Quest for the Origin of Particles and the Universe

The following sections are included:

• Preface

• Conference Organization

• Opening Address

• Welcome Address

• Contents

The last two decades have seen observational evidence emerge for a) a massive black hole at the centre of our Galaxy, b) massive black holes at the centres of all massive galaxies, c) feedback of energy from massive black holes to influence the evolution of the host galaxies and d) relativistic signatures of accreting black holes. After a brief discussion of the first three, observations showing the relativistic effects expected from the proximity of black holes (large gravitational redshifts and light bending) are illustrated and discussed.

Many TeV gamma-ray objects have been found along the Galactic plane, and many of them have no clear counterpart in other wave lengths. These TeV unidentified objects are called “dark particle accelerators”. HESS J1614–518 is one of the TeV brightest objects among the dark particle accelerators. We observed HESS J1614–518 in the X-ray band with Suzaku, and found an X-ray counterpart. The X-ray flux of the counterpart is smaller than the TeV energy flux, and this suggests that the origin of TeV emission is high-energy protons, not high-energy electrons. We also found a candidate for an anomalous X-ray pulsar (AXP) in the HESS J1616–518 region. The column density of the interstellar absorption of the AXP candidate is almost the same as that of the X-ray counterpart to HESS J1614–518. Hence the distances to these two objects are almost the same, and hence these two objects may be physically related to each other. The HESS J1614–518 system is similar to the supernova remnant CTB 37B. Some of the dark particle accelerators may be supernova remnants producing AXPs.

Contrary to popular beliefs, it is possible to explain Baryonic asymmetry of the Universe inside the Standard Model, provided inflation ended into a broken phase below the electroweak transition. Two important ingredients of the solution are multiquanta “Higgs bags”, containing W, Z and top quarks, as well as sphaleron transitions happening inside these bags. Together, they provide baryon number violation at the level 10^−2.3. Our recent calculations show that CP violation (due to the usual CKM matrix of quark masses in the 4-th order) leads to top-antitop population difference in these bags of about 10⁻⁹. (The numbers mentioned are not yet optimized and simply follow a choice made by some numerical simulations of the bosonic fields we used as a reference point.)

We show the recent understanding of the QCD phase diagram in relativistic heavy ion collisions from the point of view of phenomenological analyses and the first principle calculation, lattice QCD. On the lattice, we study the charmonium spectral functions in quark-gluon plasma, analyzing correlation functions of charmonia by the maximum entropy method (MEM). We focus on finite momentum effects on the charmonium spectral functions in order to understand J/ψ suppression mechanism in relativistic heavy ion collisions from the first principles of QCD.

Contribution to KMI Inauguration Conference “Quest for the Origin of Particles and the Universe” (KMIIN), 24-26 Nov. 2011, KMI, Nagoya University.

We study on the origin of the Kobayashi-Maskawa phase¹ in the E₆ GUT with SU(2)_F family symmetry by spontaneous CP violation. We show that the spontaneous CP violation in the GUT model not only understands the origin of the Kobayashi-Maskawa phase but also solves new and old SUSY CP problems. We also comment on the neutrino sector that large neutrino mixings and large CP phases are predicted as in usual E₆ GUT models. This talk is base on the papers.

We report new results from the T2K neutrino oscillation experiment. We observe six electron neutrino events with 1.5 ± 0.3 background events estimated, which indicates the evidence of electron neutrino appearance with non-zero θ₁₃. At 90 % confidence level, the allowed region of θ₁₃ is 0.03(0.04) < sin² 2θ₁₃ < 0.28(0.34) for δ_CP = 0 and a normal (inverted) hierarchy. For the muon neutrino signal, we observe the large disappearance effect due to neutrino oscillations thanks to the narrow band off-axis neutrino beam. We observe 31 muon neutrino events with an expectation of 104 ± 14 events without oscillations, which provides the precise measurements of neutrino oscillation parameters: sin² 2θ₂₃ and . We also introduce the physics potential of the next generation neutrino oscillation experiment for CP violation study with a huge water Čerenkov detector, Hyper-Kamiokande.

