Review of Phase Two
  • Mandatory Plan
  • Voluntary Plan
  • Complementary Plan

• DEMAND-SIDE MANAGEMENT

• PHASE ONE OF THE DSM PLAN, 1993 TO 2001
  • Residential Programme
  • Commercial Programme
  • Industrial Programme
  • Value Creation Programme

• RESULTS

• BEYOND PHASE ONE

• THE THIRD ENERGY CONSERVATION PLAN
  • Strategy to Improve Efficiency of Energy Use
  • Transportation
  • Industry
  • Strategy to Develop Renewable Energy Resources

• FRAMEWORK FOR PLANNING AND ALLOCATION OF ENCON FUND

• PLAN FOR INCREASING ENERGY EFFICIENCY

• PLAN FOR DEVELOPMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES

• STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT

• CONCLUSION

The following sections are included:

• INTRODUCTION

• RECENT AND PROJECTED ENERGY CONSUMPTION PATTERNS IN VIETNAM

• ENERGY MIX

• GOVERNMENT PROGRAMMES TO REDUCE ENERGY WASTAGE AND IMPROVE ENERGY CONSUMPTION EFFICIENCY
  • Overview of Energy Efficiency and Conservation (EEC) in Vietnam
  • Vietnam Demand-Side Management and Energy Efficiency (DSM&EE)
  • Vietnam Energy Efficient Public Lighting Project (VEEPL)
  • Vietnam Energy Efficient Commercial Building Code (EECBC)
  • Energy Standard and Labelling (ES&L)

• ENERGY CONSERVATION POLICIES, PROGRAMMES, AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK

• NATIONAL ENERGY POLICY

• GOVERNMENT DECREE ON ENERGY SAVING AND EFFICIENT USE OF ENERGY

• CODE FOR ENERGY EFFICIENT COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS

• TARGETED PROGRAMME ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND CONSERVATION, 2006–2015

• INSTITUTIONAL SET UP

• EVALUATION OF THE SUCCESS OF ENERGY CONSERVATION EFFORTS: WHAT YET NEEDS TO BE DONE
  • Market Demand Drivers
    • Electricity Prices
    • Fiscal Concessions
  • Sector-Specific Demand
    • Industry
    • Power
    • Commercial and Services Sectors
    • Transportation
    • Barriers
    • Market (Information, Knowledge and Skills Barriers)

• FINANCIAL, INSTITUTIONAL AND REGULATIONS AND REFORMS

• SUMMARY

The following sections are included:

• List of Editors and Contributors

• Index