Clinical Nephrology

The following sections are included:

• Preface

• About the Author

• Acknowledgements

• Contents

The following sections are included:

• ANATOMY OF THE KIDNEYS
  • Intrathoraxic Kidney with Right Bochdalek's Hernia

• FUNCTIONS OF THE KIDNEYS
  • Renal Handling of Sodium
  • Renal Handling of Potassium
  • Kidney Regulation of Acid-Base Balance
  • Acidification of the Urine and Excretion of H⁺
    • In Metabolic Acidosis
    • In Metabolic Alkalosis
  • Adequacy of Gradient-Generating and Acid-Excreting Ability
  • Concentration of Urine
  • Hormones and the Kidneys

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• HISTORY TAKING

• PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF THE RENAL MASS
  • An Enlarged Kidney or a Spleen?

• KIDNEY DISEASES IN SINGAPORE

• URINE EXAMINATION
  • Further Remarks on Haematuria
  • Symptoms and Diagnosis
  • Time of Haematuria
  • Loin Pain Recurrent Haematuria Syndrome
  • Nutcracker Syndrome- an Overlooked Cause of Haematuria

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• URINE EXAMINATION
  • Urinary Red Blood Cells (RBC)
  • Leukocytes
  • Casts

• QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT OF PROTEINURIA

• GLOMERULAR FUNCTION
  • Blood Urea Level
  • Factors Affecting Serum Creatinine
  • Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
  • Measurement of GFR
    • Inulin Clearance
    • Creatinine Clearance
    • Chromium⁵¹ -EDTA
    • Estimation of GFR by Radiopharmaceuticals
    • Estimation of GFR Using Beta 2 Microglobulin
    • eGFR or estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate
    • Estimated GFR (eGFR) Using Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Formula
    • Serum Cystatin C

• REFERENCES

• TUBULAR FUNCTION
  • Proximal Tubular Function
  • Amino Acids
  • Urate
  • Phosphate
  • Glycosuria
    • Urinary Concentration Ability
      • Maximal Osmolar Concentration
    • Impaired Urinary Concentration
    • Dilution Test
    • Urinary Acidification
    • Short Test of Wrong and Davis

• RENAL FUNCTION WITH INCREASING AGE

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• ACUTE NEPHRITIC SYNDROME

• RAPIDLY PROGRESSIVE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS (CRESCENTERIC GLOMERULONEPHRITIS)

• ASYMPTOMATIC HAEMATURIA AND PROTEINURIA
  • History
  • Physical Examination
  • Investigations
  • Indications for Renal Biopsy
  • Renal Biopsy
  • Factors Influencing the Progression of IgA Nephritis
  • How Does Glomerulonephritis Come About?
  • Renal Biopsy
  • What investigations are usually performed on a patient who is suspected of having Glomerulonephritis?
  • Significance of Repeatedly Passing Blood in the Urine (Visible Blood or Gross Haematuria)
  • Significance of finding a small amount of blood and protein in the urine on routine medical examination

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• MINIMAL CHANGE DISEASE

• FOCAL & SEGMENTAL GLOMERULOSCLEROSIS (FSGS) (FIG. 5.3)

• REFERENCE

• MESANGIAL PROLIFERATIVE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS (FIG. 5.4)

• MEMBRANOUS GLOMERULONEPHRITIS (FIGS. 5.5 AND 5.6)

• REFERENCE

• MESANGIOCAPILLARY GLOMERULONEPHRITIS (MCGN) (FIG. 5.7)

• HEREDITARY NEPHRITIS AND DEAFNESS (ALPORT'S SYNDROME)

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• INTRODUCTION

• HISTORY OF IGA NEPHROPATHY (BERGER'S DISEASE)

• FIRST DESCRIPTION OF THE BROADER CLINICAL FEATURES OF “BERGER'S DISEASE”