We explore the equation of state (EoS) for dark energy ω_DE in modified gravitational theories to explain the current accelerated expansion of the universe. We explicitly demonstrate that the future crossings of the phantom divide line of ω_DE = −1 are the generic feature in the existing viable f(R) gravity models. Furthermore, we show that the crossing of the phantom divide can be realized in the combined f(T) theory constructed with the exponential and logarithmic terms. In addition, we investigate the effective EoS for the universe when the finite-time future singularities occur in non-local gravity.

The large-scale structure (LSS) of the universe has been providing valuable clues to elucidate the universe. In 1990s, bubble-like structures in the LSS suggested the existence of the cosmological constant, before the discovery of the accelerated universe by supernovae surveys. In 2000s, it was found that the LSS is one of the most robust ways of constraining the nature of dark energy. Ambitiously large, future galaxy surveys of LSS are proposed for that purpose. Other fundamental physics such as the modified gravity, generation of the primordial non-Gaussianity can also be probed by LSS in such future surveys. I will review recent theoretical developments of the LSS and some advanced topics that I have recently developed.

There are deep and profound connections between elementary particle physics and cosmology: Events during the earliest moments of creation shaped the Universe we see today and the Universe we see today provides “a heavenly laboratory” for learning about the fundamental laws of physics. The agendas of the two fields have merged and cosmology has provided strong evidence for physics beyond the standard model: dark matter, dark energy, inflation, and the baryon asymmetry of the Universe. Progress in understanding the two extremes of the Universe is now linked – and probably forever.

One of the main goal of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) experiments at CERN in Switzerland is to aim to solve the “origin of the mass” by discovering the Higgs boson and understanding the interaction of the Higgs boson with the elementary particles. The ATLAS, which is one of the LHC experiments has taken about 5 fb⁻¹ of physics quality data and published several results with regard to the “origin of the mass” since March 2010. This presentation focuses on the latest results of the heaviest elementary particle, namely, top quark physics and the Higgs boson searches from ATLAS.

The LHC forward experiment is one of the LHC experiments motivated to constrain the hadronic interaction models used in the cosmic-ray physics. One of the most important themas in the astroparticle physics is to determine the origin and nature of the ultra-high-energy cosmic-rays reaching 10²⁰ eV. However the uncertainty in the analysis of the observed cosmic ray induced air showers is dominated by the uncertainty in the hadronic interaction at such high energy. LHCf can provide crucial data of the very forward particle cross sections, those are responsible to the air shower development. The first results obtained from the 7TeV p-p collisions at LHC and future plan of the LHCf experiment are presented together with the brief introduction of the ultra-high-energy cosmic-ray physics.

The research activities of the Fundamental Particle laboratory are introduced. By developing technologies of nuclear emulsion, the activity is extending from fundamental researches of neutrinos and dark matters to the applications of radiographies.

We show that, for Galilean invariant quantum Hall states, the Hall viscosity appears in the electromagnetic response at finite wave numbers q. In particular, the leading q dependence of the Hall conductivity at small q receives a contribution from the Hall viscosity. The coefficient of the q² term in the Hall conductivity is universal in the limit of strong magnetic field.

We study the spectra of excited mesons with spins higher than one from gauge/string duality. We work with a model that is formulated on the basis of an intersecting D4/D8/-system. The meson spectra are computed by making a semi-classical quantization of an open string that ends on the flavor D8-brane.We compare the results with experiments and find a good agreement.

The paper discusses selected recent results from B factories, precision measurements of the unitarity triangle, studies of rare B decays, and results in spectroscopy of charmonium-like and bottomonium-like states. We then review the physics case for a super B factory and discuss the effort to construct such a facility at KEK.

While the LHC experimentalists work to find evidence of physics beyond the standard model, lattice gauge theorists are working as well to characterize the range of possible phenomena in strongly-coupled models of electroweak symmetry breaking. I will summarize the current progress of the Lattice Strong Dynamics (LSD) collaboration on the flavor dependence of SU(3) gauge theories.

Investigation of the SU(3) gauge theory with many fermions for the quest for the walking technicolor theory as a KMI project is described. The theory, if it is successfully constructed, can supersede the standard model Higgs sector, and thus can be a candidate of the theory of new physics. We utilize the KMI high-performance computing system φ, perform the numerical simulation adopting a state-of-the-art lattice fermion formulation. A hint of the number of fermions for the candidate of the walking technicolor theory is emerging.

