Understanding Advanced Organic and Analytical Chemistry

The following sections are included:

• Preface
• Acknowledgements
• Contents
• Acknowledgements

The following sections are included:

• Introduction
• Constitutional/Structural Formulae of Organic Compounds
• Bonding and Shapes of Organic Molecules
  • sp³ Hybridization
  • sp² Hybridization
  • sp Hybridization
  • Delocalized Bonding/Resonance
• Bonding and Reactivity of Organic Compounds
  • Nature and Strength of Covalent Bonds
  • Types of Intermolecular Attractive Forces
  • Bonding and Physical Properties of Organic Compounds

The following sections are included:

• Introduction
• Constitutional/Structural Isomerism
  • Chain Isomerism
  • Positional Isomerism
  • Functional Group Isomerism
• Stereoisomers
  • Cis–trans Isomerism (Geometrical Isomerism)
  • Conformational Isomerism
  • Enantiomerism

The following sections are included:

• Introduction
• Types of Bond Cleavage
  • Homolytic Bond Cleavage
  • Heterolytic Bond Cleavage
  • Type of Reaction Intermediates
• Types of Organic Reactions
  • Rearrangement Reactions
  • Redox Reactions
  • Addition Reactions
  • Elimination Reactions
  • Substitution Reactions
• Types of Reaction Mechanisms
  • Electrophilic Addition Mechanism
  • Nucleophilic Addition Mechanism
  • Free Radical Substitution Mechanism
  • Electrophilic Substitution Mechanism
  • Nucleophilic Substitution Mechanism

The following sections are included:

• Introduction
• Nomenclature
• Physical Properties
  • Melting and Boiling Points
  • Solubility
• Preparation Methods
  • Catalytic Hydrogenation of Alkenes-Reduction
• Chemical Properties
  • Combustion–Oxidation
  • Halogenation — Free Radical Substitution
  • Thermal and Catalytic Cracking

The following sections are included:

• Introduction
• Nomenclature
• Physical Properties
  • Melting and Boiling Points
  • Solubility
• Preparation Methods
  • Dehydration/Elimination of Alcohols
  • Dehydrohalogenation/Elimination of Halogenoalkanes
• Chemical Properties
  • Catalytic Hydrogenation — Reduction
  • Formation of Halogenoalkane — Electrophilic Addition
  • Formation of Dihalide — Electrophilic Addition
  • Formation of Halohydrin — Electrophilic Addition
  • Formation of Alcohol — Electrophilic Addition
  • Combustion — Oxidation
  • Formation of Diol — Oxidation
  • Formation of Carbon Dioxide, Ketone and Carboxylic Acid — Oxidation
  • Formation of Aldehyde and Ketone — Oxidation
• Summary

The following sections are included:

• Introduction
• Nomenclature
• Physical Properties
  • Melting and Boiling Points
  • Solubility
• Chemical Properties of Benzene
  • Formation of Halogenoarene — Electrophilic Substitution
  • Formation of Alkylbenzene — Electrophilic Substitution
  • Formation of Nitrobenzene — Electrophilic Substitution
  • Catalytic Hydrogenation — Reduction
  • Combustion — Oxidation
• Benzene Derivatives
  • The Influence of the Substituent on the Rate of Electrophilic Substitution
  • The Influence of the Substituent on the Orientation of Electrophilic Attack
• Chemical Properties of Methylbenzene
  • Formation of Halogenoarene — Electrophilic Substitution
  • Formation of Alkyl(Methylbenzene) — Electrophilic Substitution
  • Formation of Nitroarene — Electrophilic Substitution
  • Halogenation — Free Radical Substitution (at Alkyl Side-Chain)
  • Formation of Benzoic Acid — Oxidation (at Alkyl Side-Chain)
• Summary

The following sections are included:

• Introduction
• Nomenclature
• Physical Properties
  • Melting and Boiling Points
  • Solubility
• Preparation Methods for Halogenoalkanes
  • Nucleophilic Substitution of Alcohols
  • Formation of Halogenoalkane — Electrophilic Addition
  • Formation of Dihalide — Electrophilic Addition
• Chemical Properties of Halogenoalkanes
  • Formation of Alcohol — Nucleophilic Substitution
  • Formation of Nitrile — Nucleophilic Substitution
  • Formation of Amine — Nucleophilic Substitution
  • Formation of Ether — Nucleophilic Substitution
  • Formation of Alkene Via Dehydrohalogenation — Elimination
• Halogenoalkanes versus Halogenoarenes
• Preparation Methods for Halogenoarenes
  • Formation of Halogenoarene — Electrophilic Substitution
• Chemical Properties of Halogenoarenes
  • Formation of Benzene Derivatives — Electrophilic Substitution
• Summary

The following sections are included:

• Introduction
• Nomenclature
• Physical Properties
  • Melting and Boiling Points
  • Solubility
• Hydrolysis and Acidity
• Preparation Methods for Alcohols
  • Electrophilic Addition of Alkenes
  • Nucleophilic Substitution of Halogenoalkanes
  • Reduction of Carboxylic Acids and Carbonyl Compounds
• Chemical Properties of Alcohols
  • Acid-Base Reaction with Strong Bases and Reactive Metals
  • Formation of Esters with Carboxylic Acids — Esterification via Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution/Condensation
  • Formation of Esters with Acid Chlorides — Acylation via Nucleophilic Substitution/Condensation
  • Formation of Alkenes — Dehydration/Elimination
  • Formation of Halogenoalkanes — Nucleophilic Substitution
  • Formation of Carbonyl Compounds and Carboxylic Acids — Oxidation
  • Formation of Tri-Iodomethane (Iodoform) — Oxidation
• Chemical Properties of Phenol
  • Acid-Base Reaction with Strong Bases and Reactive Metals
  • Formation of Esters with Acid Chlorides — Acylation vis Nucleophilic Substitution/Condensation
  • Formation of Halogenophenol — Electrophilic Substitution
  • Formation of Nitrophenol — Electrophilic Substitution
  • Test for Phenol
• Summary

