Narrow Results

The following sections are included:

• What Is Structural Color?

• Historical Review

The following sections are included:

• Fundamental Properties of Light
  • Light as an Electromagnetic Wave
  • Fresnel's Law
  • Polarizations

• Thin-Film Interference

• Multilayer Interference

• Diffraction of Light and Diffraction Grating

• Photonic Crystals

• Light Scattering

The following sections are included:

• General Descriptions
  • Phylogeny of the Lepidoptera
  • Lepidopteran Scales

• Morpho Butterflies
  • General Remarks
  • Basic Observations
  • History of the Morpho Studies
  • Progress in the Morpho Studies After the 1990s
  • Physical Interpretation of the Morpho Coloring
  • MorphoMimicry

• Overview of the Structural Coloration in Butterflies and Moths
  • Papilioninae (Papilionidae)
  • Pierinae and Coliadinae (Pieridae)
  • Lycaenidae
  • Nymphalidae
  • Hesperiidae (Hesperioidea)
  • Moths
  • Moth Eye

The following sections are included:

• Overview

• Beetles
  • Scarabaeid Beetle
  • Jewel Beetles, Leaf Beetles, and Tiger Beetles
  • Scale-Bearing Beetles: Weevils
  • Color-Changing Beetles

• Damselflies and Dragonflies

• Shield Bugs and Cicadas

• Other Insects

The following sections are included:

• Overview

• Peacocks, Pheasants, and Ducks

• Hummingbirds

• Trogons

• Pigeons

• Non-iridescent Colorations — Kingfishers, Parakeets, Cotingas, and Jays

The following sections are included:

• General Description

• Static Iridophores

• Motile Iridophores

• Corneal Iridescence

Before entering this chapter, I should be honest to confess that I have never seen the structural colors at any part of plant as described below. Hence, this chapter owes mostly to the pioneering work done by Lee and the other researchers, who have extensively studied in this unexplored field.

The following sections are included:

• Shells

• Spiders

• Marine Animals

The following sections are included:

• Calculations of Multilayer Reflection
  • Transfer Matrix Method
  • Iterative Method
  • Huxley's Method
  • Estimation of Reflection Bandwidth

• Model for Morpho Butterfly Scale
  • “Shelf Structure” Model
  • Effect of Alternately Sticking Shelf Structure and Ridge Inclination
  • Effect of Spatial Correlation in the Ridge Height Distribution
  • 2D Fourier Analysis of the Shelf Structure

• Antireflection Effect
  • Monolayer and Multilayer Antireflectors
  • Moth-Eye-Type Antireflector

• Average Refractive Index

• Cholesteric Liquid Crystal
  • Parabolic Patterns
  • Dispersion Relations and Optical Responses