Medicinal Inula Species: Phytochemistry, Biosynthesis, and Bioactivities

References

• Aboul Ela, M.A., A.M. El-Lakany, S.M. Shams-El-Din and H.M. Hammoda . Phytochemical and antimicrobial investigation of Inula crithmoides L.. Alex. J. Pharm. Sci. 25: 37–40, 2011. Google Scholar
• Am, S., G. A, P. Dc and S. Am . The genus Inula and their metabolites: From ethnopharmacological to medicinal uses. J. Ethnopharmacol. 154: 286–310, 2014. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Andolfi, A., N. Zermane, A. Cimmino, F. Avolio, A. Boari, M. Vurro and A. Evidente . Inuloxins A-D, phytotoxic bi-and tri-cyclic sesquiterpene lactones produced by Inula viscosa: Potential for broomrapes and field dodder management. Phytochemistry 86: 112–120, 2013. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Bai, L., Q. Liu, Y. Cen, J. Huang, X. Zhang, S. Guo, L. Zhang, T. Guo, C.T. Ho and N. Bai . A new sesquiterpene lactone glucoside and other constituents from Inula salsoloides with insecticidal activities on striped flea beetle (Phyllotreta striolata Fabricius). Nat. Prod. Res. 32: 552–557, 2018. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Berk, S., B. Tepe and S. Arslan . Screening of the antioxidant, antimicrobial and DNA damage protection potentials of the aqueous extract of Inula oculus-christi. Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 5: 1695–1702, 2011. ISI, Google Scholar
• Cai, Y.S., Z. Wu, J.R. Wang, X.Q. Zheng, J. Xu, G. Qiu and J. Yu . Spiroalanfurantones A–D, four eudesmanolide–furan sesquiterpene adducts with a pentacyclic 6/6/5/5/5 skeleton from Inula helenium. Org. Lett. 21: 9478–9482, 2019. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Cai, Y.S., Z. Wu, X.Q. Zheng, C. Wang, J.R. Wang, X.X. Zhang, G.F. Qiu, K.K. Zhu, S.G. Cao and J.Q. Yu . Spiroalanpyrroids A and B, sesquiterpene alkaloids with a unique spiro-eudesmanolide–pyrrolizidine skeleton from Inula helenium. Org. Chem. Front. 7: 303–309, 2020. Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
• Chang, K.P. and D.M. Dwyer . Multiplication of a human parasite (Leishmania donovani) in phagolysosomes of hamster macrophages in vitro. Science 193: 678–680, 1976. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Chen, L., J.P. Zhang, X. Liu, J.J. Tang, P. Xiang and X.M. Ma . Semisynthesis, an Anti-Inflammatory effect of derivatives of 1beta-hydroxy alantolactone from Inula britannica. Molecules 22: 2017, 1835. Google Scholar
• Chen, L.P., G.Z. Wu, H.Y. Dong, N. Yang, W.D. Zhang and H.L. Li . Lineariifolianoids I–L, four rare sesquiterpene lactone dimers inhibiting NO production from Inula lineariifolia. RSC Adv. 6: 103296–103298, 2016. Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
• Chen, X., S.A. Tang, E. Lee, Y.L. Qiu, R. Wang, H.Q. Duan, S. Dan, M.H. Jin and D.X. Kong . IVSE, isolated from Inula japonica, suppresses LPS-induced NO production via NF-$\kappa$B and MAPK inactivation in RAW264.7 cells. Life Sci. 124: 8–15, 2015. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Cheng, X., Q. Zeng, J. Ren, J. Qin, S. Zhang, Y. Shen, J. Zhu, F. Zhang, R. Chang, Y. Zhu, W. Zhang and H. Jin . Sesquiterpene lactones from Inula falconeri, a plant endemic to the Himalayas, as potential anti-inflammatory agents. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 46: 5408–5415, 2011. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Cheng, X.R., R. Jie, C.H. Wang, B. Guan, H.Z. Jin and W.D. Zhang . Chemical constituents from Inula wissmanniana. Chem. Nat. Compd. 49: 815–818, 2013a. Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
