No Access

Ethnomedicine, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Smilax glabra: An Important Traditional Chinese Medicine

Shiyao Hua

School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, P. R. China

These authors contributed equally to this work.

Search for more papers by this author

Yiwei Zhang

School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, P. R. China

These authors contributed equally to this work.

Search for more papers by this author

Jiayue Liu

School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, P. R. China

Search for more papers by this author

Lin Dong

School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, P. R. China

Search for more papers by this author

Jun Huang

School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, P. R. China

Search for more papers by this author

Dingbo Lin

Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 419 Human Sciences, Stillwater 74078, USA

Search for more papers by this author

, and

Xueyan Fu

School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, P. R. China

Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, P. R. China

Ningxia Engineering and Technology Research Center for Modernization of Hui Medicine, Yinchuan 750004, P. R. China

E-mail Address: xueyanfu2661@163.com

Correspondence to: Prof. Xueyan Fu, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, No. 692, Shengli Avenue, Xingqing District, Yinchuan 750004, P. R. China. Tel: (+86) 134-6950-2661, Fax: (+86) 21-6408-5875

Search for more papers by this author

https://doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X18500143Cited by:44 (Source: Crossref)

Abstract

Smilax glabra (SG) Roxb., a well-known traditional Chinese medicine, has been extensively used worldwide for its marked pharmacological activities for treating syphilitic poisoned sores, limb hypertonicity, morbid leucorrhea, eczema pruritus, strangury due to heat, carbuncle toxin, and many other human ailments. Approximately 200 chemical compounds have been isolated from SG Roxb., and the major components have been determined to be flavonoids and flavonoid glycosides, phenolic acids, and steroids. Among these active compounds, the effects of astilbin, which is used as a quality control marker to determine the quality of SG Roxb., have been widely investigated. Based on in vivo and in vitro studies, the primary active components of SG Roxb. possess various pharmacological activities, such as cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory and immune-modulatory effects, anti-oxidant, hepatoprotective, antiviral, antibacterial, and cardiovascular system protective activities. However, an extensive study to determine the relationship between the chemical compositions and pharmacological effects of SG Roxb. has not been conducted and is worth of our study. Improving the means of utilizing the effects of SG is crucial. The present paper reviews the ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of SG Roxb. and assesses its ethnopharmacological use in order to explore its therapeutic potential for future research.

Keywords:

References

Batista Pereira, L.G., F. Petacci, J.B. Fernandes, A.G. Corrêa, P.C. Vieira, M.F.G.F. Da Silva and O. Malaspina . Biological activity of astilbin from Dimorphandra mollis against Anticarsia gemmatalis and Spodoptera frugiperda. Pest. Manag. Sci. 58: 503–507, 2002. Crossref, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar
Belanger, D., M.D. Calder, A. Gianetto-Berruti, E.M. Lui, A.J. Watson and V. Feyles . Effects of American ginseng on preimplantation development and pregnancy in mice. Am. J. Chin. Med. 44: 981–995, 2016. Link, Web of Science, Google Scholar
Cai, Y., J. Tu, S. Pan, J. Jiang, Q. Shou, Y. Ling, Y. Chen, D. Wang, W. Yang, L. Shan and M. Chen . Medicinal effect and its JP2/RyR2-based mechanism of Smilax glabra flavonoids on angiotensin II-induced hypertrophy model of cardiomyocytes. J. Ethnopharmacol. 169: 435–440, 2015. Crossref, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar
Cai, Y., T. Chen and Q. Xu . Astilbin suppresses collagen-induced arthritis via the dysfunction of lymphocytes. Inflamm. Res. 52: 334–340, 2003. Crossref, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar
Cao, Z., Y. Yi, W. Hong and Y. Lin . Studies on the chemical constituents of Smilax glabra Rox. (I). Chin. Tradit. Herbal. Drugs 24: 234–235, 1993. Google Scholar
Cao, Z., Y. Yi, Y. Cao and D. Yang . Study on the chemical constituents of essential oil from Smilax glabra Roxb. Nat. Prod. Res. Dev. 6: 33–36, 1994. Google Scholar
Cao, Z., Y. Yi, Y. Cao and Z. Leng . A new chromone glycoside from Smilax glabra Roxb. Chin. Chem. Lett. 6: 587–588, 1995. Web of Science, Google Scholar
Chamkha, M., B. Cathala, V. Cheynier and R. Douillard . Phenolic composition of champagnes from Chardonnay and Pinot Noir vintages. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51: 3179–3184, 2003. Crossref, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar
Chen, G., L. Shen and P. Jiang . Studies on flavanonol glycosides of Smilax glabra. China J. Chin. Mater. Med. 21: 355–357, 1996a. Google Scholar
Chen, G., L. Shen and P. Jiang . Chemical studies of Smilax glabra. J. Beijing Univ. TCM 44, 1996b. Google Scholar
Chen, T., J. Li and Q. Xu . Phenylpropanoid glycosides from Smilax glabra. Phytochemistry 53: 1051–1055, 2000. Crossref, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar
Chen, T., J. Li, J. Cao, Q. Xu, K. Komatsu and T. Namba . A new flavanone isolated from rhizoma smilacis glabrae and the structural requirements of its derivatives for preventing immunological hepatocyte damage. Planta Med. 65: 56–59, 1999. Crossref, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar
Chen, W. Separation, structure and anti-inflammatory effect study of polysaccharides from Smilax glabra Roxb. Master’s thesis, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, China, 2014. Google Scholar
Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission. Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China, Vol. 1. China Medical Science Press, Beijing, 2015, pp. 18–19. Google Scholar
Chu, K.T. and T.B. Ng . Smilaxin, a novel protein with immunostimulatory, antiproliferative, and HIV-1-reverse transcriptase inhibitory activities from fresh Smilax glabra rhizomes. Biochem. Bioph. Res. Co. 340: 118–124, 2006. Crossref, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar
Corft, K.D. The chemistry and biological effects of flavonoids and phenolic acids. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 854: 435–442, 1998. Crossref, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar
Di, T., Z. Ruan, J. Zhao, Y. Wang, X. Liu, Y. Wang and P. Li . Astilbin inhibits Th17 cell differentiation and ameliorates imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin lesions in BALB/c mice via Jak3/Stat3 signaling pathway. Int. Immunopharmacol. 32: 32–38, 2016. Crossref, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar
Duangprompo, W., K. Aree, A. Itharat and P. Hansakul . Effects of 5,6-dihydroxy-2,4-dimethoxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene on G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human lung carcinoma cells. Am. J. Chin. Med. 44: 1473–1490, 2016. Link, Web of Science, Google Scholar
Editorial Committee of Zhong Hua Ben Cao, Zhong Hua Ben Cao, Vol. 22. Shanghai Scientific and Technical Publishers, China, Shanghai, 1999, pp. 161–165. Google Scholar
Fei, M., X. Wu and Q. Xu . Astilbin inhibits contact hypersensitivity through negative cytokine regulation distinct from cyclosporin A. J. Allergy. Clin. Immun. 116: 1350–1356, 2005. Crossref, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar
Fukunaga, T., T. Miura, K. Furuta and A. Kato . Hypoglycemic effect of the rhizomes of Smilax glabra in normal and diabetic mice. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 20: 44–46, 1997. Crossref, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar
Gao, X.M. Science of Chinese Materia Medica. China Press of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China, Beijing, 2007, pp. 120–121. Google Scholar
Gao, Y., Y. Su, L. Qu, S. Xu, L. Meng, S. Cai and C. Shou . Mitochondrial apoptosis contributes to the anti-cancer effect of Smilax glabra Roxb. Toxicol. Lett. 207: 112–120, 2011. Crossref, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar
Hao, G., J. Zheng, R. Huo, J. Li, K. Wen, Y. Zhang and G. Liang . Smilax glabra Roxb targets Akt(p-Thr308) and inhibits Akt-mediated signaling pathways in SGC7901 cells. J. Drug. Target 24: 557–565, 2016. Crossref, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar
Heim, K.E., A.R. Tagliaferro and D.J. Bobilya . Flavonoid antioxidants: Chemistry, metabolism and structure-activity relationships. J. Nutr. Biochem. 13: 572–584, 2002. Crossref, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar
Hong, H., H. Kim, T. Lee, D. Kim, H. Kim, Y. Choo, Y. Park, Y. Lee and C. Kim . Inhibitory effect of a Korean traditional medicine, Honghwain–Jahage (water extracts of Carthamus tinctorius L. seed and Hominis placenta) on interleukin-1-mediated bone resorption. J. Ethnopharmacol. 79: 143–148, 2002. Crossref, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar
Hu, M., Studies on the chemical constituents and anti-inflammatory activity of Smilax glabra Roxb. Master’s thesis, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, China, 2014. Google Scholar
Huo, X., Y. Gao, J. Liu, W. Liu and D. Zhao . Determination of chemical constituents of the essential oil from Smilax glabra Roxb. Biotechnol. 16: 60–62, 2006. Google Scholar
Iddamaldeniya, S.S., M.I. Thabrew, S.M. Wickramasinghe, N. Ratnatunge and M.G. Thammitiyagodage . A long-term investigation of the anti-hepatocarcinogenic potential of an indigenous medicine comprised of Nigella sativa, Hemidesmus indicus and Smilax glabra. J. Carcinog. 5: 11, 2006. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
Iddamaldeniya, S.S., N. Wickramasinghe, I. Thabrew, N. Ratnatunge and M.G. Thammitiyagodage . Protection against diethylnitrosoamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis by an indigenous medicine comprised of Nigella sativa, Hemidesmus indicus and Smilax glabra: A preliminary study. J. Carcinog. 2: 6, 2003. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
Itharat, A., K. Srikwan, S. Ruangnoo and P. Thongdeeying . Anti-allergic activities of Smilax glabra rhizome extracts and its isolated compounds. J. Med. Assoc. Thai. 98 (Suppl. 3): S66–S74, 2015. Medline, Google Scholar
Itharat, A., P.J. Houghton, E. Eno-Amooquaye, P.J. Burke, J.H. Sampson and A. Raman . In vitro cytotoxic activity of Thai medicinal plants used traditionally to treat cancer. J. Ethnopharmacol. 90: 33–38, 2004. Crossref, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar
Itoh, A., K. Isoda, M. Kondoh, M. Kawase, M. Kobayashi, M. Tamesada and K. Yagi . Hepatoprotective effect of syringic acid and vanillic acid on concanavalin A-induced liver injury. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 33: 983–987, 2010. Crossref, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar
Jiang, J. and Q. Xu . Immunomodulatory activity of the aqueous extract from rhizome of Smilax glabra in the later phase of adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 85: 53–59, 2003. Crossref, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar
Jiang, J., F. Wu, J. Lu, Z. Lu and Q. Xu . Anti-inflammatory activity of the aqueous extract from rhizoma smilacis glabrae. Pharmacol. Res. 36: 309–314, 1997. Crossref, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar
Jiao, R., Y. Liu, H. Gao, J. Xiao and K.F. So . The anti-oxidant and antitumor properties of plant polysaccharides. Am. J. Chin. Med. 44: 463–488, 2016. Link, Web of Science, Google Scholar
Jin, U., D. Kim, T. Lee, D. Lee, J. Kim, I. Lee and C. Kim . Herbal formulation, Yukmi-jihang-tang-Jahage, regulates bone resorption by inhibition of phosphorylation mediated by tyrosine kinase Src and cyclooxygenase expression. J. Ethnopharmacol. 106: 333–343, 2006. Crossref, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar
Kim, H.M., C.S. An, K.Y. Jung, Y.K. Choo, J.K. Park and S.Y. Nam . Rehmannia glutinosa inhibits tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 secretion from mouse astrocytes. Pharmacol. Res. 40: 171–176, 1999. Crossref, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar
Kumar, S. and A.K. Pandey . Chemistry and biological activities of flavonoids: An overview. The Scientific World J. 2013: 1–16, 2013. Google Scholar
Lai, C.C., P.H. Huang, A.H. Yang, S.C. Chiang, C.Y. Tang, K.W. Tseng and C.H. Huang . Baicalein reduces liver injury induced by myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Am. J. Chin. Med. 44: 531–550, 2016. Link, Web of Science, Google Scholar
Li, G.S., W.L. Jiang, X.D. Yue, G.W. Qu, J.W. Tian, J. Wu and F.H. Fu . Effect of astilbin on experimental diabetic nephropathy in vivo and in vitro. Planta Med. 75: 1470–1475, 2009. Crossref, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar
Li, L. Study on chemical reference substance and quality evaluation of Smilax glabra. Ph.D. thesis, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, China, 2007. Google Scholar
Li, Y., Y. Li, P. Zeng, W. Zhang, W. Jiang and Z. Yang . Investigation on plant resources of Smilax glabra. Chin. Trad. Herb. Drugs 33: 85–87, 2002. Google Scholar
Li, Y., Y. Yi, H. Tang and K. Xiao . Chemical studies of Smilax glabra. Chin. Tradit. Herbal. Drugs 12: 712–714, 1996. Google Scholar
Liu, Y. A brief history of prevention and cure of syphilis in China. Med. Philos. 10: 50–53, 1989. Google Scholar
Liu, Y., Y. Cai, C. He, M. Chen and H. Li . Anticancer properties and pharmaceutical applications of plumbagin: A review. Am. J. Chin. Med. 45: 423–441, 2017. Link, Web of Science, Google Scholar
Lu, C., W. Zhu, M. Wang, X. Xu and C. Lu . Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of phenolic-enriched extracts of Smilax glabra. Evid.-Based Compl. Alt. Med. 2014: 1–8, 2014. Web of Science, Google Scholar
Lu, C., W. Zhu, D. Wang, W. Chen, M. Hu, M. Wang, X. Xu and C. Lu . Inhibitory effects of chemical compounds isolated from the rhizome of Smilax glabra on nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor- $α$ $α$ production in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 cell. Evid.-Based Compl. Alt. Med. 2015: 1–9, 2015a. Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
Lu, C., Y. Zhu, M. Hu, D. Wang, X. Xu, C. Lu and W. Zhu . Optimization of astilbin extraction from the rhizome of Smilax glabra, and evaluation of its anti-inflammatory effect and probable underlying mechanism in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. Molecules 20: 625–644, 2015b. Crossref, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar
Lu, C., Z. Wei, W. Min, H. Meng-mei, C. Wen-long, X. Xiao-jie and L. Chuan-jian . Polysaccharides from Smilax glabra inhibit the pro-inflammatory mediators via ERK1/2 and JNK pathways in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. Carbohyd. Polym. 122: 428–436, 2015c. Crossref, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar
Ng, T.B. and Y.L. Yu . Isolation of a novel heterodimeric agglutinin from rhizomes of Smilax glabra, the Chinese medicinal material tufuling. Int. J. Biochem. Cell. Biol. 33: 269–277, 2001. Crossref, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar
Ooi, L.S., E.Y. Wong, L.C. Chiu, S.S. Sun and V.E. Ooi . Antiviral and anti-proliferative glycoproteins from the rhizome of Smilax glabra Roxb (Liliaceae). Am. J. Chin. Med. 36: 185–195, 2008. Link, Web of Science, Google Scholar
Ooi, L.S.M., S.S.M. Sun, H. Wang and V.E.C. Ooi . New mannose-binding lectin isolated from the rhizome of Sarsaparilla Smilax glabra Roxb. (Liliaceae). J. Agric. Food Chem. 52: 6091–6095, 2004. Crossref, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar
Qin, R. Researched on inhibitory effects of Smilax glabra on Tyrosinase. Master’s thesis, Jilin Agricultural University, China, 2007. Google Scholar
Rice-Evans, C.A., N.J. Miller and G. Paganga . Structure–antioxidant activity relationships of flavonoids and phenolic acids. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 20: 933–956, 1996. Crossref, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar
Sa, F., J. Gao, K. Fung, Y. Zheng, S.M. Lee and Y. Wang . Anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effect of Smilax glabra Roxb. extract on hepatoma cell lines. Chem.-Biol. Interact. 171: 1–14, 2008. Crossref, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar
Samarakoon, S.R., I. Thabrew, P.B. Galhena and K.H. Tennekoon . Modulation of apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2 cells) by a standardized herbal decoction of Nigella sativa seeds, Hemidesmus indicus roots and Smilax glabra rhizomes with anti–hepatocarcinogenic effects. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 12: 25, 2012. Crossref, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar
Samarakoon, S.R., I. Thabrew, P.B. Galhena, D. De Silva and K.H. Tennekoon . A comparison of the cytotoxic potential of standardized aqueous and ethanolic extracts of a polyherbal mixture comprised of Nigella sativa (seeds), Hemidesmus indicus (roots) and Smilax glabra (rhizome). Pharmacognosy Res. 2: 335–342, 2010. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
Sang, H., J. Gu, J. Yuan, M. Zhang, X. Jia and L. Feng . The protective effect of Smilax glabra extract on advanced glycation end products-induced endothelial dysfunction in HUVECs via RAGE-ERK1/2-NF- $κ$ $κ$ B pathway. J. Ethnopharmacol. 155: 785–795, 2014. Crossref, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar
Shao, J., P. Wang, A. Liu, X. Du, J. Bai and M. Chen . Punicalagin prevents hypoxic pulmonary hypertension via anti-oxidant effects in rats. Am. J. Chin. Med. 44: 785–801, 2016. Link, Web of Science, Google Scholar
She, T., C. Zhao, J. Feng, L. Wang, L. Qu, K. Fang, S. Cai and C. Shou . Sarsaparilla (Smilax Glabra rhizome) extract inhibits migration and invasion of cancer cells by suppressing TGF- $β$ $β$ 1 pathway. Plos One 10: e118287, 2015a. Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
She, T., L. Qu, L. Wang, X. Yang, S. Xu, J. Feng, Y. Gao, C. Zhao, Y. Han, S. Cai and C. Shou . Sarsaparilla (Smilax Glabra rhizome) extract inhibits cancer cell growth by S phase arrest, apoptosis, and autophagy via redox-dependent ERK1/2 pathway. Cancer Prev. Res. 8: 464–474, 2015b. Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
Shou, Q., S. Pan, J. Tu, J. Jiang, Y. Ling, Y. Cai, M. Chen and D. Wang . Modulation effect of Smilax glabra flavonoids on ryanodine receptor mediated intracellular Ca2 $+$ $+$ release in cardiomyoblast cells. J. Ethnopharmacol. 150: 389–392, 2013. Crossref, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar
Silvia, B., L. Barenghi and V. Alessandro . Cardiovascular protective effects of resveratrol. Cardiovas. Drug. Rev. 22: 169–188, 2004. Crossref, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar
Singh, A.E. and B. Romanowski . Syphilis: Review with emphasis on clinical, epidemiologic, and some biologic features. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 12: 187–209, 1999. Crossref, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar
Su, H. and Y. Liu . Determination of yam in Rhizoma smilacis glabrae, by HPLC. J. Liaoning Univ. TCM 10: 159–160, 2008. Google Scholar
Tewtrakul, S., A. Itharat and P. Rattanasuwan . Anti-HIV-1 protease- and HIV-1 integrase activities of Thai medicinal plants known as Hua-Khao-Yen. J. Ethnopharmacol. 105: 312–315, 2006. Crossref, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar
Thabrew, M.I., R.R. Mitry, M.A. Morsy and R.D. Hughes . Cytotoxic effects of a decoction of Nigella sativa, Hemidesmus indicus and Smilax glabra on human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Life Sci. 77: 1319–1330, 2005. Crossref, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar
Wang, J., Y. Zhao and Q. Xu . Astilbin prevents concanavalin A-induced liver injury by reducing TNF- $α$ $α$ production and T lymphocyte adhesion. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 56: 495–502, 2004. Crossref, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar
Wang, Q. Smilax glabra treatment of 30 cases of syphilis. Lishizhen Med. Mater. Med. Res. 9: 822–823, 2001. Google Scholar
Willy, S., R. N. Jadhav, M. Pimpliskar and V. Vaidya . Evalution of acute toxicity effect of Smilax Glabra extract on white albino rats. J. Adv. Sci. Res. 2: 45–47, 2015a. Google Scholar
Willy, S., R. N. Jadhav, M. Pimpliskar and V. Vaidya . Study of bactericidal potency of Smilax glabra rhizome. Int. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem. Res. 1: 117–118, 2015b. Google Scholar
Wu, B., Y. Ma, J. Yuan and Q. Sun . Isolation and identification of chemical constituents from Smilax glabra Roxb. J. Shenyang Pharm. Univ. 2: 116–119, 2010. Google Scholar
Xia, D., X. Yu, S. Liao, Q. Shao, H. Mou and W. Ma . Protective effect of Smilax glabra extract against lead-induced oxidative stress in rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 130: 414–420, 2010. Crossref, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar
Xia, D., Y. Fan, P. Zhang, Y. Fu, M. Ju and X. Zhang . Protective effects of the flavonoid-rich fraction from rhizomes of Smilax glabra Roxb. on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. J. Membrane Biol. 246: 479–485, 2013. Crossref, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar
Xie, X. and H. Zheng . Smilax glabra treatment for syphilis serum resistance clinical observation on 21 cases. Pract. J. Integring. Chin. Modern Med. 14: 36–37, 2014. Google Scholar
Xu, Q., F. Wu, J. Cao, T. Chen, J. Jiang, I. Saiki and A. Koda . Astilbin selectively induces dysfunction of liver-infiltrating cells-novel protection from liver damage. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 377: 93–100, 1999. Crossref, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar
Xu, S., M. Shang, G. Liu, F. Xu, X. Wang, C. Shou and S. Cai . Chemical constituents from the rhizomes of Smilax glabra and their antimicrobial activity. Molecules 18: 5265–5287, 2013. Crossref, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar
Yan, R. and Q. Xu . Astilbin selectively facilitates the apoptosis of interleukin-2-dependent phytohemagglutinin-activated jurkat cells. Pharmacol. Res. 44: 135–139, 2001. Crossref, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar
Yang, T., W. Wang and S. Li . Advance progress of astilbin. Clin. J. TCM 29: 1019–1024, 2015. Google Scholar
Yi, H., X. Lu, F. Fang, J. Wang and Q. Xu . Astilbin inhibits the adhesion of T lymphocytes via decreasing TNF- $α$ $α$ and its associated MMP-9 activity and CD44 expression. Int. Immunopharmacol. 8: 1467–1474, 2008. Crossref, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar
Yi, Y., Z. Cao, D. Yang, Y. Cao, Y. Wu and S. Zhao . Studies on the chemical constituents of Smilax glabra (IV). Acta Pharm. Sinica 33: 74–76, 1998a. Google Scholar
Yi, Y., Z. Cao, D. Yang, Y. Cao, Y. Wu and S. Zhao . A new isoflavone from Smilax glabra. Molecules 3: 145–147, 1998b. Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
Yi, Y., Z. Cao, W. Yang, W. Hong, Y. Cao and Z. Leng . Chemical studies of Smilax glabra (III): Isolation and identification of smiglanin from Smilax glabra. Acta Pharm. Sinica 30: 718–720, 1995. Google Scholar
Yu, S.J., R. Jiang, Y.Z. Mazzu, C.B. Wei, Z.L. Sun, Y.Z. Zhang, L.D. Zhou and Q.H. Zhang . Epigallocatechin-3-gallate prevents triptolide-induced hepatic injury by restoring the Th17/Treg balance in mice. Am. J. Chin. Med. 44: 1221–1236, 2016. Link, Web of Science, Google Scholar
Yuan, J. Studies on the constituents of Smilax glabra Roxb. and Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr. Ph.D. thesis, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, China, 2005. Google Scholar
Yuan, J., D. Dou, Y. Chen, W. Li, K. Kazuo, N. Tamotsu and X. Yao . Phenolic glycosides from rhizome of Smilax glabra. Chin. Tradit. Herbal. Drugs 35: 12–14, 2004a. Google Scholar
Yuan, J., D. Dou, Y. Chen, W. Li, K. Kazuo, N. Tamotsu and X. Yao . Studies on dihydroflavonol glycosides from rhizome of Smilax glabra. China J. Chin. Mater. Med. 29: 867–870, 2004b. Google Scholar
Yuan, J., L. Wu, Y. Chen, W. Li, K. Kazuo and N. Tamotsu . Isolation, identification of the chemical constituents from Smilax glabra Roxb. Chin. J. Med. Chem. 14: 291–293, 297, 2004c. Google Scholar
Zhang, J., L. Li, S. Tang, Y. Zhang, M. Markiewski, C. Xing, C. Jiang and J. Lu . Pyranocoumarin tissue distribution, plasma metabolome and prostate transcriptome impacts of sub-chronic exposure to Korean Angelica supplement in mice. Am. J. Chin. Med. 44: 321–353, 2016. Link, Web of Science, Google Scholar
Zhang, M., H. Li, Y. Yi, Y. Yi, Y. Li and H. Yu . Studies on the chemical constituents of Smilax glabra. J. Chin. Mater. Med. 18: 194–196, 1995. Google Scholar
Zhang, Q., Z. Zhang and H. Cheung . Antioxidant activity of rhizoma smilacis glabrae extracts and its key constituent-astilbin. Food Chem. 115: 297–303, 2009. Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
Zhang, X., Q. Wu and S. Yang . Ferulic acid promoting apoptosis in human osteosarcoma cell lines. Pak. J. Med. Sci. 33: 127, 2017. Crossref, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar
Zhang, Y., L. Zhang, Y. Qi, T. Li and L. Hao . Determination of the contents of inorganic element in Smilax Glabra. J. Taishan Med. Colg. 24: 376–377, 2003. Google Scholar
Zhu, M., J. Li, H. Zhang, Y. Liu and W. Sun . Effect of compound rhizoma smilacis glabrae granules on inflammatory factors and mi-RNA in synovial cells of rats. J. Guangzhou Univ. TCM 31: 578–581, 2014. Google Scholar