The direct WIMP dark matter search experiments are reviewed. Recently, there are a few experiments claiming the low mass dark matter and also a few experiments which found no evidence for such indications. Current sensitivity limit for the search for dark matter in the mass range between a few tens of GeV to TeV range reached to 7 × 10⁻⁴⁵ cm² for 50 GeV WIMP mass. The XMASS experiment using 100 kg of liquid Xenon as a fiducial volume has completed the construction and now is in a commissioning phase. Calibration, detector tunings, software developments and understanding backgrounds are going on. The target sensitivity is a few ×10⁻⁴⁵cm².

The present status of the LHC and its experiments are presented. The short and long term programs are also discussed.

Cosmic gamma ray is a powerful probe for high energy phenomena in the Universe since it is produced by interactions of high-energy particles or decays of massive particles. New gamma-ray observatories such as Fermi satellite and several ground-based Čerenkov telescopes started operations in the past 10 years and revealed thousands of celestial gamma-ray sources. I will present the recent results on explorations of origins of cosmic rays, acceleration and radiation processes at extreme astrophysical conditions in relativistic jets from black holes, and annihilations of WIMP dark matters via observations of cosmic gamma rays.

LHC searches for the standard model Higgs Boson in γγ or ττ decay modes place strong constraints on the light technipion state predicted in technicolor models that include colored technifermions. Compared with the standard Higgs Boson, the technipions have an enhanced production rate (largely because the technipion decay constant is smaller than the weak scale) and also enhanced branching ratios into di-photon and di-tau final states (largely due to the suppression of WW decays of the technipions). Recent ATLAS and CMS searches for Higgs bosons exclude the presence of technipions with masses from 110 GeV to nearly 2m_t in technicolor models that (a) include colored technifermions (b) feature topcolor dynamics and (c) have technicolor groups with three or more technicolors (N_TC ≥ 3).

Ongoing LHC searches for the standard model Higgs Boson in WW or ZZ decay modes strongly constrain the top-Higgs state predicted in many models with new dynamics that preferentially affects top quarks. Such a state couples strongly to top-quarks, and is therefore produced through gluon fusion at a rate that can be greatly enhanced relative to the rate for the standard model Higgs boson. As we discuss in this talk, a top-Higgs state with mass less than 300 GeV is excluded at 95% CL if the associated top-pion has a mass of 150 GeV, and the constraint is even stronger if the mass of the top-pion state exceeds the top-quark mass or if the top-pion decay constant is a substantial fraction of the weak scale. These results have significant implications for theories with strong top dynamics, such as topcolor-assisted technicolor, top-seesaw models, and certain Higgsless models.

Using the holographic mapping to a gravity dual, we calculate non-local observables in strongly coupled field theories in d = 2, 3, and 4 to probe the scale dependence of thermalization following a sudden injection of energy. In this setting, the UV thermalizes first.

We measure the color flux produced by a pair of quark and antiquark and examine whether or not the non-Abelian dual superconductivity claimed by us is indeed a mechanism of quark confinement. We present a preliminary result of the direct evidence for the non-abelian dual Meissner effect, that is to say, restricted U(2)-field part of the flux tube plays the dominant role in the quarkantiquark potential.

QCD with a finite baryon chemical potential, despite its importance, is not well understood because the standard lattice QCD simulation is not applicable due to the sign problem. Although sign-free QCD-like theories have been studied intensively, relation to QCD with a finite baryon chemical potential was not clear until recently.^1,2 In this talk we explain the large-N_c equivalences between QCD and various QCD-like theories, which lead us to a unified viewpoint for QCD with baryon and isospin chemical potentials, SO(2N_c) and Sp(2N_c) gauge theories. In particular two-flavor QCD with the baryon chemical potential is equivalent to its phase quenched version in a certain parameter region, which is relevant for heavy ion collision experiments.

We present the report of the LatKMI collaboration on the lattice QCD simulation performed at the KMI computer, “φ”, for the cases of 8 flavors, which is expected to be a candidate for the walking technicolor having an approximate scale invariance near the infrared fixed point. The simulation was carried out based on the highly improved staggered quark (HISQ) action. In this proceedings, we report preliminary results on the spectrum, analyzed through the chiral perturbation theory and the finite-size hyperscaling. We observe qualitatively different behavior of the 8-flavor case in contrast to the 4-flavor case which shows clear indication of the hadronic phase as in the usual QCD.

