The Most Unexpected at LHC and the Status of High Energy Frontier

The following sections are included:

• PREFACE

• CONTENTS

In these lectures I describe the remarkable ultraviolet behavior of supergravity, which through four loops is no worse than that of super-Yang-Mills theory (a finite theory). I also explain the computational tools that allow multi-loop amplitudes to be evaluated in this theory — the KLT relations and the unitarity method — and sketch how ultraviolet divergences are extracted from the amplitudes.

We discuss the concept of a space of quantum field theories. This idea arose out of study of the renormalization group in the 1970's, but has never been fully developed. It has much in common with the mathematical concept of a space of Riemannian manifolds, which has been developed very considerably in recent years, leading to spectacular results such as Perelman's proof of the Poincaré conjecture. We discuss the analogies, beginning with Friedan's computation of the beta function for the two-dimensional nonlinear sigma model, and moving on to the linear sigma model, which finds analogies with recent works on the Ricci flow by Tian and other mathematicians.

In this lecture we review a fundamental connection between the number of particle species and the nature of gravitational interaction at the shortest length-scales. The key role in establishing this connection is played by the well-understood properties of macroscopic black holes, combined with effective field-theoretic approach to gravity. One universal outcome is, that the existence of particle species in low energy theory inevitably replaces the Planck length by a longer fundamental scale. Application of this phenomenon for the solution to the Hierarchy Problem fixes the number of species at 10³².

We briefly discuss the foundations of Supergravity as a gauge theory of supersymmetry, its mathematical structure and the basic lagrangians for N-extended supersymmetry. As applications, we describe the basic elements of the supersymmetry breaking mechanism and various aspects of the physics of extremal black holes.

We consider extensions of the standard model based on open strings ending on D-branes, with gauge bosons due to strings attached to stacks of D-branes and chiral matter due to strings stretching between intersecting D-branes. Assuming that the fundamental string mass scale is in the TeV range and the theory is weakly coupled, we discuss possible signals of string physics at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC).

Tremendous progress both in the quantity and in the quality of the observational cosmological data in the last fifteen years, associated with theoretical work in their understanding has lead to a "standard cosmological model". This model is phenomenological and is consistent with data within an accuracy of a few per cent. The energy-budget of the Universe shows that the matter we know is only a small fraction of the total. The largest fraction is invisible or, as it is commonly called, dark. This lecture will summarise the status of the direct experimental searches for dark matter.

The phenomena of neutrino oscillation and neutrino flavour conversion in matter, not foreseen by the Standard Model, have been firmly established. The neutrino mass spectrum and their mixing angles have been partially measured. I shall review the status of the experiments presently in data-taking, construction or in project.

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Baryon cross section and form factors

• at threshold

• Other charged baryon form factors at threshold

• The neutral baryons puzzle

• Conclusions

• References

• DISCUSSION

I will discuss a proposal for a unified solution of the problems of neutrino masses, dark matter, baryon asymmetry of the Universe and inflation, which does not require introduction of any new energy scale besides already known, namely the electroweak and the Planck scales. This point of view, supplemented by a requirement of simplicity, has a number of experimental predictions which can be tested, at least partially, with the use of existing accelerators such as CERN SPS and the LHC, with current and future X-ray telescopes, and with the Planck mission.

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Issues in Relativistic Heavy Ion Physics

• Measurements in p-p collisions at RHIC

• From ISR p-p to RHIC A+A physics

• Direct photons at RHIC: thermal photons?

• J/Ψ suppression, still golden?

• Two-particle correlations

• A charming surprise

• Zichichi to the rescue?

• References

• DISCUSSION I

• DISCUSSION II

In an attempt to re-establish space-time as an essential frame for formulating quantum gravity – rather than an "emergent" one –, we find that exact invariance under scale transformations is an essential new ingredient for such a theory. Use is made of the principle of "black hole complementarity", the notion that observers entering a black hole describe its dynamics in a way that appears to be fundamentally different from the description by an outside observer. These differences can be boiled down to conformal transformations. If we add these to our set of symmetry transformations, black holes, space-time singularities, and horizons disappear, while causality and locality may survive as important principles for quantum gravity.