• THE RECOGNITION OF DISEASE PROGRESSION AND PROTEINURIA

• EVOLUTION OF BELIEFS REGARDING TREATMENT OF IgAN

• CONCLUSION

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• INTRODUCTION

• PATHOGENESIS
  • Defective Clearance of Immune Complexes

• ROLE OF CYTOKINES
  • The Propensity for IgA Deposition in IgA Nx
  • Mechanism by Which Mesangial Deposits Initiate Glomerular Injury
  • Therapeutic Strategies
  • Ways to Limit Amounts of Mesangial Deposits
  • A Pathophysiologic Approach
  • Future Therapeutic Strategies
  • Clinical Trials in IgA Nephritis:
  • Beneficial Effects of High Dose ARB
  • Therapy of IgA Nephritis: Dept of Renal Medicine, Singapore General Hospital

• CONCLUSION

• REFERENCES FOR PATHOGENESIS AND TREATMENT OF IGA NEPHRITIS:

• REFERENCES FOR BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF HIGH DOSE ARB:

The following sections are included:

• RENAL BIOPSY REGISTRY

• RENAL BIOPSY DATA FROM SINGAPORE

• RENAL BIOPSY DATA FROM OTHER COUNTRIES

• THE FIRST DECADE

• THE SECOND DECADE

• THE THIRD DECADE
  • Factors Influencing the Prevalence of Glomerulonephritis

• CONCLUSION

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• The 1960s

• 1970s

• 1980s

• The Early 1990s

• The Late 1990s

• EARLY CLINICAL TRIALS OF ACEI AND ARB

• RECENT CLINICAL TRIALS USING VARIOUS THERAPIES

• RENAL FIBROSIS AND FUTURE THERAPEUTIC OPTION

• CONCLUSION

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• RENAL INVOLVEMENT IN SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE)

• ASSESSMENT OF THE PATIENT AT PRESENTATION

• INVESTIGATIONS

• RENAL BIOPSY

• MODIFIED WHO CLASSIFICATION OF LUPUS NEPHRITIS [1982]

• INDICES OF ACTIVITY AND CHRONICITY

• ACTIVE LESIONS (POTENTIALLY REVERSIBLE)

• CHRONIC LESIONS (IRREVERSIBLE)

• ISN/RPS (2003) CLASSIFICATION OF LUPUS NEPHRITIS

• LN CLASS IV-SEGMENTAL VERSUS IV-GLOBAL:

• RENAL HISTOPATHOLOGY AND SURVIVAL (BALDWIN 1977)

• SEROLOGIC PARAMETERS (BALOW)

• CORRELATION BETWEEN SEROLOGIC MARKERS AND DISEASE ACTIVITY (HAYSLETT)

• ASSESSMENT OF A PATIENT FOR THERAPY

• ASSESSMENT FOR PREGNANCY

• PREGNANCY IN WOMEN WITH SLE

• TREATMENT OF LUPUS NEPHRITIS

• CLINICAL TRIALS IN LUPUS NEPHRITIS

• INCREASED RISK OF MORTALITY

• PREDICTORS OF MORTALITY

• PROGNOSIS

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• Mid Stream Urine

• Suprapubic Aspiration

• Catheterised Specimen

• CONCLUSION

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SEXUAL INTERCOURSE AND RENAL DISEASE

• HONEYMOON CYSTITIS
  • What can be done for women prone to recurrent Urinary Infections?
  • Anal Intercourse and Urinary Infection in a Male
  • Oral Intercourse and Urinary Infection
  • Urinary Tract Infection in Sexy Young Males
  • In a woman who has repeated bruising to the urethral opening following Sexual Intercourse what could be done?
  • Significance of Blood Stained Semen
  • Impotency

• CAUSES OF IMPOTENCY

The following sections are included:

• CAUSES OF HYPERTENSION

• RENAL EFFECTS OF HYPERTENSION

• INVESTIGATION OF THE PATIENT WITH HYPERTENSION
  • History
  • Physical Examination
  • Investigation
  • Special Investigations

• TREATMENT OF RENAL ARTERY STENOSIS
  • Medical Management of Hypertension
  • Choice of Anti Hypertensive Drugs
  • Refractory Hypertension
  • Urgency and Emergency
  • Hypertensive Urgency
  • Hypertensive Emergency
  • Drugs Used in Emergency Treatment of Hypertension