We study the SU(3) gauge theory with twelve flavors of the fundamental fermion. From the perturbative analysis, this theory is expected to be near the edge of the conformal window. The values of the critical exponents such as anomalous dimension are crucial to the walking technicolor scenario. We utilize the HISQ type action to reduce the discretization error and show our preliminary results on the bound state masses and decay constants at several lattice spacings. The finite volume scaling analysis in the conformal hypothesis is performed, from which we discuss anomalous dimension.

It is well known that the SU(3) gauge theory with the fundamental 16-flavor fermion is governed by a non-trivial infrared fixed point in the 2-loop perturbation theory, while the theory has not been well investigated by non-perturbative lattice simulations. We investigate properties of 16-flavor QCD by lattice simulation with highly improved action setup (HISQ/tree) at two lattice spacings. We present preliminary results for the mass of the lightest pseudoscalar meson at non-zero fermion mass. We discuss the (finite-size) hyperscaling of our data, the mass anomalous dimension extracted from the scaling, and comparison of the anomalous dimension with the perturbation theory.

We study corrections to the finite-size hyperscaling relation in the conformal window of the large N_f QCD by using the ladder Schwinger-Dyson (SD) equation formulated in a finite space-time with the periodic boundary condition. We find that the anomalous dimension, when identified through the hyperscaling relation neglecting the correction caused by the non-zero fermion mass, yields a value substantially lower than the one at the fixed point for large mass region.

Based on Refs. 1 and 2, we study the couplings of the scalar bound state to the fermions and the weak bosons in walking gauge theories.

We explore LHC discovery signatures of techni-dilaton (TD) arising as a composite pseudo Nambu-Goldstone boson (pNGB), associated with the spontaneous breaking of the approximate scale symmetry in the walking technicolor (WTC). We explicitly evaluate the TD 7 TeV LHC production cross sections times the branching ratios in terms of the TD mass M_TD as an input parameter for the region 200 GeV < MTD < 1000 GeV in the typical WTC models. It turns out that the TD signatures are quite different from those of the standard model (SM) Higgs.

We study decays of heavy Kaluza-Klein (KK) gravitons to lighter KK gravitons, caused by triple KK gravitons' interaction vertices in the Randall-Sundrum model setup. Large decay widths are expected in these decay modes thanks to the enhanced amplitudes coming from the scalar longitudinal polarization tensors of the daughter KK graviton particles. Performing the tree level computations, we find, however, the heavy KK graviton decay widths into lighter KK graviton particles are smaller than the corresponding decay widths into the standard model particles.

We have shown that the B – L generation due to the decay of the thermally produced superheavy fields can explain the baryon asymmetry in the Universe if the superheavy fields are heavier than 10¹³⁻¹⁴ GeV. The B – L violating effective operators induced by integrating the superheavy fields have dimension 7, while the operator in the famous leptogenesis has dimension 5. Therefore, the constraints from the nucleon stability can be easily satisfied.

We consider model building of E₆ SUSY GUT with adjoint Higgs fields in string theory. We use diagonal embedding method to realize an adjoint Higgs field and utilize lattice engineering technique for the model building. In the framework of Z₁₂ heterotic asymmetric orbifold construction, we obtain two more three-family E6 models with an adjoint Higgs field.

Anomalous U(1)_A SUSY GUT models are attractive because they can solve many difficulties in SUSY GUT models. In anomalous U(1)_A SUSY GUT models, nucleon decay amplitudes of dim 6 effective interactions are larger than that of dim 5 effective interactions. Then, I discuss dim 6 effective interactions in some models, and predict proton lifetimes for many decay modes by calculating interactions. As a result when I fix unitary matrices that make Yukawa coupling matrices diagonalize we can see differences of proton lifetimes, so we can distinguish models.

The process such as π⁺ + n → p + μ⁺ + μ⁻ may occur through the virtually exchanged neutrino and anti-neutrino. The neutrino exchanged between two vertices, one of them is related to and the other is related to the neutrino absorption by the neutron leading to where denotes the virtual neutrino exchanged between the two vertices. The two vertices are connected by Feynman propagator of the neutrino and it can be non-vanishing even when the space time distance of two vertices is space like x² < 0 and they reside outside the light cone each other. The implication of the virtual exchanged neutrino is discussed.