At the electron-proton collider HERA diffraction by photon proton scattering has been studied for centre of mass energies up to 250 GeV and mass squared -Q² of the photon up to Q² = 1600 GeV². Results obtained by the experiments H1 and ZEUS on the production of vector mesons and of inclusive final states by deep inelastic scattering are summarized. Diffraction accounts for a substantial fraction of the total virtual photon proton cross section even at Q² values as large as 300 GeV².

The following sections are included:

• WE PHYSICISTS CANNOT REMAIN SILENT

• UEEC (UNEXPECTED EVENTS WITH ENORMOUS CONSEQUENCES)

• PLATONIC SIMPLICITY

• CONCLUSION

• REFERENCES

• DISCUSSION

At the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory, heavy nuclei are collided at high energies in order to create matter that is hot and dense enough to dissolve hadrons into a quark-gluon-plasma (QGP). In the two lectures summarized in these proceedings, I presented a basic introduction to heavy-ion collisions and presented the highlights from the first decade of RHIC results.

Following an outline of the Large Hadron Collider, this paper will analyze CERN's scientific plans for high-energy colliders at the energy frontier for the years to come. The immediate plans include the upgrades to the Large Hadron Collider and its injectors. This may be followed by a linear electron-positron collider, based on the technology being developed by the Compact Linear Collider or by the International Linear Collider. This paper describes the design of these colliders, all of which have a unique value to add to experimental particle physics, and concludes by outlining key messages for the way forward.

Thirty years have passed since, thanks to Antonino Zichichi, the project for the largest underground laboratory in the world was conceived and brought to the attention of Italian authorities. The Gran Sasso National Laboratories of INFN have become a scientific reality of worldwide pre-eminence, in an expanding area of research where elementary particle physics, astrophysics and cosmology overlap. I briefly present here the main scientific challenges of underground laboratories and the activity and future perspectives of the INFN Gran Sasso Laboratory.

In these two lectures I will chose some highlights from the Tevatron experiments (CDF/D0) and the Neutrino experiments and then discuss the future direction of physics at Fermilab after the Tevatron collider era.

For the study of radiation damage of silicon sensors by 12 keV X-rays for doses up to 1 GGy an irradiation facility has been set up at HASYLAB at DESY. Test structures (gate-controlled diodes) have been irradiated and the properties of the Si-SiO₂ interface under high irradiation have been studied using I/V, C/V, and TDRC measurements. In addition to a strong increase of the interface current and a large shift of the flat-band voltage, strong hysteresis effects have been found. The data can be qualitatively described by a model which includes interface traps, fixed and mobile oxide charges. It is found that above doses of several MGy the density of interface traps decreases, whereas the density of fixed and mobile oxide charges appears to saturate. The origin of these effects is not understood so far.

We analyze the perturbative series expansion of vacuum expectation values for Wilson loop operators in Chern-Simons gauge theory in the temporal gauge. Following to Labastida and Pérez we introduce the notion of the kernels of knot polynomial invariants. A method for exact calculation of the kernels of polynomial invariants is presented.

In this proceedings I review our results from [1] where we have demonstrated that baryons in many possible hidden copies of the standard model can naturally account for the dark matter. The right abundance of the hidden-sector baryons and the correct spectrum of density perturbations are simultaneously generated during modulated reheating. We have also shown that for natural values of inflaton coupling constants, dictated by unitarity, the dark-matter abundance is predicted to be proportional to the ratio of observed cosmological parameters: the square of the amplitude of cosmological perturbations and the baryon-to-photon number ratio.

The following sections are included:

• DIPLOMAS

• AWARDS

• PARTICIPANTS