• Cheng, X.R., W.W. Li, J. Ren, Q. Zeng, S.D. Zhang, Y.H. Shen, S.K. Yan, J. Ye, H.Z. Jin and W.D. Zhang . Sesquiterpene lactones from Inula hookeri. Planta Med. 78: 465–471, 2012. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Cheng, X.R., J. Ren, C.H. Wang, B. Guan, J.J. Qin, S.K. Yan, H.Z. Jin and W.D. Zhang . Hookerolides A–D, the first naturally occurring C${}_{17}$-pseudoguaianolides from Inula hookeri. Tetrahedron Lett. 54: 1943–1946, 2013b. Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
• Cheng, X.R., W.H. Shao, S.D. Zhang, G.W. Wang, L. Shan, Y.H. Shen, Q.Y. Sun, H.Z. Jin and W.D. Zhang . Winolides A–C, bioactive sesquiterpene lactones with unusual 5,6-secoeudesmane frameworks from Inula wissmanniana. RSC Adv. 4: 2014, 33815–33818. ISI, Google Scholar
• Cheng, X.R., C.H. Wang, P.L. Wei, X.F. Zhang, Q. Zeng, S.K. Yan, H.Z. Jin and W.D. Zhang . New sesquiterpenic acids from Inula wissmanniana. Fitoterapia 95: 139–146, 2014. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Cheng, X.R., S.D. Zhang, C.H. Wang, J. Ren, J.J. Qin, X. Tang, Y.H. Shen, S.K. Yan, H.Z. Jin and W.D. Zhang . Bioactive eudesmane and germacrane derivatives from Inula wissmanniana Hand.-Mazz. Phytochemistry 96: 214–222, 2013. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Ding, Y., W. Pan, J. Xu, T. Wang, T. Chen, Z. Liu, C. Xie and Q. Zhang . Sesquiterpenoids from the roots of Inula helenium inhibit acute myelogenous leukemia progenitor cells. Bioorg. Chem. 86: 363–367, 2019. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Deng , S. Jian, X. Ren, Q. Song, X. Ye, L. Zou, G. , Chemical constituents from Inula japonica Thunb. Chin. JMAP 28: 330–334, 2011. Google Scholar
• Dong, M., T. Hiwasa, B. Cong, Q.W. Shi, S.M. Wang, K. Kita, S. Sugaya and N. Suzuki . Protein kinase C$\alpha$-mediated cytotoxic activity of ineupatorolide B from Inula cappa DC. in HeLa cells. Int. J. Oncol. 47: 1839–1844, 2015. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Dong, Y.Q., T. Stewart, L.D. Bai, X. Li, T. Xu, J. Iliff, M. Shi, D.F. Zheng, L. Yuan, T.T. Wei, X.D. Yang and J. Zhang . Coniferaldehyde attenuates Alzheimer’s pathology activation of Nrf2 and its targets. Theranostics 10: 179–200, 2020. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Ela, M.a.A., A.M. El-Lakany, M.S. Abdel-Kader, S.I. Alqasoumi, S.M. Shams-El-Din and H.M. Hammoda . New quinic acid derivatives from hepatoprotective Inula crithmoides root extract. Helv. Chim. Acta 95: 61–66, 2012. Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
• Evidente, M., E. Santoro, A.G. Petrovic, A. Cimmino, J. Koshoubu, A. Evidente, N. Berova and S. Superchi . Absolute configurations of phytotoxic inuloxins B and C based on experimental and computational analysis of chiroptical properties. Phytochemistry 130: 328–334, 2016. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Fischedick, J.T., M. Pesic, A. Podolski-Renic, J. Bankovic, R.C.H. De Vos, M. Perić, S. Todorović and N. Tanic . Cytotoxic activity of sesquiterpene lactones from Inula britannica on human cancer cell lines. Phytochem. Lett. 6: 246–252, 2013. Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
• Garayev, E., G. Herbette, C. Di Giorgio, P. Chiffolleau, D. Roux, H. Sallanon, E. Ollivier, R. Elias and B. Baghdikian . New sesquiterpene acid and inositol derivatives from Inula montana L. Fitoterapia 120: 79–84, 2017. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Garayev, E., G. Herbette, F. Mabrouki, P. Chiffolleau, D. Roux, E. Ollivier, R. Elias and B. Baghdikian . Chemical constituents of Inula montana flowers and leaves. Chem. Nat. Compd. 54: 755–756, 2018. Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