We study the scattering cross section of dark matter with nucleon, assuming the dark matter is degenerate in mass with new colored particles below TeV scale. It is difficult for the hadron collider experiments to confirm or exclude such a scenario since the QCD jets produced in the cascade decay of the new particles are too soft to be triggered in the event selection. It is shown that both of the spin-independent and spin-dependent couplings of the dark matter with nucleon are enhanced and the scattering cross sections can reach even the current bound of the dark matter search experiments.

The fate of the heavy quark bound states, such as J/Ψ, in the hot quark-gluon plasma has been discussed in various approaches. Taking an open quantum systems approach, we describe the dynamics of heavy quarkonium in terms of stochastic potential, which represents the fluctuation of potential due to the collisions with medium particles.

We study the quark structure of the sigma meson through the decay of D₁(2430) meson by constructing an effective Lagrangian for charmed mesons interacting with light mesons based on the chiral symmetry and heavy quark symmetry. Within the linear realization of the chiral symmetry, we include the P-wave charmed mesons (D₁(2430), D₀(2400)) as the chiral partners of (D., D), and the light scalar mesons as the chiral partner of the pseudoscalar mesons. In the light meson sector, both the and states are incorporated respecting their different U(1)_A transformation properties. We predict the D₁ → D_ππ decay width with two pions in the I = 0, l = 0 channel, which can be tested in the future experiment. We find that the width increases with the percentage of the content in the sigma meson.

The quantum Hall states of bilayer graphene for filling factor ν from 0 to 4 are investigated using lowest Landau level approximation. A critical line in the E⊥B plane for both the ν = 0 and 1 case is found. This line separates the (partially) spin polarized and (partially) layer polarized phases in the ν = 0 (1) case. The gaps for all ν are found to scale linearly with B. The existence of phase separation line, the linearity of the gaps, and the hierarchy for gaps of different ν agree well with experiments.

Measurements of the production cross section of top-quark pairs () in proton-proton (pp) collisions at TeV are presented using 0.70 fb⁻¹ of data recorded with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. Events are selected in the dilepton topologies characterized by two oppositelysigned leptons, multi-jets, and large missing transverse energy. The result is (stat.) (syst.) ±8(lumi.) pb. Further application of b-quark flavor tagging technique (b-tag) in the selection can discard backgrounds that do not contain b-quarks in their final states. The result with the b-tag is (stat.) (syst.) (lumi.) pb. Both of the two results agree with the Standard Model prediction and with each other.

The LHCf experiment is one of the LHC forward experiments. The aim is to provide the energy and transverse momentum spectra of neutral particles (photons, neutral pions and neutrons) emitted in the forward regions of LHC collisions (pseudo-rapidity range of more than 8.4). The energy spectra of photons measured by LHCf during p-p collisions has been published. We present the results and the analysis details.

Precision of the determination of the CP-violating angle ø₃ has been improved by various measurements on the decay B → DK. In this report, we show several constituents obtained recently by the Belle experiment.

We search for the lepton-number-violating B⁺ decays in the B⁺ → D⁻ℓ⁺ℓ⁺ modes, where ℓ is e or μ, using pairs accumulated at the ϒ(4S) resonance by the Belle detector at the KEKB e⁺e⁻ collider. No evidence for these decays is observed and 90% confidence level upper limits on the branching fractions are obtained for the first time: ℬ(B⁺ → D⁻e⁺e⁺) < 2.6×10⁻⁶, ℬ(B⁺ → D⁻e⁺μ⁺) < 1.8 × 10⁻⁶ and ℬ(B⁺ → D⁻μ⁺μ⁺) < 1.0 × 10⁻⁶.

We report recent results on the analysis for tau decays obtained Belle experiment. We have searched for the lepton-flavor-violating tau decays using an about 1000 fb⁻¹ data sample and achieved the sensitivity of on the branching ratios.

We review recent results on charmonium-like exotic states from the Belle experiment. The two-photon process γγ → ϕJ/ψ is measured to search for Y(4140). No signal for the Y(4140) → ϕJ/ψ is observed. But a narrow peak with a significance of 3.2σ deviations including systematic uncertainty is observed at 4350.6 MeV/c² that we named X(4350). We also search for charmonium-like states, including X(3872), Y(4140), X(3915) and X(4350), in ϒ(1S) and ϒ(2S) radiative decays. No significant signal of any charmonium-like state is observed. The processes γγ → VV (V = ω or ϕ) are also measured to search for the possible exotic states in low mass region. There are clear resonant structures in all the decay modes.