• ROLE OF SODIUM AND POTASSIUM IN HYPERTENSION
  • Story of Evolution

• SODIUM AND BLOOD PRESSURE

• HOW DOES SALT RAISE BLOOD PRESSURE?
  • Does Salt Restriction Lower Blood Pressure?
  • Role of Potassium
  • Daily oral sodium bicarbonate preserves glomerular filtration rate by slowing its decline in early hypertensive nephropathy

• REFERENCE
  • Essential Hypertension: A Renal Perspective
  • Revisiting Mechanisms of Essential Hypertension

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE {CVD} AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE {CKD}

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• Thiazides

• Side Effects of Thiazide Diuretic

• Loop Diuretic (Frusemide, Ethacrynic Acid, Bumetamide)

• Spironolactone (Aldactone)

• Indapamide (Natrilix)

• Diuretic Therapy and Vascular Disease

• Beta Blockers and Cardiac Protection

• Comparison of Beta Blocker and Diuretic

• Current Role of Diuretics in Hypertension

• Treatment of Renal Hypertension

• Treatment of Essential Hypertension

• Tailor Treatment to Patient

• Diuretic Resistance

• Problem of Hyponatremia induced by diuretics

• Problem of Hypokalaemia induced by diuretics

• REFERENCE

The following sections are included:

• THE INCIDENCE OF STONE DISEASE

• FACTORS WHICH PREDISPOSE TO STONE FORMATION

• THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF STONES

• SYMPTOMS OF STONES IN THE URINARY TRACT
  • Loin Pain Haematuria Syndrome (LPHS)

• INVESTIGATION OF PATIENTS WITH STONES

• TREATMENT OF PATIENT WITH RENAL STONES
  • Newer Techniques of Stone Removal

• GOUT
  • What Triggers Off an Attack of Gout?
  • Treatment of Gout
  • Renal Complications of Gout
  • Struvite Stones

• DIETARY FACTORS AND CALCIUM NEPHROLITHIASIS
  • High Level of Dietary Protein
  • Other Factors
  • Dietary Therapy

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• Natural History of Diabetic Nephropathy

• MICROALBUMINURIA

• SUMMARY
  • Aldosterone Breakthrough in patients on ACEI/ARBs

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• SODIUM AND WATER

• SODIUM (Na⁺)
  • Distribution
  • Symptoms of Hyponatraemia
  • Symptoms of Hypernatraemia
  • Hyponatraemia
  • Hypernatraemia with Expansion of Body Fluids
  • Hypernatremia with Contraction of Body Fluids
  • Oedema
  • Idiopathic (Cyclical) Oedema
  • Natriuretic Hormone (NH)
  • Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
  • Syndrome of Inappropriate Secretion of ADH
  • Causes of SIADH
  • Cerebral Salt Wasting (CSW)
  • Asymptomatic Hyponatremia: A clinical syndrome which should be treated
  • Treatment of Salt Loss
  • Calculation of Sodium Deficit

• POTASSIUM
  • K⁺ Depletion
  • Effects of K⁺ Depletion
  • Hyperkalaemia
  • Treatment of Hyperkalaemia
  • Effects of Hyperkalaemia

• MAGNESIUM
  • Function
  • Mg Deficiency

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• PATHOGENESIS OF METABOLIC ACIDOSIS

• NET ENDOGENOUS ACID PRODUCTION

• PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO METABOLIC ACIDOSIS OF EXTERNAL ORIGIN

• RENAL RESPONSE TO METABOLIC ACIDOSIS OF EXTRARENAL ORIGIN

• CONSEQUENCES OF METABOLIC ACIDOSIS

• CAUSES OF METABOLIC ACIDOSIS

• LACTIC ACIDOSIS (COHEN AND WOODS)

• SYMPTOMS OF LACTIC ACIDOSIS

• TREATMENT OF LACTIC ACIDOSIS

• TREATMENT OF METABOLIC ACIDOSIS

• METABOLIC ALKALOSIS

• SYMPTOMS OF METABOLIC ALKALOSIS

• CAUSES OF METABOLIC ALKALOSIS

• PATHOGENESIS OF METABOLIC ALKALOSIS

• GENERATION OF METABOLIC ALKALOSIS

• MAINTENANCE OF METABOLIC ALKALOSIS

• TREATMENT OF METABOLIC ALKALOSIS

• THE ROLE OF CHLORIDE DEFICIENCY IN METABOLIC ALKALOSIS

• BARTTER'S SYNDROME

Please refer to full text.

