Research PaperNo Access

Design and Implementation of Electronically Controllable Sinusoidal Oscillators Using Commercially Available Current-Feedback Operational Amplifiers with Externally Accessible Compensation Node z

Department of Electronics, Technical University of Sofia, 8 Kl. Ohridski Blvd, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria

https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218126624502529Cited by:0 (Source: Crossref)

Abstract

This paper presents the structure and operational principles of high-frequency electronically controllable sinusoidal oscillators employing current-feedback operational amplifiers (CFOAs) with externally accessible compensation node $z$ $z$ as active components. The resonant circuits in the oscillators are connected to the terminal $z$ $z$ , and for them in the selective network varactor diodes or varicaps as the variable capacitances are utilized, which are controlled by external DC voltage. Based on an analysis of the proposed circuit configurations, analytical expressions for the characteristic equation in a steady-state mode of operation and formulas for the basic electrical parameters have been obtained. In order to verify the functionality of the proposed electronic circuits and the effectiveness of the derived analytical expressions, an experimental and simulation study of sample electronic circuits with commercially available integrated circuit CFOAs AD844 in the frequency range up to about 10MHz is performed. The obtained results for the studied electronic circuits confirm the theoretical studies and hypotheses, and the comparative analysis shows that the maximum value for the relative error does not exceed 10%, which is acceptable considering the tolerances of the technological parameters of the used passive and active elements.

This paper was recommended by Regional Editor Giuseppe Ferri.

Keywords:

References

1. J. B. Oakes , Analysis of junction transistor audio oscillator circuits, Proc. IRE 42 (1954) 1235–1238, https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1954.274790 Crossref, Google Scholar
2. M. Seifart , Signalgeneratoren, Analoge Schaltungen, 6 Auflage (Verlag Technik, Berlin, Germany, 2003), pp. 460–484 (in German). Google Scholar
3. A. Sedra, K. Smith, T. Carusone and V. Gaudet , Oscillators, Microelectronic Circuits, 8th edn. (Oxford University Press, New York, NY, USA, 2020), pp. 1066–1107. Google Scholar
4. Y.-H. Yun, T.-Y. J. Kao and K. O. Kenneth , Variable inductors in CMOS for millimeter-wave applications, IEEE Electron Device Lett. 33 (2012) 1081–1083, https://doi.org/10.1109/LED.2012.2196966 Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
5. C.-W. Lim, H.-Y. Noh and T.-Y. Yun , Small VCO-gain variation adding a bias-shifted inversion-mode MOS varactor, IEEE Microw. Wirel. Compon. Lett. 27 (2017) 395–397, https://doi.org/10.1109/LMWC.2017.2678431 Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
6. J. Prinzie, J. Christiansen, P. Moreira, M. Steyaert and P. Leroux , A 2.56-GHz SEU radiation hard LC-tank VCO for high-speed communication links in 65-nm CMOS technology, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 65 (2018) 407–412, https://doi.org/10.1109/ TNS.2017.2764501 Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
7. J. Prinzie and V. De Smedt , Time-dependent single-event effects in CMOS LC-oscillators, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 66 (2019) 2048–2054, https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS. 2019.2930414 Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
8. X. Gui, R. Tang, Y. Zhang, D. Li and L. Geng , A voltage-controlled ring oscillator with VCO-gain variation compensation, IEEE Microw. Wirel. Compon. Lett. 30 (2020) 288–291, https://doi.org/10.1109/LMWC.2020.2967391 Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
9. S. Franco , Analytical foundations of current-feedback amplifiers, 1993 IEEE Int. Symp. Circuits and Systems (ISCAS) (IEEE, 1993), pp. 1050–1053, https://doi.org/10.1109/ISCAS.1993.393914 Crossref, Google Scholar
10. W. Jung , Op Amp basics, Op Amp Applications (Analog Devices, Norwood, MA, 2004), pp. 1-1–1-126. Google Scholar
11. R. Senani, D. R. Bhaskar, A. K. Singh and V. K. Singh , CFOAs: Merits, demerits, basic circuits and available varieties, Current Feedback Operational Amplifiers and Their Applications, 1st edn. (Springer, New York, NY, USA, 2013), pp. 25–48. Crossref, Google Scholar
12. H. Barthélemy, V. Gies, S. Meillère, R. Vauché, E. Kussener and M. Fourniol , CMOS voltage and current feedback opamps: A comparison between two similar topologies, Int. J. Electron. Lett. 9 (2021) 187–202, https://doi.org/10.1080/21681724.2020.1717004 Crossref, Google Scholar
13. K. Mathur, P. Venkateswaran and R. Nandi , A linear voltage controlled quadrature oscillator implementation using VCII, IEICE Electron. Express 19 (2022) 1–4, https://doi.org/10.1587/elex.19.20220112 Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
14. S. S. Boraha, A. Singh, M. Ghosh and A. Ranjan , Electronically tunable higher-order quadrature oscillator employing CDBA, Microelectron. J. 108 (2021) 1–18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mejo.2020.104985 Google Scholar
15. R. Nandi, K. Mathur and P. Venkateswaran , Electronically tunable immittances with applications to LP, BP, HP filter and VCO implementation, Int. J. Electron. Lett. 9 (2021) 65–75, https://doi.org/10.1080/21681724.2019.1672800 Crossref, Google Scholar
16. A. Kumar, A. Kushwaha and S. K. Paul , Electronically tunable mixed mode quadrature oscillator using DX-MOCCII, J. Circuits Syst. Comput. 30 (2021) 2150006, https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218126621500067 Link, Web of Science, Google Scholar
17. M. Kumengern and F. Khate , Current mode universal filter and quadrature oscillator using current controlled current follower transconductance amplifier, Analog Integr. Circuits Signal Process. 100 (2019) 235–248, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10470-018-1345-8 Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
18. I. Pandiev , Analytical synthesis and implementation of low-frequency precision electronically controlled CFOA-based quadrature oscillator, Eng. Sci. LVII (2020) 34–49, https://doi.org/10.7546/EngSci.LVII.20.01.03 Crossref, Google Scholar
19. I. Pandiev , Voltage-controlled oscillators using CFOAs with correction terminal Z, Int. J. Electron. (2023), https://doi.org/10.1080/00207217.2023.2248569 Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
20. J. Bayard and M. Ayachi , OTA- or CFOA-based LC sinusoidal oscillators analysis of the magnitude stabilization phenomenon, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I, Fundam. Theory Appl. 49 (2002) 1231–1236, https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2002.801246 Crossref, Google Scholar
21. M. T. Abuelma’atti and N. R. Almutairi , A new electronic interface for inductive sensors, 2015 10th Asian Control Conf. (ASCC) (IEEE, 2015), pp. 1–4, https://doi.org/10.1109/ASCC.2015.7244587 Crossref, Google Scholar
22. I. M. Pandiev , Analysis and design of LC amplifiers and LC oscillators using current-feedback amplifiers, Int. J. Electron. 93 (2006) 663–677, https://doi.org/10.1080/ 00207210600645812 Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
23. U. Tietze, C. Schenk and E. Gamm , Signal generators, Electronic Circuits, 2nd edn. (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2008), pp. 843–866. Crossref, Google Scholar
24. A. Fabre , Dual translinear voltage/current convertor, Electron. Lett. 19 (1983) 1030–1031, https://doi.org/10.1049/el:19830698 Crossref, Google Scholar
25. L. Wangenheim , Lineare oszillatoren, Aktive Filter und Oszillatoren (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2008), pp. 335–363 (in German). Crossref, Google Scholar
26. A. Fabre, O. Saaid, F. Wiest and C. Boucheron , Current controlled bandpass filter based on translinear conveyors, Electron. Lett. 31 (1995) 1727–1728, https://doi.org/10.1049/el:19951225 Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
27. S. Farhi and S. Papazov , Steady-state operation in linear electrical circuits, Theoretical Electric Engineering, Part 1, Chap. 3, 2nd edn. (Tehnika, Sofia, Bulgaria, 1987), pp. 99–193 (in Bulgarian). Google Scholar
28. AD844 60MHz, 2000V/ $μ$ $μ$ s, Monolithic Op Amp with Quad Low Noise — Datasheet (2017), https://www.analog.com/en/products/ad844.html. Google Scholar
29. Low-voltage variable capacitance double diode BB201 — Datasheet (2022), https://www.nxp.com/part/BB201#/. Google Scholar
30. D. F. Bowers, M. Alexander and J. Buxton , A comprehensive simulation macromodel for ‘current feedback’ operational amplifiers, IEE Proc. G, Circuits Devices Syst. 137 (1990) 137–145. Crossref, Google Scholar
31. BB201 SPICE model (2022), https://www.nxp.com/products/radio-frequency/rf-discrete-components-low-power/rf-diodes/varicap-diodes/vco-and-fm-radio-tuning-/low-voltage-variable-capacitance-double-diode:BB201?fpsp=1#design-resources. Google Scholar
32. K4000005 Product — Datasheet (2022), https://www.midassensors.com/product-explorer/ultrasonic-accessories/matching-transformers/k4000005. Google Scholar
33. R. Senani, D. R. Bhaskar, V. K. Singh and R. K. Sharma , Sinusoidal oscillator realizations using modern electronic circuit building blocks, Sinusoidal Oscillators and Waveform Generators Using Modern Electronic Circuit Building Blocks, 1st edn. (Springer, New York, NY, USA, 2016), pp. 269–394. Crossref, Google Scholar