We presented the result of verifing focusing system for Time-Of-Propagation (TOP) coutner. The TOP counter have been developed as a new detector for particle identification at Belle-II experiment, which is a Ring Imaging Cherenkov counter with precise timing information. Performance of TOP counter is limited by chromatic dispersion which makes fluctuation of propagation time. Against this problem, the focusing mirror is planed to introduce. We verified focusing mechanism using 120 GeV/c π beam at CERN. Using a prototype TOP counter with the focusing mirror, we could confirm the improvement of time resolution.

The TOP counter is a ring imaging Cherenkov detector, which is used for particle identification in Belle II. It mainly consists of two quartz radiator bars and micro-channel-plate photomultiplier tubes (MCP-PMTs). Production benches for the TOP counter were established; the quantum efficiency and the transit time spread of the MCP-PMTs can be measured with a precision of 2% and 4%, respectively; and the two quartz bars can be glued with and precisions of the relative position and angle, respectively.

The LEM experiment measures the flux of J-PARC neutrino beam. We newly constructed the neutrino monitor, LEM, and installed at the J-PARC ND280 hall. We measure neutrino flux in the low energy part of on-axis direction. This part of the neutrino beam cannot be measured by any of T2K detectors. Therefore we can help further understandings of the J-PARC neutrino flux. The detailed design of detector is shown. In addition, the status of construction and installation at the ND280 hall is reported.

We study linear perturbations around static, spherically-symmetric spacetimes in f(R,C) gravitational theories whose Lagrangians depend on the Ricci scalar R and the parity violating Chern-Simons term C. By an explicit construction, we show that the Hamiltonian for the perturbation variables is not bounded from below, suggesting that such a background spacetime is unstable against perturbations. This gives a strong limit on a phenomenological gravitational model which violates parity. We also show that either R = const or is a necessary and sufficient condition for the stability. We then implement in detail the perturbation analysis for such theories which satisfy the stability conditions and find that the no-ghost conditions and no-tachyon conditions are the same as those in f(R) theories.

We report new results concerning HESS J1614–518, which exhibits two regions with intense γ-ray emission. The south and center regions of HESS J1614–518 were observed with Suzaku in 2008, while the north region with the 1st brightest peak was observed in 2006. No X-ray counterpart is found at the 2nd brightest peak; the upper limit of the X-ray flux is estimated as 1.6 × 10⁻¹³ erg cm⁻² s⁻¹ in the 2–10 keV band. A previously-known soft X-ray source, Suzaku J1614–5152, is detected at the center of HESS J1614–518. Analyzing the XMM-Newton archival data, we reveal that Suzaku J1614–5152 consists of multiple point sources. The X-ray spectrum of the brightest point source, XMMU J161406.0–515225, could be described by a power-law model with the photon index or a blackbody model with the temperature . In the blackbody model, the estimated column density is almost the same as that of the hard extended X-ray emission in Suzaku J1614–5141, spatially coincident with the 1st peak position. In this case, XMMU J161406.0–515225 may be physically related to Suzaku J1614–5141 and HESS J1614–518.

The Suzaku satellite observed a region close to the supernova remnant SN1006 twice on September 12, 2005, and on January 26, 2006. During the first observation the region was bright in a soft X-ray band. Comparing the CCD spectra of the two observations, we found that the soft X-ray brightening can be explained by emission lines from ionized carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, iron, and so on. Emission lines due to the transitions from the M shell or higher to the K shell were included. These characteristics strongly suggest that the origin of the soft X-ray brightening is the charge exchange between solar wind ions and neutral atoms in the Earth atmosphere.

We report on the results from XMM-Newton observations of Mrk 766. The source showed the rapid and large amplitude flux variation throughout the observations. Especially, the source entered the dimmest state during the early phase of 2005 observation. In order to investigate the spectral variation accompanied by the flux change, we compared flux in two different energy bands. Such a plot is called as “flux-flux plot”. Interestingly, we found two different branches on the plot, when the source enters in the dimmest state. This result may suggest the different emission mechanisms in each branch.

The following sections are included:

• Conference Time Table

• Photo Gallery

• List of Participants