• Gohari, A.R., M. Mosaddegh, F. Naghibi, B. Eslami-Tehrani, A. Pirani, M. Hamzeloo-Moghadam and R.W. Read . Cytotoxic sesquiterpene lactones from the aerial parts of Inula aucheriana. An. Acad. Bras. Sci. 87: 777–785, 2015. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Gokbulut, A., M. Kaiser, R. Brun, E. Sarer and T.J. Schmidt . 9$\beta$-hydroxyparthenolide esters from Inula montbretiana and their antiprotozoal activity. Planta Med. 78: 225–229, 2012. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Gong, H.Q., Q.X. Wu, L.L. Liu, J.L. Yang, R. Wang and Y.P. Shi . Sesquiterpenoids from the Aerial Parts of Inula japonica. Helv. Chim. Acta 94: 1269–1276, 2011. Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
• He, Y., X. Cao, Y. Kong, S. Wang, Y. Xia, R. Bi and J. Liu . Apoptosis-promoting and migration-suppressing effect of alantolactone on gastric cancer cell lines BGC-823 and SGC-7901 via regulating p38MAPK and NF-$\kappa$B pathways. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 38: 1132–1144, 2019. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Hu, X.J., H.Z. Jin, X.H. Liu and W.D. Zhang . Two new sesquiterpenes from Inula salsoloides and their inhibitory activities against NO production. Helv. Chim. Acta 94: 306–312, 2011. Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
• Huo, Y., H. Shi, W. Li, M. Wang and X. Li . HPLC determination and NMR structural elucidation of sesquiterpene lactones in Inula helenium. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 51: 942–946, 2010. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Jiang, H.L., J. Chen, X.J. Jin, J.L. Yang, Y. Li, X.J. Yao and Q.X. Wu . Sesquiterpenoids, alantolactone analogues, and seco-guaiene from the roots of Inula helenium. Tetrahedron 67: 9193–9198, 2011. Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
• Jin, Q., J.W. Lee, H. Jang, J.E. Choi, D. Lee, J.T. Hong, Y. Kim, M.K. Lee and B.Y. Hwang . Sesquiterpenes from Inula japonica with inhibitory effects on nitric oxide production in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. J. Nat. Prod. 79: 1548–1553, 2016. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Jin, Q., J.W. Lee, H. Jang, H.L. Lee, J.G. Kim, W. Wu, D. Lee, E.H. Kim, Y. Kim, J.T. Hong, M.K. Lee and B.Y. Hwang . Dimeric and trimeric sesquiterpenes from the flower of Inula japonica. Phytochemistry 155: 107–113, 2018. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Kajaria, D., J.S. Tripathi, S.K. Tiwari and B.L. Pandey . Anti-histaminic, mast cell stabilizing and bronchodilator effect of hydroalcoholic extract of polyherbal compound bharangyadi. Anc. Sci. Life 31: 95–100, 2012. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
• Khan, M., S.R. Mir, A. Ali, M. Yusuf and M. Ali. Aliphatic and eudesmalolide esters extracted from the roots of Inula racemosa Hook. Pharmacogn. Mag. 10: 40–46, 2014. Google Scholar
• Kim, K.J., E.S. Hwang, M.J. Kim, J.H. Park and D.O. Kim . Pinus densiflora. Antihypertensive effects of polyphenolic extract from korean red pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.) Bark in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) 9: 2020, 333. Google Scholar
• Klochkov, S.G., S.A. Pukhov, S.V. Afanas’eva, L.V. Anikina and A.B. Ermatova . Amination products of Inula britannica lactones and their antitumor activity. Chem. Nat. Compd. 51: 435–443, 2015. Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
• Kupchan, S.M., M.A. Eakin and A.M. Thomas . Tumor inhibitors. 69. Structure-cytotoxicity relationships among the sesquiterpene lactones. J. Med. Chem. 14: 1147–1152, 1971. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Lin, G.C., S. Gao, J.L. Cheng, Y.H. Li, L. Shan and Z.L. Hu . 1$\beta$-Hydroxyalantolactone, a sesquiterpene lactone from Inula japonica, attenuates atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions induced by 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene in the mouse. Pharm. Biol. 54: 516–522, 2016. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Liu, F., B. Dong, X. Yang, Y. Yang, J. Zhang, D.Q. Jin, Y. Ohizumi, D. Lee, J. Xu and Y. Guo . NO inhibitors function as potential anti-neuroinflammatory agents for AD from the flowers of Inula japonica. Bioorg. Chem. 77: 168–175, 2018. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Lv, Q.H., X. Chu, X.Y. Yao, K.L. Ma, Y. Zhang and X.M. Deng . Inhibition of the type III secretion system by syringaldehyde protects mice from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. J. Cell. Mol. Med. 23: 4679–4688, 2019. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Ma, Y.Y., D.G. Zhao and K. Gao . Structural investigation and biological activity of sesquiterpene lactones from the traditional Chinese herb Inula racemosa. J. Nat. Prod. 76: 564–570, 2013a. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Ma, Y.Y., D.G. Zhao, Y. Zhai, Y. Li and K. Gao . Trinorsesquiterpenoids from Inula racemosa. Phytochem. Lett. 6: 645–648, 2013b. Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
• Malash, B.N., S.M. Ibrahim, A.-R.S. Ibrahim, A. Kabbash and M. El-Aasr . In vitro and in vivo hepatoprotective study of Inula crithmoides L., Pluchea dioscoridis (L.) Desf. and Phyllanthus reticulates Poir. J. Pharm. Sci. Res. 7: 987–993, 2015. Google Scholar
• Michalak, B., W. Gierlikowski, K. Bekier, K. Skalicka-Woźniak, M.E. Czerwińska and A.K. Kiss . Inula helenium and Grindelia squarrosa as a source of compounds with anti-inflammatory activity in human neutrophils and cultured human respiratory epithelium. J. Ethnopharmacol. 249: 112311, 2020. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Michalakea, E., K. Graikou, N. Aligiannis, G. Panoutsopoulos, E. Kalpoutzakis, C. Roussakis and I. Chinou . Isolation and structure elucidation of secondary metabolites of two Greek endemic Inula species. Biological activities. Phytochem. Lett. 31: 155–160, 2019. Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
• Moghadama, M.H., H.H. and S. Saeidnia . Anti-proliferative activity and apoptotic potential of britannin, a sesquiterpene lactone from Inula aucherana. Nat. Prod. Comm. 7: 979–980, 2012. Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Mohan, S. and D. Gupta . Phytochemical analysis and differential in vitro cytotoxicity assessment of root extracts of Inula racemosa. Biomed. Pharmacother. 89: 781–795, 2017. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Morais, T.R., G.a.A. Conserva, M.T. Varela, T.A. Costa-Silva, F. Thevenard, V. Ponci, A. Fortuna, A.C. Falcão, A.G. Tempone, J.P.S. Fernandes and J.H.G. Lago . Improving the drug-likeness of inspiring natural products evaluation of the antiparasitic activity against Trypanosoma cruzi through semi-synthetic and simplified analogues of licarin A. Sci. Rep. 10: 5467, 2020. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Nie, L.Y., J.J. Qin, Y. Huang, L. Yan, Y.B. Liu, Y.X. Pan, H.Z. Jin and W.D. Zhang . Sesquiterpenoids from Inula lineariifolia inhibit nitric oxide production. J. Nat. Prod. 73: 1117–1120, 2010. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Park, S.H., D.S. Kim, S. Kim, L.R. Lorz, E. Choi, H.Y. Lim, M.A. Hossain, S.G. Jang, Y.I. Choi, K.J. Park, K. Yoon, J.H. Kim and J.Y. Cho . Loliolide presents antiapoptosis and antiscratching effects in human keratinocytes. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 20: 651, 2019. Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
• Park, S.H., D.H. Lee, M.J. Kim, J.Y. Ahn, Y.J. Jang, T.Y. Ha and C.H. Jung . Inula Japonica Thunb. flower ethanol extract improves obesity and exercise endurance in mice fed a high-fat diet. Nutrients 11: 17, 2018. Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
