Analytical Applications of Ionic Liquids

The following sections are included:

• Contents
• Preface
• List of Contributors
• Abbreviations and structures of common ionic liquids

In classical physics, one distinguishes three states of matter: gas, liquid and solid. In gas phase, molecules are characterised by no or hardly any interaction between them. Consequently, they display statistical disorder, i.e. arbitrary positions, and their motion is mainly of translational and/or rotational character. Their free energy A = U − T · S stems almost entirely from the entropic part. In liquid matter, however, the free energy A is not fully controlled by the entropy S anymore, but also by intermolecular interactions U, e.g. electrostatic or van der Waals energy. In fact, it is the interplay between the thermal motion of molecules as well as their attractive and repulsive interactions, that are responsible for the condensation of the chemical species. The balance between these interactions leads to a pronounced local order of a characteristic length. If one shifts this balance in favour of the attractive forces, e.g. by lowering the temperature T, the local order spreads out. The system shows now highly ordered regions or domains. Nevertheless, the molecules are still in motion, but their mobility is restricted by their strongly interacting neighbouring molecules. Going further this process will freeze the molecules at specific positions leading to a crystalline structure. In this case, the interaction energy U dominates the energetics of the system leaving the entropy as supporting actor. The motion of the molecules now shows a strong vibrational and weak translational and rotational character…

The following sections are included:

• Synthesis of ionic liquids for analytical applications
• Characterisation of ILs
• Design of functionalised ILs
• Bibliography

The following sections are included:

• Introduction
• General considerations about IL-based SPs in GC
• Ionic liquid-SPs
• Polymeric ILs SPs
• Hybrid ILs SPs
• Conclusions and future trends
• Glossary
• Bibliography

The following sections are included:

• Introduction
• Why do we have to use ILs for HPLC?
• Why are ILs not suitable for HPLC?
• Selection of IL species
• Set up
• Analysis of cellulose and other biopolymers
• HPILC for analysis of polyelectrolytes
• Conclusions
• Future prospects: Potential and limit of HPILC
• Acknowledgements
• Bibliography

The following sections are included:

• Introduction
• Brief overview of capillary electrophoresis
• Main separation modes of CE
• ILs as BGE additives in CZE
• ILs in NACE
• MEKC and CEC
• Covalent coating
• Chiral separation
• Conclusions
• Bibliography

The following sections are included:

• Introduction
• Novel ILs and their properties
• Novel ILs: Extraction applications
• Conclusions
• Acknowledgement
• Bibliography

The following sections are included:

• Sample preparation — a crucial step of the analytical procedure
• IL-based SPME coatings
• Polymeric ILs as SPME sorbent coatings
• Liquid-phase microextraction techniques based on ILs
• Summary
• Abbreviations
• Bibliography

The following sections are included:

• Introduction
• ILs
• IL structure by NMR
• IL dynamics by NMR
• Conclusions
• Bibliography

Application of ionic liquids (ILs) in various fields of electrochemistry (e.g. development of electrochemical double layer capacitors (Galinski et al., 2006; Zhang et al., 2006; Kurig et al., 2010, 2012; Tooming et al., 2015), hybrid supercapacitors (Anouti et al., 2012; Tooming et al., 2014), low temperature fuel cells (Susan et al., 2003; Belieres et al., 2006), metal-air (i.e. Mg and Zn primary and secondary) batteries (MacFarlane et al., 2014), Li-ion (Goodenough and Park, 2013) and Na-ion batteries (Nikitina et al., 2012) is quickly increasing. Due to their high proton conductivity (Susan et al., 2003; Belieres et al., 2006), some of the protic ILs have been used as proton conducting membranes for low- and medium-temperature fuel cells. Some ILs have been used for the electrochemical reduction or partial reduction of carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide and water…

The following sections are included:

• Introduction
• Layout of the chapter
• Electrochemical gas sensors
• Optical gas sensors
• Piezoelectric gas sensors
• Other forms of gas sensors and applications of ILs
• Trends and future directions
• Bibliography

The following sections are included:

• Introduction
• Design and principle of operation of electronic nose
• Types of electronic nose instruments
• Application of ILs in chemical sensors utilized in electronic nose instruments
• Summary
• Acknowledgements
• Bibliography

The following sections are included:

• Introduction
• Optical methods
• Spectral analysis of the higher-order structure of proteins
• Electrochemical methods
• Concluding remarks
• Acknowledgments
• Bibliography

The following sections are included:

• Introduction
• IL structure and toxicity
• Starting materials and synthetic procedures
• IL and green chemistry to develop sustainable technologies
• Conclusions
• Bibliography

Analytical chemists are very actively searching for the possibility of making use of ionic liquids (ILs). In this book, we presented new developments and trends in analysis…

The following sections is included:

• Index