The following sections are included:

• TYPE I RTA

• TYPE II RTA

• TYPE III RTA

• TYPE IV RTA

• INVESTIGATIONS
  • Ammonium Chloride Loading Test
  • Maximal Osmolar Concentration

• TYPE I OR DISTAL RTA (Classic or Gradient RTA)
  • Clinical Features of Type I RTA

• TYPE II OR PROXIMAL RTA (Bicarbonate Wasting or Rate RTA)
  • Clinical Features of Type II or Proximal RTA

• TREATMENT OF RTA

• PRACTICE POINTS

The following sections are included:

• CYSTINURIA

• CYSTINOSIS

• MEDULLARY SPONGE KIDNEY

• MEDULLARY CYSTIC KIDNEYS

• DIABETES INSIPIDUS (DI)

• PSEUDOHYPOPARATHYROIDISM

• URAEMIC ACIDOSIS

• INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS

The following sections are included:

• RENAL VASCULITIS
  • Clinical Features
  • Investigation
  • Renal Lesions
  • Treatment

• SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS

• POLYARTERITIS NODOSA

• WEGENER'S GRANULOMATOSIS

• SCLERODERMA

• RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

• MULTIPLE MYELOMA

• AMYLOIDOSIS

• CRYOGLOBULINAEMIA

• MACROGLOBULINAEMIA

• RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS

• SARCOIDOSIS

• NEPHROTIC SYNDROME AND MALIGNANCY

• RENAL COMPLICATIONS OF LYMPHOMA

• GOUT

• SUBACUTE BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS

• XANTHOGRANULOMATOUS PYELONEPHRITIS

• DIABETES MELLITUS

• HENOCH-SCHONLEIN NEPHRITIS

• FUNCTIONAL RENAL FAILURE ASSOCIATED WITH LIVER DYSFUNCTION

• FALCIPARUM MALARIA

• QUARTAN MALARIA
  • Plasmapheresis in the Therapy of Systemic Vasculitis
  • Rituximab versus cyclosphamide in ANCA associated renal vasculitis

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• PRECAUTIONS DURING PREGNANCY

• PREGNANCY AND SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE)

• PREGNANCY IN A PATIENT ON DIALYSIS OR WITH A KIDNEY TRANSPLANT

• PREGNANCY IN A PATIENT WITH INHERITED RENAL DISORDERS
  • Pregnancy in early Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

• REFERENCE
  • Pregnancy in Renal Transplant Recipients

• REFERENCE

The following sections are included:

• HYPERNEPHROMA
  • Investigations
  • Extent of involvement and Staging
  • Surgical treatment
  • Radiofrequency Tissue ablation
  • Angioinfarction
  • Radiation Therapy
  • Chemotherapy

• WILMS' TUMOUR

• ADENOMA OF THE KIDNEY

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• PATTERNS OF INHERITANCE OF DISEASE

• POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY

• REFERENCE
  • Inheritance of Polycystic Kidneys
  • Diagnosis
  • Genetic Testing for ADPKD
  • Clinical Features
  • Clinical Trials
  • mTOR inhibitors and kidney growth in ADPKD

• REFERENCE

• AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE (ARPKD)

• MEDULLARY SPONGE KIDNEY

• INHERITED RENAL STONES

• HEREDITARY GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

• FABRY'S DISEASE (ANGIOKERATOMA CORPORIS DIFFUSUM)

• CONGENITAL MALFORMATION AND DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• THE EFFECTS OF DRUGS ON THE KIDNEYS

• PRACTICE POINTS

• DRUGS WHICH REQUIRE CAUTION AND ALTERATION OF DOSAGE IN RENAL FAILURE
  • Renal Transplant: Drugs to avoid
  • Recent Changes in Vancomycin use in renal failure

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• DEFINITION

• DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH AND INVESTIGATION
  • Exclude Obstruction (Post Renal Failure)