• Peng, S.J., Y.N. Hou, J. Yao and J.G. Fang . Activation of Nrf2 by costunolide provides neuroprotective effect in PC12 cells. Food Funct. 10: 4143–4152, 2019. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Piao, D., T. Kim and H.Y. Zhang . DNA topoisomerase inhibitory activity of constituents from the flowers of Inula Japonica. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 64: 276–281, 2016. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Qin, J.J., Y. Huang, D. Wang, X.R. Cheng, Q. Zeng, S.D. Zhang, Z.L. Hu, H.Z. Jin and W.D. Zhang . Lineariifolianoids A–D, rare unsymmetrical sesquiterpenoid dimers comprised of xanthane and guaiane framework units from Inula lineariifolia. RSC Adv. 2: 1307–1309, 2012. Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
• Qin, J.J., H.Z. Jin, Y. Huang, S.D. Zhang, L. Shan, S. Voruganti, S. Nag, W. Wang, W.D. Zhang and R. Zhang . Selective cytotoxicity, inhibition of cell cycle progression, and induction of apoptosis in human breast cancer cells by sesquiterpenoids from Inula lineariifolia Turcz. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 68: 473–481, 2013. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Qin, J.J., H.Z. Jin, J.X. Zhu, J.J. Fu, X.J. Hu, X.H. Liu, Y. Zhu, S.K. Yan and W.D. Zhang . Japonicones E-L, dimeric sesquiterpene lactones from Inula japonica Thunb. Planta Med. 76: 278–283, 2010a. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Qin, J.J., H.Z. Jin, J.X. Zhu, J.J. Fu, Q. Zeng, X.R. Cheng, Y. Zhu, L. Shan, S.D. Zhang, Y.X. Pan and W.D. Zhang . New sesquiterpenes from Inula japonica Thunb. with their inhibitory activities against LPS-induced NO production in RAW264.7 macrophages. Tetrahedron 66: 9379–9388, 2010b. Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
• Qin, J.J., L.Y. Wang, J.X. Zhu, H.Z. Jin, J.J. Fu, X.F. Liu, H.L. Li and W.D. Zhang . Neojaponicone A, a bioactive sesquiterpene lactone dimer with an unprecedented carbon skeleton from Inula japonica. Chem. Commun. (Camb) 47: 1222–1224, 2011a. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Qin, J.J., J.X. Zhu, Q. Zeng, X.R. Cheng, S.D. Zhang, H.Z. Jin and W.D. Zhang . Sesquiterpene lactones from Inula hupehensis inhibit nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 macrophages. Planta Med. 78: 1002–1009, 2012. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Qin, J.J., J.X. Zhu, Q. Zeng, X.R. Cheng, Y. Zhu, S.D. Zhang, L. Shan, H.Z. Jin and W.D. Zhang . Pseudoguaianolides and guaianolides from Inula hupehensis as potential anti-inflammatory agents. J. Nat. Prod. 74: 1881–1887, 2011b. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Ram, A., S. Balachandar, P. Vijayananth and V.P. Singh . Medicinal plants useful for treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): Current status and future perspectives. Fitoterapia 82: 141–151, 2011. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Ren, J., J.J. Qin, X.R. Cheng, S.K. Yan, H.Z. Jin and W.D. Zhang . Five new sesquiterpene lactones from Inula hupehensis. Arch. Pharm. Res. 36: 1319–1325, 2013. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Schomberg, J., Z. Wang, A. Farhat, K.L. Guo, J. Xie, Z. Zhou, J. Liu, B. Kovacs and F. Liu-Smith . Luteolin inhibits melanoma growth in vitro and in vivo via regulating ECM and oncogenic pathways but not ROS. Biochem. Pharmacol. 117: 114025, 2020. Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
