Organ in the Body — The Forward Problem of Electrocardiology
The following sections are included:
Introduction
The Electrocardiogram
Electrical Activity in the Torso
Torso Boundary Conditions
Summary of the Integrated Model
Geometric Torso Model
Torso Solution – The Finite Element Method (FEM)
Gaussian Quadrature
Analytic Test Problem
Torso Solution – The Boundary Element Method (BEM)
Numerical Solution Procedures for the Boundary Integral Equation
Numerical Evaluation of Coefficient Integrals
Conductivity Tensor
The Derivative BEM
Fundamental Solution Derivatives
Derivative Boundary Element Identities
Singularity on the Domain Boundary
Discretisation
Conductivity Tensor
Source Terms
Accuracy and Computational Efficiency
From Cell to Body Surface
Common Approaches
Dipole Source Calculation
Coupled and Uncoupled Solutions
Coupling Approaches
Boundary Iteration Method
Direct Assembly
Two-Dimensional Fully-Coupled Forward Simulations
Three-Dimensional Torso Simulations
Dipole from Experimental Recordings
Dipoles from Cellular Current Density
Solution Visualisation
Open Questions, Issues and Challenges