The following sections are included:

• Introduction
• Nomenclature
• Physical Properties
  • Melting and Boiling Points
  • Solubility
• Preparation Methods for Carbonyl Compounds
  • Oxidation of Alcohols
  • Oxidation of Alkenes
  • Ozonolysis — Oxidation of Alkenes
• Chemical Properties of Carbonyl Compounds
  • Formation of Cyanohydrins — Nucleophilic Addition
  • Condensation Reaction (Addition–Elimination Reaction)
  • Formation of Carboxylic Acid — Oxidation
  • Formation of Carboxylate Salts Using Tollens' Reagent — Oxidation
  • Formation of Carboxylate Salts using Fehling's Reagent — Oxidation of Aliphatic Aldehydes
  • Formation of Tri-Iodomethane (Iodoform) — Oxidation
  • Formation of Alcohols — Reduction
• Aromatic Carbonyl Compounds
• Summary

The following sections are included:

• Introduction
• Nomenclature
• Physical Properties
  • Melting and Boiling Points
  • Solubility
• Preparation Methods for Carboxylic Acids
  • Oxidation of Primary Alcohols
  • Oxidation of Aldehydes
  • Oxidation of Alkenes
  • Hydrolysis of Nitriles
  • Oxidation of Alkylbenzene
• Chemical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
  • Acid–Base Reaction with Strong Bases and Reactive Metals
  • Formation of Acyl Chlorides — Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution/Condensation
  • Formation of Esters with Alcohols — Esterification via Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution/Condensation
  • Reduction of Carboxylic Acids to Primary Alcohols
• Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids
  • Nomenclature
  • Physical Properties
  • Chemical Properties
  • Chemistry of Acid Chlorides
  • Chemistry of Esters
  • Chemistry of Amides
• Summary

The following sections are included:

• Introduction
• Nomenclature
• Physical Properties
  • Melting and Boiling Points
  • Solubility
  • Basicity
• Preparation Methods for Amines
  • Nucleophilic Substitution of Halogenoalkanes
  • Reduction of Amides
  • Reduction of Nitriles
  • Reduction of Nitrobenzene
• Chemical Properties
  • Acid–Base Reaction with Acids
  • Formation of Amides with Acid Chloride — Acylation via Nucleophilic Substitution/Condensation
  • Formation of Amides with Esters — Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution/Condensation
  • Formation of Amine — Nucleophilic Substitution
  • Formation of Halogenophenylamine — Electrophilic Substitution
  • Reaction of Primary Amine with Nitrous Acid
• Summary

The following sections are included:

• Introduction
• The Formation of Zwitterions — An Intramolecular Acid–Base Reaction
• Physical Properties of Zwitterions
  • Melting and Boiling Points
  • Solubility
• Chemical Properties of Zwitterions
  • Acid–Base Reaction with Acids or Bases
  • Formation of Amides
  • Polymerization — Reaction between Amino Acids

The following sections are included:

• Introduction
• Addition Polymers
  • Free Radical Polymerization of Alkene
  • Types of Addition Polymers and Their Properties
  • Pollution Problems Associated with Poly(Alkenes)
• Condensation Polymers
  • Polyesters
  • Polyamides
• Biological Polymers — Polypeptides and Proteins
  • The Different Levels of Protein Structure
  • Denaturation of Proteins

The following sections are included:

• Introduction
• Basic Features of a Mass Spectrometer
• Mass Spectrum Analysis
• Analyzing the Mass Spectrum of an Element
• Analyzing the Mass Spectrum of Alkanes
• Analyzing the Mass Spectrum of Chloroalkanes
• Analyzing the Mass Spectra of Isomers
• Deducing the Structure of an Unknown Compound from Mass Spectrum Analysis

The following sections are included:

• Introduction
• Molecular Orbital Theory (MO Theory)
• Basic Principles of Spectroscopy
• Types of Spectroscopic Methods
  • Ultraviolet–Visible (UV-Vis) Spectroscopy

The following sections are included:

• Introduction
• What is the Concept of Degree of Freedom?
• How is an IR Spectrum for a Molecule Determined?
• Analyzing the IR Spectrum of Simple Molecules
• Analyzing the IR Spectrum of Organic Molecules

The following sections are included:

• Introduction
• Principles of ¹H NMR Spectroscopy
• How Is a ¹H NMR Spectrum for a Molecule Determined?
  • Chemical Shifts
  • Factors that Account for the Relative Chemical Shifts
• Important Features on the ¹H NMR Spectrum of Organic Molecules
  • The Number of Signals
  • The δ Value of Each Signal
  • The Relative Areas under the Peaks
  • The Splitting Patterns of the Signals
• Analyzing the ¹H NMR Spectrum of Simple Organic Molecules
• Labile Protons and Proton Exchange Reactions

The following sections are included:

• Introduction
• Paper Chromatography — An Introduction to Chromatography Technique
• Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)
• Column Chromatography (CC)
• High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
• Gas–Liquid Chromatography (GLC)
• Electrophoresis

The following sections is included:

• Index