• Seca, A.M., D.C. Pinto and A.M. Silva . Metabolomic profile of the genus Inula. Chem. Biodivers. 12: 859–906, 2015. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Seca, A.M.L., A. Grigore, D.C.G.A. Pinto and A.M.S. Silva . The genus Inula and their metabolites: From ethnopharmacological to medicinal uses. J. Ethnopharmacol. 154: 286–310, 2014. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Shi, K.R., X.Y. Liu, G.T. Du, X.X. Cai and Y.H. Zhan . In vivo antitumour activity of Britanin against gastric cancer through nuclear factor-$\kappa$B-mediated immune response. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 72: 607–618, 2020. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Su, R.X., Z.L. Wu, Y.Y. Wang, H.L. Dong, H.Y. Dong, H.L. Li and S.M. Wang . Lineariifolianoids M-O, three rare sesquiterpene lactone dimers inhibiting NO production from Inula Lineariifolia. Fitoterapia 141: 104454, 2020. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Tang, S.-A., H. Zhu, N. Qin, J.-Y. Zhou, E. Lee, D.-X. Kong, M.-H. Jin and H.-Q. Duan . Anti-inflammatory terpenes from flowers of Inula japonica. Planta Med. 80: 583–589, 2014. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Trendafilova, A., V. Ivanova, M. Todorova and I. Aneva . New sesquiterpene lactones from Inula oculus-christi L. Phytochem. Lett. 21: 221–225, 2017. Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
• Trendafilova, A., M. Todorovaa and V. Genovaa . New pseudoguaiane derivatives from Inula aschersoniana Janka var. aschersoniana. Nat. Prod. Commun. 9: 1123–1124, 2014. Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Virdis, P., R. Migheli, G. Galleri, S. Fancello, M.P.L. Cadoni, G. Pintore, G.L. Petretto, I. Marchesi, F.P. Fiorentino, A.D. Francesco, F. Sanges, L. Bagella, M.R. Muroni, C. Fozza, M.R.D. Miglio and L. Podda . Antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects of Inula viscosa extract on Burkitt lymphoma cell line. Tumor Biol. 42: 1010428319901061, 2020. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
• Wang, C., X. Zhang, P. Wei, X. Cheng, J. Ren, S. Yan, W. Zhang and H. Jin . Chemical constituents from Inula wissmanniana and their anti-inflammatory activities. Arch. Pharm. Res. 36: 1516–1524, 2013. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Wang, C.H., P.L. Wei, S.K. Yan, H.Z. Jin and W.D. Zhang . Chemical constituents from the ethyl acetate portion of Inula wissmanniana. Nat. Prod. Res. Dev. 26: 33–37, 2014. Google Scholar
• Wang, F.Y., X.Q. Li, Q. Sun, S. Yao, C.Q. Ke, C.P. Tang, H.C. Liu, M.Y. Geng and Y. Ye . Sesquiterpene lactones from Inula cappa. Phytochem. Lett. 5: 639–642, 2012. Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
• Wang, M., L.Y. Wang, L.R. Han, X. Zhang and J. Feng, T. , The effect of carabrone on mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes in Gaeumannomyces graminis. J. Appl. Microbiol. 123: 1100–1110, 2017. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Wang, X., S.A. Tang, R. Wang, Y. Qiu, M. Jin and D. Kong . Inhibitory effects of JEUD-38, a new sesquiterpene lactone from Inula japonica Thunb, on LPS-Induced iNOS expression in RAW264.7 cells. Inflammation 38: 941–948, 2015. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Wang, Y.L., Y.J. Li, A.M. Wang, X. He, S.G. Liao and Y.Y. Lan . Two new phenolic glycosides from Inula cappa. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res. 12: 765–769, 2010. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Wei, W., J. He, H. Ruan and Y. Wang . In vitro and in vivo cytotoxic effects of chrysoeriol in human lung carcinoma are facilitated through activation of autophagy, sub-G1/G0 cell cycle arrest, cell migration and invasion inhibition and modulation of MAPK/ERK signalling pathway. J. B.U.ON. 24: 936–942, 2019. Google Scholar
• Wu, G.S., J.J. Guo, J.L. Bao, X.W. Li, X.P. Chen, J.J. Lu and Y.T. Wang . Anti-cancer properties of triterpenoids isolated from Ganoderma lucidum-a review. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs 22: 981–992, 2013. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Wu, J., C. Tang, S. Yao, L. Zhang, C. Ke, L. Feng, G. Lin and Y. Ye . Anti-inflammatory inositol derivatives from the whole plant of Inula cappa. J. Nat. Prod. 78: 2332–2338, 2015. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Wu, J.W., C.P. Tang, Y.Y. Cai, C.Q. Ke, L.G. Lin, S. Yao and Y. Ye . Cytotoxic germacrane-type sesquiterpene lactones from the whole plant of Inula cappa. Chin. Chem. Lett. 28: 927–930, 2017a. Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