• INVESTIGATIONS

• INTRINSIC RENAL FAILURE [INTRINSIC ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY]

• CLINICAL COURSE OF ACUTE RENAL FAILURE [ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY]
  • Acute Uraemic Syndrome

• MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE RENAL FAILURE [ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY]
  • Continuous Renal Replacement Therapies (CRRT)

• PROGNOSIS

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• DEFINITION

• AETIOLOGY

• CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  • Central Nervous System
  • Ophthalmic Changes
  • Gastrointestinal
  • Dermatological
  • Cardiovascular System
  • Haematological System
  • Respiratory System
  • Renal Osteodystrophy

• MANAGEMENT
  • Dietary Treatment and Supplements
  • Causal Role of Uric Acid in Cardiovascular and Kidney Disease
    • Low Protein Diet
    • 20 gm Protein Diet
    • 0.8gm/kg Body Weight (BW) Protein Diet
    • Glomerular Hyperfiltration and Relevance of Low Protein Diet (0.8 gm/kg BW)
    • Keto Acid Analogues
  • Role of Nutritional Therapy (NT) and Quality of Life in Kidney Disease
    • Maintaining Internal Environment
    • Hyperkalaemia
    • Anaemia and Erythropoeitin

• REFERENCES
  • Iron Therapy
  • Phosphate Binders
  • Calcium, Vitamin D Supplements

• Recommended values from KDOQI guidelines:
  • Treatment for patients with CKD 3 and 4, not yet requiring dialysis
  • Treatment for patients on hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis, CKD 5
  • Calcimimetic agents
  • Some additional notes on Phosphate and Calcium binding agents

• Phosphate Control in Patients with CKD 3 and 4
• Phosphate Control in Patients with CKD stage 5
  • Calcium Phosphorus Product
  • Blood Pressure Control
  • Vitamins
  • Investigations
  • Sympathy

• RECENT ADVANCES: Renoprotective Effects of Vitamin D Analogs

• What is current guideline for use of Vit D in patients with CKD and those on renal replacement therapy?

• Vit D nomenclature
  • Alternative nomenclature

• New Insight into Phosphorus Metabolism in CKD

• Summary of FGF23 by courtesy of Dr Robert Guiberteau

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• SELECTION

• CENTRE DIALYSIS

• HOME DIALYSIS
  • The Cost of Starting and Maintaining a Large Home Hemodialysis Program

• REFERENCE

• SELF DEPENDENCY DIALYSIS CENTRES
  • When Should Dialysis be Initiated?
  • Extended Daily Dialysis [EDD]
  • Slow Long Hemodialysis [SLHD]
  • Short Daily Hemodialysis [SDHD]
  • Nocturnal Hemodialysis [NHD]
  • Single-pool KT/V values:
  • Advantages and Outcome of Various Dialysis Regimes
    • Slow Long HD
    • Short Daily HD
    • Nocturnal HD
  • Comparing Nocturnal HD with Short Daily HD
  • Quantification of Dialysis
  • Alternative to Kt/V
  • Standard Kt/V Urea: A Method of Calculation That Includes Effects of Fluid Removal and Residual Renal Function
  • Medical Problems Still Present in Patients on Dialysis
  • The Magnitude of the Problem
  • Addressing the Problems
  • Conclusions

• PRINCIPLES INVOLVED IN HAEMODIALYSIS

• HAEMOFILTRATION (CRRT)
  • Vascular Access and How It is Made Possible
  • Types of Dialysers (Artificial Kidneys)

• DIALYSATE
  • The Tap Water Used for Haemodialysis

• EQUIPMENT REQUIRED FOR HAEMODIALYSIS
  • Functions of the Monitoring System in the Dialysis Machine

• THE EFFECT OF HAEMODIALYSIS ON THE PATIENT

• DIETARY RESTRICTIONS FOR A PATIENT ON HAEMODIALYSIS

• THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS ON THE DIALYSIS PATIENT

• HALLMARKS OF A WELL DIALYSED PATIENT

• FUTURE PERSPECTIVE OF HEMODIALYSIS
  • Which Mode of Dialysis will Ensure Adequacy of Dialysis and Also Offers the Best Chances for Longevity?

