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In this work, TiO₂ nanotube thin films were prepared by using the anodization technique. Different electrolytes solutions were used to specify the optimum condition. Annealing in air at different temperatures of (400, 500, and 600)${}^{\circ }$C at constant time of 1h was achieved for all films. The structure (XRD, SEM, EDX, and AFM), and optical (UV–Visible spectroscopy, PL spectroscopy, and Spectral Response) properties of nanotube TiO₂ films were investigated and analyzed for different electrolyte solutions. XRD analysis of all deposited films has confirmed the formation of polycrystalline-tetragonal phase (anatase, and rutile) with increase in crystalline size and, annealing temperatures. SEM measurements of TiO₂ films show nanotube shapes with outer diameter of (80–130) nm. EDX analysis confirmed the stoichiometry ratio between Ti and O to be 1:2 to produce TiO₂ film. PL measurement results show two peaks: one located at UV-region pointing to energy band gap (Eg) for TiO₂ nano films; the second one is located at visible region pointing to impurities on films. Spectral response measurements show photocurrent peaks centered at UV-region (355nm). Then, TiO₂ films were deposited with different electrolyte solution for photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) application. The higher response to UV-light was received by using TiO₂ film grown by anodization technique with (HNO${}_3+$HF) electrolyte solution.

Pure and nickel doped copper sulfide (CuS) nanostructure were prepared by hydrothermal method for 5 h at $150^{\circ }$C. Structural, morphological and optical properties of the CuS nanostructure were studied for different Ni-doping concentration of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5 %. X-ray diffraction studies showed the polycrystalline nature with hexagonal phase structure of CuS and Ni: CuS nanostructure. FE-SEM image showed that nickel doping concentration affected the nanostructure morphology. The absorbance spectra were then recorded at wavelengths ranging from 350 nm to 1000 nm, where the CuS nanostructures have strong absorbance in the NIR. The optical band gap energy of the samples increased as nickel concentration increasing. In particular, their optical band gap energies were 3.25, 3.48, 3.49, 3.49, 3.45 and 3.44 eV for undoped and Ni-doped CuS nanostructure with concentrations (1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5%), respectively. The antibacterial activity of Copper sulfide nanostructure against P. aeruginosa, E. coli, and S. aureus was evaluated by zone of inhibition. The test revealed that copper sulfide nanostructure have a strong antibacterial activity against gram-positive than for gram-negative with low concentration of CuS.