Intelligence Science

The following sections are included:

• Preface

• Acknowledgement

• Contents

Intelligence Science is an interdisciplinary subject which dedicates to joint research on basic theory and technology of intelligence by brain science, cognitive science, artificial intelligence and others…

Life activities are the most advanced movements in the nature. Human brain is the most complicated material in the world, which is the physiological foundation of human intelligence and advanced spiritual activities. The brain is the organ for human knowledge about the outside world, so it's necessary to know the physiological mechanism of the brain, the highly complicated and orderly material, for studying human cognitive process and intelligent mechanism. Brain science and neural science promote enormously the development of intelligent science through studying natural intelligent mechanism at molecular, cellular and behavioral levels, setting up brain model and revealing human brain's nature. Neurophysiology and neuroanatomy are the two keystones of neural science. The former introduces functions of nervous systems while the latter introduces its structures. This chapter mainly introduces the neurophysiological foundation of the intelligence science…

The following sections are included:

• Overview

• Neuron Model

• Back-Propagation Learning Algorithm

• Neural Network Ensemble

• Bayesian Linking Field Model

• Neural Field Model

• Nrural Column Model

The mind means all spiritual activities of human being, including sensibility, perception, will, feeling, learning, memory, thinking and the intuition etc., in which the formation, the process and the principle of combining the non-rational psychology and the rational cognition of human being are studied through the modern scientific methods…

Perceptual cognition is an objective external direct role in the human sense organs. The development of perceptual cognition goes through three kinds of basic form: sensation, perception, representation…

Vision is a process finding what the objects are and where they are in scenes from images, i.e. in the process symbol descriptions useful to observers are gained. Thus, vision is an information processing related with certain inputs and outputs…

Auditory process includes the stages of mechanical, electrical, chemical and central information processing etc. The mechanical movement ranges from sound receiving of external ear to basilar membrane movement of inner ear. Stimulating the hair cells leads to the change of electricity, the release of chemical mediator, and the generation of nerve impulse etc. After the impulses are transmitted to the nerve centre, a series of complicate information processing takes place…

Language acquisition and language development is not only the precondition for man to acquire knowledge and accumulate experience but also the prerequisite for him to develop his mentality, particularly his abstract thinking. Language, the "material coat" of abstract thinking, comes out of human labor and hence is a social phenomenon. Labor together with language serves as the primary driving force of the generation of human thinking. Language is composed of speech sound (pronunciation), vocabulary and grammar. From various perspectives of language study, people have developed many branches of linguistics, such as sociolinguistics, pragmatics, psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, mathematical linguistics and fuzzy linguistics, and so on…

The learning ability is a fundamental characteristic of the human intelligence. People learn from objective environment constantly in the whole life. Person's cognitive ability and wisdom to lifelong learning is the gradual formation, development and improvement…

Memory is defined as the function of human brain to reflect the things that took place in the past and keep newly acquired behavior. Because of the existence of memory, people could retain past responses, make present reactions on the basis of the past, and enable the reflections to be deeper and more comprehensive. That is to say, memory could make people accumulate and expand experiences. Memory is the temporal continuation of mental activity, and builds the bridge between the former and later experiences to enable the mental activity to be the developmental process and the unified process, which is beneficial for forming his own psychological characteristics. Memory is an essential aspect to reflect the function…

Thought and thinking are mental forms and processes respectively, but thought has both meanings. Thinking allows beings to model the world and to deal with it according to their objectives, plans, ends and desires. Thinking is the reflection progress of the objective reality. This progress constitutes the advanced stage of human cognition. Thought provides the essential knowledge of characteristics about the objective reality, the connections and relations, and realizes the transformation of "From phenomenon to essence" in the progress of cognition. Different from sensation and perception which are directly perceptual reflection progress, thought is an indirect, complex and mediated reflection. Thought has sensation as its only source, but it is beyond direct perceptual cognition. It enables humans to acquire knowledge of those characteristics, progresses, connections and relations existing in reality, which cannot come from sensory perception of reality directly…

In this chapter, we will first explain the essences and the differences of intelligence, intelligence quotient, and the characters of intelligence development. Then introduce how different psychologists treat intelligence, and discuss the question of does intelligence can be measured and how to make accurate and objective evaluation of intelligence. And at last, we will discuss what factors determine the level of intelligence and what extent intelligence depends on the hereditary gene or the condition of living environment…

Persons are living in the society. People's cognition is result not only from cognitive ability but also from integrated effect of multiple factors, such as affect, emotion, will, personality, etc. So, in the research of artificial intelligence, should simulate human advanced ability to the utmost extent, must also take account of the effect of affect. Machine intelligence will be able to recognize human emotion and express affect of itself only if it has affective ability. By this way we can make human-computer interaction more effective. Emotion is a multielement combinational, multidimentional structured, multilevel integrated mental activity process and psychological motive power which interact with cognition in order to adapt organism's survival and effective human communication…

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Immune Mechanisms

• Immune System Theories

• Artificial Immune Systems

• Biological Basis of Artificial Immune Systems

• Immune Algorithm

• Applications of Artificial Immune Systems

The origin and essence of consciousness is one of the most important scientific problems. In intellectual science, the consciousness problems have special challenge meanings. It is not only the theme studied by philosophy, but also the important subjects of contemporary natural scientific research that existing how about determine consciousness and how the objective world reflects to subjective world. Consciousness involves advanced cognitive processes such as the consciousness, attention, memory, signifying, thinking, language, etc., its core is awareness. In recent years, because of the development of cognitive science, neural science and computer science, especially the appearance of the intact experimental technique, the research of consciousness is mentioned once again the schedule, and become the common focus of numerous subjects. In the 21st century, the consciousness problems will be one of the forts which the intellectual science tries hard to solve…

Symbolic logic is an area of logic or formal logic studied with mathematical methods, and therefore is often called mathematical logic. There are very close relations between symbolic logic, computer science and intelligent science. In the 20th century, research works on the foundation of mathematics brought about five branches: the logical calculus, the model theory, the axiomatic set theory, the recursive theory, and the proof theory; these five branches form the main parts of modern mathematical logic. Logical calculus is the most fundamental part among these branches, and is also the prime part of mathematical logic. This chapter is devoted to logical calculus, model theory and recursive theory. Some topics on proof theory will be discussed in the next chapter…

The 21st century will be the century of intelligence revolution and we are marching toward the entrance of the intellectual era along the information superhighway. Hi-Tech of regarding intelligence science and technology as core, taking life sciences as the leading factor, will raise a new revolution in the science and technology (i.e., intelligent technology revolution). Especially, intelligent technology, biotechnology are combined with nanotechnology, and the machine brain with biological characteristic are developed. It will be the breach of high technical revolution in 21st century. The biological machine brain with very small size, homogeneous with organism, able to be plant into the human brain and become man-machine homobium, will really bring a new era in which human and machine think together…

The following sections are included:

• REFERENCES