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• PRINCIPLES OF PERITONEAL DIALYSIS
  • The Tenckhoff Catheter
  • Dialysate Used for Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis
  • Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD)
  • Automated Peritoneal Dialysis
  • Nutrition in PD

• MEDICAL PROBLEMS WHILST ON PERITONEAL DIALYSIS
  • Peritonitis

• ENCAPSULATING PERITONEAL SCLEROSIS
  • Concerns Regarding the Use of Hypertonic Glucose Exchanges and the Contribution of Combined Crystalloid and Colloid Osmosis to Fluid and Sodium Management in PD
  • Newer PD Solutions

• REFERENCES
  • Adequacy of Dialysis in PD

• HOW DOES PERITONEAL DIALYSIS [PD] COMPARE WITH HEMODIALYSIS [HD]?
  • Preservation of Residual Renal Function (RRF) in Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis

• REFERENCE
  • AWAK or Automated Wearable Artificial Kidney
  • Other Types of Wearable Artificial Kidneys

• PROGNOSIS FOR PATIENTS ON DIALYSIS

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• LIVING RELATED DONOR

• CADAVER DONOR

• TISSUE TYPING

• PATTERN OF INHERITANCE OF HLA TYPES

• ABO BLOOD GROUPING IN KIDNEY TRANSPLANT

• THE MIXED LYMPHOCYTE REACTION

• FITNESS TO DONATE A KIDNEY
  • Complications of Live Kidney Donation
  • Social Pressure on a Relative to Donate Kidney
    • The stand of kidney doctors with regard to living related donor transplantation and what they tell potential donors
  • Spouse to Spouse Renal Transplant
  • Assessment of Donor for Living Related Transplantation
  • Potential Cadaver Kidney Donors
  • Brain Death
  • Kidney Transplant Legislation
  • Key Changes under the Human Organ Transplant (Amendment) Act:
  • In 2004
  • In 2008
  • In 2009
  • Preparation of the Patient for Renal Transplant
  • The Transplant Operation
  • What Happens to the Patient (Recipient) After the Operation?
  • The Donor Nephrectomy on a Live Donor
  • Immunosuppressive Drugs
  • Novel Immunosuppressive Agents
  • Voclosporin
  • Sotrastaurin
  • Belatacept
  • Everolimus
  • Alefacept
  • Efaluzimab

• REFERENCE

• COMPLICATIONS OF KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION
  • Transplant Rejection
  • Urinary Tract Infection
  • Urine Leaks
  • Obstruction of the Urinary Tract
  • Transplant Renal Artery Stenosis
  • Infections
    • Cytomegalovirus [CMV] Infection
    • Pneumocystitis Carinni Infection
    • Human Polyomavirus Infection
    • Cancer
  • Recurrence of Glomerulonephritis

• ADVANTAGES OF TRANSPLANTATION
  • Living Kidney Donor Transplant
  • The Unsolved Cyclosporine Induced Kidney Injury: Is Paricalcitriol a Feasible New Renoprotective Option?

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

• CHRONIC GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

• RENAL FUNCTION AND THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE AGING KIDNEYS

• AGING AND END STAGE RENAL FAILURE AND KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION

• PATHOGENESIS OF AGING

• SYNDROME OF NOCTURNAL POLYURIA IN THE ELDERLY

• ASYMPTOMATIC HYPONATREMIA IN THE ELDERLY

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• IgA NEPHRITIS: A CLINICAL RESEARCH JOURNEY FROM PLATELETS TO GENOMICS (1976–2006)

• UROTENSIN 2 AND RETINOIC ACID RECEPTOR ALPHA (RARA) GENE EXPRESSION IN IGA NEPHROPATHY

• PARALLEL GENOTYPING OF 10,204 SNPS TO SCREEN FOR SUSCEPTIBLE GENES FOR IgA NEPHROPATHY

• ACE GENE SEQUENCE AND NUCLEOTIDE VARIANTS IN IgA NEPHROPATHY

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• TYPES OF POISONS AND TREATMENT

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• Index