• Wu, X.D., L.F. Ding, W.C. Tu, H. Yang, J. Su, L.Y. Peng, Y. Li and Q.S. Zhao . Bioactive sesquiterpenoids from the flowers of Inula japonica. Phytochemistry 129: 68–76, 2016. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Wu, X.F., H. Zhu, J.Z. Yan, M. Khan and X.Y. Yu . Santamarine inhibits NF-$\kappa$B activation and induces mitochondrial apoptosis in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells via oxidative stress. BioMed. Res. Int. 2017: 4734127, 2017b. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Wu, Y., Y. Yang, M. Dong, F. Sauriol, Q. Shi, Y. Gu and C. Huo . A new taraxastane-type triterpene from the flowers of Inula cappa. Chem. Nat. Compd. 50: 850–852, 2014. Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
• Wu, Z., Y. Shen and W. Zhang . Two new phenolic glycosides from Inula cappa DC. Nat. Prod. Res. 27: 719–722, 2013. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Xie, C., H. Wang, X. Sun, L. Meng, M. Wang, M. Bartlam and Y. Guo . Isolation, Characterization, and antiproliferative activities of eudesmanolide derivatives from the flowers of Inula japonica. J. Agric. Food Chem. 63: 9006–9011, 2015. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Xie, F., H. Zhang, C. Zheng and X.F. Shen . Costunolide improved dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute ulcerative colitis in mice through NF-$\kappa$B, STAT1/3, and Akt signaling pathways. Int. Immunopharmacol. 84: 106567, 2020. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Xu, L.W. and Y.P. Shi . Sesquiterpenoids from Inula racemosa. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res. 13: 570–574, 2011. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Xu, X.Y., P. Sun, D.A. Guo, X. Liu, J.H. Liu and L.H. Hu . Cytotoxic sesquiterpene lactone dimers isolated from Inula japonica. Fitoterapia 101: 218–223, 2015. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Yan, H., S. Haiming, G. Cheng and L. Xiaobo . Chemical constituents of the roots of Inula helenium. Chem. Nat. Compd. 48: 522–524, 2012. Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
• Yan, L., X.R. Cheng, Q. Zeng, J.J. Qin, W.D. Zhang and H.Z. Jin . Phytane and neoclerodane diterpenes from the aerial parts of Inula nervosa Wall. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 39: 700–703, 2011. Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
• Yan, L., Y. Huang, J.J. Fu, J.J. Qin, Q. Zeng, Y. Zhu, S.K. Yan, W.D. Zhang and H.Z. Jin . Three new phenylpropanoids from Inula nervosa Wall. Helv. Chim. Acta 93: 1418–1421, 2010. Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
• Yang, J.L., R. Wang, L.L. Liu and Y.P. Shi . Sesquiterpenoids from Inula britannica. Planta Med. 77: 362–367, 2011. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Yu, Z.P., J.H. Yu, J.S. Zhang, S.J. Yu and H. Zhang . Inunicosides A-K, rare polyacylated ent-kaurane diterpenoid glycosides from the flowers of Inula japonica. Tetrahedron 75: 130732, 2019a. Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
