Superconductivity and surface structures in iron-doped bulk compound Bi₂Sr₂Ca₂(Cu${}_{0.99}$Fe${}_{0.01}$)₃O${}_{10+\mathit{\delta }}$

Nowadays, researchers are extremely fascinated with the study of the doping effects of nanostructures of different materials, sizes and concentrations in high $T_c$ superconductors. This paper presents the presence of nanorods (N) structures, which have not previously been observed in the bulk HTSCs materials, and the influence of Iron doping in Bi-2223 superconductor using composition Bi₂Sr₂Ca${}_{n-1}$(Cu${}_{1-x}$Fe_x)_nO${}_{10+\delta }$, ($n=3$) for ($x=0.00$ and 0.01). The composition is prepared through a solid state route (SSR). The obtained samples are characterized with XRD, FESEM with EDX, HR-TEM and FTIR, and categorized into two samples ($\alpha$) and ($\beta$) Bi₂Sr₂Ca₂Cu₃O${}_{10+\delta }$, and Bi₂Sr₂Ca₂(Cu${}_{0.99}$Fe${}_{0.01}$)₃O${}_{10+\delta }$, respectively, which show Lattice dimensions $a=5.3912$Å, $b=5.4075$Å, $c=6.7961$Å and $a=5.4031$Å, $b=5.4170$Å, $c=36.7944$Å with Orthorhombic crystal structure, respectively. The FE-SEM micrographs show plate-like layered structures and (N) in the samples, which are uniformly distributed. The obtained size of crystallite nanoparticles is 2nm–100nm, calculated by the Scherrer method, and verified with HR-TEM data. The HR-TEM study also confirmed the layered form in the orthorhombic phase. The FESEM-EDX energy peaks in the spectrum confirm the presence of the elements in both samples ($\alpha$) and ($\beta$). The HRTEM-EDX confirms the extant iron in the sample in the form of (N). The FTIR bond stretching 1630.89cm${}^{-1}$ and 1629.657cm${}^{-1}$ of the samples ($\alpha$) and ($\beta$), respectively, confirms the superconductor bismuth-based 2223 phase, respectively. The electrical resistivity study of ($\alpha$) and ($\beta$) samples shows the critical temperature ($T_c$) of 63.083K and 22.8195K, respectively. The onset temperature for both samples is measured at 115.1785K and 68.314K, which represent the Bi-2223 phase. The magnetoresistance is obtained at low temperatures by a physical properties measurement system (PPMS) and with the increasing order of applied magnetic field from 0 to 12 Tesla, an increase in the resistivity in the pure sample ($\alpha$) and also a decrease in transition temperature are observed. These results are as similar to those obtained in the Bi-2223 Superconductor. The results show the growth of nanoparticles in the iron-doped Bisco superconductors.