Predicted and Totally Unexpected in the Energy Frontier Opened by LHC

The following sections are included:

• PREFACE

• CONTENTS

The following sections are included:

• INTRODUCTION

• FIRST PART

• SECOND PART

• THIRD PART

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• REMEMBERING SIDNEY COLEMAN

• References

• Motivations, the problem of mass hierarchy, main BSM proposals

• Strings, branes and extra dimensions

• Models of intersecting branes

In this lecture I give an introduction to technicolor and extended technicolor theories. I discuss the issues models of dynamical electroweak symmetry breaking struggle with and propose how non QCD-like dynamics, such as a 'walking' or nearly-conformal technicolor coupling, can invalidate many conventional arguments against technicolor. I provide a short discussion of AdS/CFT-inspired extra-dimensional (Higgsless) models and their similarities and differences with older 4D technicolor models. To conclude, a summary of some possible LHC signatures is given.

No-scale supergravity is a framework where it is possible to naturally explain radiative electroweak symmetry breaking and correlate it with the effective SUSY breaking scale. Many string compactifications have a classical no-scale structure, resulting in a one-parameter model (OPM) for the supersymmetry breaking soft terms, which results in a highly constrained subset of mSUGRA. We investigate the allowed supersymmetry parameter space for a generic one-parameter model taking into account the most recent experimental constraints. We also survey the possible signatures which may be observable at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Finally, we compare collider signatures of OPM to those from a model with non-universal soft terms, in particular those of an intersecting D6-brane model.

In supercritical string cosmology (SSC), a time-dependent dilaton leads to a smoothly evolving dark energy and modifies the regions of the mSUGRA parameter space where the observed value of the dark matter relic density may be obtained. In particular, the dilaton dilutes the supersymmetric dark matter density (of neutralinos) by a factor and consequently relaxes the allowed parameter mSUGRA parameter space. The final states expected at the LHC in this scenario, consist of Z bosons, Higgs bosons, and/or high energy taus. From this, it is possible to characterize these final states and determine the model parameters. Using these parameters, we determine the dark matter content and the neutralino-proton cross section. All these techniques can also be applied to determine model parameters in SSC models with different SUSY breaking scenarios.

The existing data appears to provide hints of an underlying high scale theory. These arise from the gauge coupling unification, from the smallness of the neutrino masses, and via a non-vanishing muon anomaly. An overview of high scale models is given with a view to possible tests at the Large Hadron Collider. Specifically we discuss here some generic approaches to deciphering their signatures. We also consider an out of the box possibility of a four generation model where the fourth generation is a mirror generation rather than a sequential generation. Such a scenario can lead to some remarkably distinct signatures at the LHC.

We discuss the U(1)_X extensions of the standard model with focus on the Stueckelberg mechanism for mass growth for the extra U(1)_X gauge boson. The assumption of an axionic connector field which carries dual U(1) quantum numbers, i.e., quantum numbers for the hypercharge U(1)_Y and for the hidden sector gauge group U(1)_X, allows a non-trivial mixing between the mass growth for the neutral gauge vector bosons in the SU(2)_L × U(1)_Y sector and the mass growth for the vector boson by the Stueckelberg mechanism in the U(1)_X sector. This results in an extra Z′ which can be very narrow, but still detectable at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The U(1)_X extension of the minimal supersymmetric standard model is also considered and the role of the Fayet-Illiopoulos term in such an extension discussed. The U(1)_X extensions of the SM and of the MSSM lead to new candidates for dark matter.

In this lecture we summarize recent calculations pointing to the possible ultraviolet finiteness of supergravity in four dimensions. We outline the modern unitarity method, which makes possible multi-loop calculations in this theory and which allows us to exploit a remarkable relation between tree-level gravity and gauge-theory amplitudes. We also discuss a link between observed cancellations at loop level and improved behavior of tree-level amplitudes under large complex deformations of momenta.

We review some aspects of the foundations of supersymmetry as a conjectural invariance of the Laws of Nature.

This symmetry bypasses the Coleman-Mandula Theorem by enlarging the fundamental space-time symmetries to the Superworld.

Application of supersymmetry to particle physics requires its spontaneous breaking, as it happens for the electroweak symmetry of the Standard Model.

No abstract received.

The first lecture gives a colloquium-level overview of string theory and M-theory. The second lecture surveys various attempts to construct a viable model of particle physics. A recently proposed approach, based on F-theory, is emphasized.

The following sections are included:

• SOME EFFECTS OF INSTANTONS IN QCD
  • Construction of instantons
  • Instantons and fermions
  • Pseudoscalar mesons
  • Scalar mesons

• References

Matter interacting classically with gravity in 3+1 dimensions usually gives rise to a continuum of degrees of freedom, so that, in any attempt to quantize the theory, ultraviolet divergences are nearly inevitable. Here, we investigate matter of a form that only displays a finite number of degrees of freedom in compact sections of space-time. In finite domains, one has only exact, analytic solutions. This is achieved by limiting ourselves to straight pieces of string, surrounded by locally flat sections of space-time. Next, we suggest replacing in the string holonomy group, the Lorentz group by a discrete subgroup, which turns spacetime into a 4-dimensional crystal with defects.

The theory of the strong interaction, QCD, explains how most of the mass we observe in the Universe is generated through gauge theory dynamics and lies far below the scale of any new physics, such as the Planck mass associated with quantum gravity. Lattice QCD simulations have made this explanation quantitatively precise and also hint at why some quarks are much lighter still. They are providing reliable predictions for much more besides, enabling precision tests of the Standard Model and imposing constraints on physics beyond. It is worth asking whether the mass scales associated with electroweak symmetry breaking and the heavier quarks could also be explained by a new gauge dynamics. Lattice simulations are now venturing to explore this theoretical territory, which is intrinsically non-perturbative.

This lecture concerns the properties of strongly interacting matter (which is described by Quantum Chromodynamics) at very high energy density. I review the properties of matter at high temperature, discussing the deconfinement phase transition . At high baryon density and low temperature, large N_c arguments are developed which suggest that high baryonic density matter is a third form of matter. Quarkyonic Matter, that is distinct from confined hadronic matter and deconfined matter. I finally discuss the Color Glass Condensate which controls the high energy limit of QCD, and forms the low x part of a hadron wavefunction. The Glasma is introduced as matter formed by the Color Glass Condensate which eventually thermalizes into a Quark Gluon Plasma.

Spin ½ particles are described by the Dirac equation, which, in particular, predicts antiparticles as different from particles. Charged particles are distinguished from their antiparticles by electric charge. Neutrinos and antineutrinos are distinguished by the lepton number only and, if this is not absolutely conserved, may be the same particle. Notice that there are no experimental proofs that neutrinos follow the Dirac equation, rather then the Majorana equation.

After a summary on the present status of neutrino physics, I shall analyse the predictions of the Majorana equation and show that the experimental search on the Majorana vs. Dirac nature of neutrinos is possible only in a physical process, the neutrino-less double beta decay. I shall review the status of this search and conclude by mentioning a recently proposed different approach based on atomic physics.

No abstract received.

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Issues in Relativistic Heavy Ion Physics

• Measurements in proton-proton collisions

• From ISR p-p to RHIC A+A physics

• Zichichi to the rescue?

• References

Collision of heavy nuclei at very high energy provides possibility to study nuclear matter at very high density. It is established that new form of very dense matter is formed in Au+Au collisions at RHIC. At such high density, it is believed that quarks and gluons are no longer confined in hadrons, but become constitutes of a quark-gluon plasma (QGP). The matter is very dense and opaque, and it has almost no viscosity and behaves like perfect fluid. These conclusions are based on two key discoveries, namely, strong suppression of high transverse momentum particles and strong elliptic flow. To understand the properties of the matter, it is important to measure many observables and relate them together. Penetrating probes such as J/ψ, high p_T jets, heavy quarks, lepton pairs and direct photons are particularly important. Recent experimental results from RHIC are presented.

Experiments in underground laboratories have opened a new window in neutrino physics, beyond the standard model, and are today at the frontier in the investigation of neutrino features and in the study of dark matter nature. The future of underground science appears challenging and rich. This is true in particular for the INFN Gran Sasso Laboratory whose main characteristics, present scientific activity and future perspectives are presented.

We present highlights from the major research areas at TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics. These include particle physics, nuclear physics, molecular and material sciences, and nuclear medicine. Examples from each of these areas and future plans are presented.

The recently known properties of the neutrinos will be summarized. Their relation to the Mankind as well as to the Universe will be discussed. Future possibilities with the neutrinos will also be discussed.

No abstract received.

No abstract received.

A first order formalism, originally applied to BPS states, can be extended to non-BPS black holes solution in the case of minimally coupled, , pure and Supergravities. In these cases one can define an effective radius for the black hole, as a combination of two moduli-dependent quantities, but the scalars dependence actually cancel. We describe the symplectic embedding of the scalar manifold to get the explicit dependence on central and (in case) matter charges on the scalar fields, and then present black hole parameters, such as ADM mass, scalar charges and effective radius.

We present a track-based method for improving the jet momentum resolution in ATLAS. Information is added to the reconstructed jet after the standard jet energy scale corrections have been applied. Track-based corrections are implemented, and a 10 – 15% improvement in the jet transverse momentum resolution at low pT is achieved. The method is explained, and some validation and physics results are presented. Additional variables are described and analyzed for their resolution improvement potential.

XENON is a phased program to search for dark matter directly by using the "two-phase xenon" technique, one of the most promising techniques as demonstrated by the XENON10 prototype detector. Currently, an ultra-low background, large detector with a total of 170 kg of xenon (XENON100) has been installed at the Gran Sasso Underground Laboratory (LNGS) and is in commissioning phase. XENON100 will reach a sensitivity of spin-indepedent WIMP-nucleon cross section at 2 × 10^-45 cm² after six-month of data-taking. A future ton-scale detector (XENON1T) will improve the sensitivity by another two orders of magnitude, covering the majority parameter space as predicted in supersymmetric models.

Newton's gravitational constant G_N is shown to be a running coupling constant, much like the familiar running gauge couplings of the Standard Model. This implies that, in models with appropriate particle content, the true Planck scale, i.e. the scale at which quantum gravity effects become important, can have a value different from 10¹⁹ GeV, which would be expected from naive dimensional analysis. Then, two scenarios involving this running effect are presented. The first one is a model which employs huge particle content to realize quantum gravity at the TeV scale in 4 dimensions, thereby solving the hierarchy problem of the Standard Model. Secondly, effects of the running of Newton's constant on grand unified theories are examined and shown to introduce new significant uncertainties in their predictions, but possibly also to provide better gauge coupling unification results in some cases.

The following sections are included:

• DIPLOMAS

• AWARDS

• PARTICIPANTS