• Yu, Z.P., J.S. Zhang, Q. Zhang, S.J. Yu, Y. Zhang, J.H. Yu and H. Zhang . Bioactive sesquiterpenoids and sesquiterpenoid glucosides from the flowers of Inula japonica. Fitoterapia 138: 104292, 2019b. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Zaima, K., D. Wakana, Y. Demizu, Y. Kumeta, H. Kamakura, T. Maruyama, M. Kurihara and Y. Goda . Isoheleproline: A new amino acid-sesquiterpene adduct from Inula helenium. J. Nat. Med. 68: 432–435, 2014. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Zhang, S.D., J.J. Qin, H.Z. Jin, Y.H. Yin, H.L. Li, X.W. Yang, X. Li, L. Shan and W.D. Zhang . Sesquiterpenoids from Inula racemosa Hook. inhibit nitric oxide production. Planta Med. 78: 166–171, 2012a. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Zhang, T., T. Gong, R.Y. Chen and D.Q. Yu . Two new tri-nor-eudesmanolides from Inula racemosa. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res. 15: 368–372, 2013. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Zhang, T., T. Gong, Y. Yang, R.-Y. Chen and D.-Q. Yu . Two new eudesmanolides from Inula racemosa and their bioactivities. Phytochem. Lett. 5: 229–232, 2012b. Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
• Zhang, T., W. Xiao, T. Gong, Y. Yang, R.Y. Chen and D.Q. Yu . Two new eudesmanolides from Inula racemosa. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res. 12: 788–792, 2010. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Zhang, X.F., J.L. Du, J. Ren, F.M. Ye, Y.G. Xie, X.R. Cheng, S.K. Yan and H.Z. Jin . Three new sesquiterpene lactones from Inula britannica. Arch. Pharm. Res. 38: 666–672, 2015a. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Zhang, X.F., J. Ren, X.R. Cheng, H.Z. Jin and W.D. Zhang . One new unusual sesterterpenoid and four new sesquiterpene dimers from Inula britannica. RSC Adv. 5: 1979–1982, 2015b. Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
• Zhao, J., Y. Li, Q. Liu and K. Gao . Antimicrobial activities of some thymol derivatives from the roots of Inula hupehensis. Food Chem. 120: 512–516, 2010. Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
• Zhao, W.Y., J.J. Yan, T.T. Liu, J. Gao, H.L. Huang, C.P. Sun, X.K. Huo, S. Deng, B.J. Zhang and X.C. Ma . Natural sesquiterpenoid oligomers: A chemical perspective. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 203: 112622, 2020. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Zhao, Y., S.X. Huang, L.B. Yang, J.X. Pu, W.L. Xiao, L.M. Li, C. Lei, Z.Y. Weng, Q.B. Han and H.D. Sun . Cytotoxic ent-kaurane diterpenoids from Isodon henryi. Planta Med. 75: 65–69, 2009. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Zhao, Y.M., J.R. Wang and Q.W. Shi . Chemical constituents of Inula helenium. Chem. Nat. Compd. 49: 1121–1122, 2014. Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
• Zhao, Y.M., Y.J. Wang, M. Dong, M.L. Zhang, C.H. Huo, Y.C. Gu and Q.W. Shi . Two new eudesmanes from Inula helenium. Chem. Nat. Compd. 46: 373–376, 2010. Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
• Zheng, Z.Q., W.J. Wei, J. Zhang, H.Y. Li, K. Xu, J. Xu, B. Tang, Y. Li and K. Gao . Heliaquanoids A-E, five sesquiterpenoid dimers from Inula helianthus-aquatica. J. Org. Chem. 84: 4473–4477, 2019. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Zhu, J.X., J.J. Qin, H.Z. Jin and W.D. Zhang . Japonicones Q-T, four new dimeric sesquiterpene lactones from Inula japonica Thunb. Fitoterapia 84: 40–46, 2013. Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar
• Zhu, J.X., J.J. Qin, H.R. Wang, Y. Zhu, W.D. Zhang and H.Z. Jin . Monoterpenes and other chemical constituents from the aerial parts of Inula japonica. Chem. Nat. Compd. 47: 303–305, 2011. Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
• Zhu, S., Y. Xiao, G. Wu, Y. Xie, I. Muhammad, Y. Sun, S.-K. Yan and H.-Z. Jin . Chemical constituents of Inula pterocaula. Chem. Nat. Compd. 55: 1135–1137, 2019a. Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
• Zhu, S.L., C.L. Huang, Y.Z. Xiao, Y.G. Xie, G.J. Wu, W.D. Zhang, Y. Zhang, D.J. Chen and H.Z. Jin . Pterocaullins A-D, four sesquiterpene lactones from Inula pterocaula. Phytochem. Lett. 33: 70–76, 2019b. Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar