Research ArticleOpen Access

Rapid label-free SERS detection of foodborne pathogenic bacteria based on hafnium ditelluride-Au nanocomposites

SATCM Third Grade Laboratory of Chinese, Medicine and Photonics Technology & Guangdong, Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510631, P. R. China

These authors contributed equally to this work.

Search for more papers by this author

Yanxian Guo

These authors contributed equally to this work.

Search for more papers by this author

Binggang Ye

Healthy Medical Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College, Guangzhou 510520, P. R. China

Search for more papers by this author

Zhengfei Zhuang

Search for more papers by this author

Peilin Lan

Search for more papers by this author

Yue Zhang

Search for more papers by this author

Huiqing Zhong

Search for more papers by this author

Hao Liu

Search for more papers by this author

Zhouyi Guo

E-mail Address: ann@scnu.edu.cn

Corresponding authors.

Search for more papers by this author

, and

Zhiming Liu

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0879-9438

E-mail Address: liuzm021@126.com

Corresponding authors.

Search for more papers by this author

https://doi.org/10.1142/S1793545820410047Cited by:20 (Source: Crossref)

This article is part of the issue:

Special Issue on Two-Dimensional Materials and Their Biophotonic Applications
Guest Editors: Han Zhang, Meng Qiu and Wei Tao

Abstract

Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have captured an increasing attention in biophotonics owing to their excellent optical features. Herein, 2D hafnium ditelluride (HfTe $_{2})$ $_{2})$ , a new member of transition metal tellurides, is exploited to support gold nanoparticles fabricating HfTe₂-Au nanocomposites. The nanohybrids can serve as novel 2D surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate for the label-free detection of analyte with high sensitivity and reproducibility. Chemical mechanism originated from HfTe₂ nanosheets and the electromagnetic enhancement induced by the hot spots on the nanohybrids may largely contribute to the superior SERS effect of HfTe₂-Au nanocomposites. Finally, HfTe₂-Au nanocomposites are utilized for the label-free SERS analysis of foodborne pathogenic bacteria, which realize the rapid and ultrasensitive Raman test of Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella with the limit of detection of 10 CFU/mL and the maximum Raman enhancement factor up to $1.7 \times 1 0^{8}$ . Combined with principal component analysis, HfTe₂-Au-based SERS analysis also completes the bacterial classification without extra treatment.

Keywords:

1. Introduction

Bacterial foodborne disease caused by microorganism-contaminated food or water has inspired an increasing concern about food safety issues.¹ Common pathogenic bacteria include Salmonella, pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli), Listeria monocytogenes (Listeria), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), etc.² Quick and in situ detection of bacteria can help assess the bacterial infectivity of food and thus ensure food safety. At present, the gold standard for the detection of bacteria mainly relies on colony growth strategies, including bacterial enrichment culture, isolation of pathogen, biochemical and/or serological tests, which indicate the time-consuming, complicated and technique-demanding procedures.³ Therefore, it is of potential value to explore an easy, rapid but effective method for the accurate identification of bacteria.

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has proven to be a highly sensitive analytical technique that can specifically identify the molecular fingerprints of analyte.⁴ When the sample is close to or adsorbed on plasma nanostructures (Au, Ag, etc.), the Raman signals of the target analyte can be improved by several orders of magnitude compared to conventional Raman spectroscopy.^5,6,7 In recent years, SERS has also shown great promise in the field of detecting microorganisms, and different SERS methods have been reported for studying the detection of low-concentration viruses.^8,9 For example, Guo et al. developed a tape-like SERS substrate for the point-of-care test of wound infectious pathogens (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and S. aureus), which allowed the whole detection completed within 8h.¹⁰ Huang et al. integrated SERS technique with microfluidic microwell device, resulting to a rapid antibiotic susceptibility test on E. coli and S. aureus.¹¹ The electromagnetic and chemical mechanisms are the two generally accepted mechanisms for the Raman enhancement of SERS substrate. The electromagnetic mechanism (EM) is based on local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of nanostructure, while the chemical mechanism (CM) depends on the charge transfer between the substrate and the analyte. Therefore, strategies for fabrication of novel SERS substrates that can potently inspire both EM and CM may be of great value for the ultrasensitive SERS analysis of bacteria.¹²

Recently emerging two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have attracted tremendous attention for biomedical applications due to their extraordinary physicochemical properties and biocompatibility.^{13,14,15,16,17,18,19} The most prominent feature of 2D nanostructures is the ultra-large surface area which allows them as burgeoning carriers for drugs, biomolecules or nanopariticles.^20,21,22,23 2D nanomaterials also show outstanding optical features that enable the theranostic applications, such as fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging, photothermal and photodynamic therapy.^{24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33} In addition, the low cost of preparation and simplicity of functionalization facilitate the popularization of 2D nanomaterials in biomedicine.^34,35,36 More interesting, 2D nanostructures have also been proven to be the novel SERS substrates for biosensing. The first work was performed in 2010 by Ling et al., where the Raman signals of dye molecules were enhanced by several times after deposited onto graphene sheet.³⁷ Similar phenomena are also observed in black phosphorus, triclinic rhenium disulfide, hexagonal boron nitride and molybdenum disulfide, which is considered as the CM effect originating from the charge transfer between 2D nanosheet and the dye molecules.^38,39 However, the limits of detection (LODs) and Raman enhancement factors (EFs) of the above materials are too limited to be utilized for biosensing. With the subsequent development of 2D materials, more and more powerful nanostructures with better SERS activities have been discovered.^40,41,42,43 Among them, transition metal tellurides (TMTs) have exploited to be superior 2D SERS substrates as EFs induced by TMTs are several orders of magnitude higher than that induced by single elemental 2D materials.^44,45 For further SERS bioanalysis, 2D material-noble metal nanocomposites are proposed, whose SERS activities originate both from the electromagnetic enhancement of deposited metallic nanoparticles and chemical enhancement of 2D nanosheet.^46,47,48,49

Herein, we report a label-free SERS detection and discrimination of foodborne pathogenic bacteria based on a novel 2D SERS substrate consisting of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) and 2D hafnium ditelluride (HfTe₂) nanosheets (Fig. 1). The HfTe₂-Au nanocomposites are acquired by a one-pot liquid phase reduction reaction using sodium citrate as the reductant and poly-L-lysine as the stabilizer without any other chemicals or irradiation. In situ formation of Au NPs on HfTe₂ nanosheets is conducted by the reductant in the presence of positive-charged poly-L-lysine. The nanocomposites, due to the attachment of gold nanoparticles, exhibit stronger LSPR which causes a higher EM field located at the gaps of nanoparticles and leads to more abundant hot spots for generating more intense Raman signals in comparison to non-adsorbed Au NPs. HfTe₂ nanosheet also provides additional chemical enhancement to the analyte. On the basis of the combined merits, the utilization of HfTe₂-Au nanocomposites for SERS sensing of four common foodborne bacteria (E. coli, Salmonella, Listeria, and S. aureus) is carried out, which achieves a low LOD value of 10 CFU/mL and the maximum Raman EF of $1.7 \times 1 0^{8}$ .

Fig. 1. Schematic illustration of the SERS sensing of foodborne pathogenic bacteria based on HfTe₂-Au nanocomposites.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Materials

Methylene blue (MB) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Bulk HfTe₂ crystals were obtained from SixCarbon Tech Co. Ltd. (Shenzhen, China). Chloroauric acid (HAuCl $_{4} \cdot 4$ H₂O), sodium citrate and poly-L-lysine hydrobromide were obtained from China National Medicine Corporation (Shanghai, China). Ultrapure water (18.2M $Ω$ , Milli-Q System, Millipore, USA) was used in all experiments.

2.2. Preparation of HfTe₂-Au composites

HfTe₂ nanosheets were prepared by liquid stripping using probe ultrasound (600W, 8h) combined with water bath ultrasound (400W, 10h). Then, HfTe₂-Au nanocomposites were synthesized as follows: 100 $μ$ L as-obtained HfTe₂ nanosheets, 40 $μ$ L of 25mM HAuCl₄ and 200 $μ$ L of 5mM poly-L-lysine solution were dissolved into 15mL deionized water under the condition of ultrasonication for 15min, followed by heating to boiling. 100 $μ$ L of 10mM sodium citrate was dropwise added into the above solution under continually stirring for 30min. The as-prepared nanocomposites were washed three times with deionized water by centrifugation (6500 rpm, 10min).

2.3. Characterization

The morphology of HfTe₂ nanosheets and HfTe₂-Au was characterized by a 200kV transmission electron microscope (TEM, JEOL, JEM-2010HR, Japan). The height of the nanomaterials was observed by an atomic force microscope (AFM, FSM-Nanoview, Fishman, China). The ultraviolet-visible-near infrared (UV-Vis-NIR) absorbance spectra of the nanoparticles were conducted on an absorption spectrometer (UV-6100S, MAPADA, China). Raman spectra were collected using Renishaw inVia microspectrometer (Renishaw, England) under a 785nm diode laser excitation.

2.4. SERS experiments

MB was selected as probe molecules to study the SERS activities of HfTe₂-Au nanocomposites. MB at different concentrations were deposited onto the SERS substrate (on SiO₂ wafer) by spin coating, and then detected using Renishaw inVia Raman spectroscopy under the excitation of 785nm laser (spectral coverage ranges from 613cm $^{- 1}$ to 1725cm $^{- 1}$ ). The laser power was 1mW and the integrated time was 5 s. All experiments were performed independently five times. For bacterial SERS analysis, E. coli, S. aureus, Salmonella and Listeria, precultured in Luria-Bertani medium, were water-washed three times and resuspended in water at the concentrations of 10¹–10⁸ CFU/mL. After dropped onto HfTe₂-Au substrate, the Raman signals of bacteria were recorded under the Raman spectroscopy.

2.5. Electromagnetic field distribution simulations

The electromagnetic field distribution around Au NPs and HfTe₂-Au nanosheets was simulated using finite difference time domain (3D-FDTD) method. The diameter of Au NPs and the thickness of HfTe₂ nanosheets were set according to the average size measured by TEM and AFM analysis. A total-field scattered-field light source was used for light excitation from the top (+Z direction, 785nm). The structure was surrounded by perfectly matched layer (PML) boundary conditions in the XYZ direction to absorb all scattered waves. A power monitor near the nanostructure was placed to record broadband near-field enhancement results. In order to obtain high-precision results, mesh accuracy and min mesh step were set 4nm and 0.25nm, respectively. In addition, mesh gaps were set at all gaps and a mesh size of 0.5nm was used.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Characterization of nanostructures

The TEM image of HfTe₂ nanomaterials is shown in Fig. 2(a), where typical few-layered nanosheets can be observed. The high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) of HfTe₂ nanosheets shows the crystalline structure with a lattice spacing of 0.33nm (Fig. 2(b)). The EDX spectrum confirms the element content (Hf and Te) in the HfTe₂ nanosheets (Fig. 2(c)). The AFM image shows the thickness of HfTe₂ nanosheets with an average height of about 2nm (Figs. 2(d) and 2(e)). Figure 2(f) displays the TEM image of nanocomposites after in situ reduction of HAuCl₄ on 2D nanosheets. It is clearly noticed that a large number of Au NPs (higher contrast) are attached on the HfTe₂-Au nanosheets (lower contrast), and almost all nanoparticles are confined to the carriers, indicating the effective formation of HfTe₂-Au nanocomposites. The higher magnification TEM image of HfTe₂-Au nanosheets further visually shows the composite of HfTe₂ nanosheets and Au nanospheres, but the distribution and morphologies of Au NPs on HfTe₂ nanosheets are heterogeneous (Fig. 2(g)). The SAED pattern and HRTEM image (Fig. 2(h)) illustrate the crystalline structures of Au NPs in the nanocomposites. The Raman spectra of the nanostructures show the characteristic Raman peaks of HfTe₂ at 100–200cm $^{- 1}$ , indicating the presence of HfTe₂ in the nanocomposites (Fig. 3(a)). As shown in Fig. 3(b), the UV-Vis-NIR absorption spectrum of HfTe₂ nanosheets displays a decreasing optical absorption from UV to NIR region. After Au NPs deposition, a typical absorption peak around 540 nm emerges in the spectral line of HfTe₂-Au nanocomposites.

Fig. 3. (a) Raman spectra and (b) UV-Vis-NIR absorption spectra of nanomaterials.

3.2. SERS activity of HfTe₂-Au nanocomposites

We used MB as a Raman probe molecule to study the SERS performance of HfTe₂-Au nanocomposites. As shown in Fig. 4(a), the Raman signals of MB molecules are significantly enhanced by HfTe₂ nanosheets, Au NPs and HfTe₂-Au nanocomposites, respectively, where the typical characteristic bands at 1626cm $^{- 1}$ , 1399cm $^{- 1}$ and 1184cm $^{- 1}$ are attributed to the N-phenyl stretching vibration mode, C–H bending vibration and the skeleton vibration of the ring, respectively.^50,51 Compared with bare Au NPs and HfTe₂ substrates, the SERS spectrum of MB induced by HfTe₂-Au shows the most intense signals, indicating the optimal SERS activity. Then we explored the HfTe₂-Au-based SERS analysis of MB molecules at the concentration decreasing from 10 $^{- 3}$ to 10 $^{- 9}$ M. As can be seen from Fig. 4(b), intense but concentration-dependent SERS signals are observed, and the characteristic Raman peaks of MB can still be clearly identified at the minimum concentration (10 $^{- 9}$ M). In order to quantitatively analyze the SERS effect of HfTe₂-Au nanomaterials, we calculated the EF according to the following equation :

EF = (I SERS ∕ C SERS) ∕ (I Raman ∕ C Raman), <math display="block" altimg="eq-00052.gif"><mstyle><mtext mathvariant="normal">EF</mtext></mstyle><mo>=</mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><msub><mrow><mi>I</mi></mrow><mrow><mstyle><mtext mathvariant="normal">SERS</mtext></mstyle></mrow></msub><mo stretchy="false">∕</mo><msub><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow><mrow><mstyle><mtext mathvariant="normal">SERS</mtext></mstyle></mrow></msub><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo stretchy="false">∕</mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><msub><mrow><mi>I</mi></mrow><mrow><mstyle><mtext mathvariant="normal">Raman</mtext></mstyle></mrow></msub><mo stretchy="false">∕</mo><msub><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow><mrow><mstyle><mtext mathvariant="normal">Raman</mtext></mstyle></mrow></msub><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>,</mo></math> (1)

where

$I_{SERS}$ ,

$C_{SERS}$ ,

$I_{Raman}$ and

$C_{Raman}$ represented the SERS signal intensity, SERS probe molecular concentration, normal Raman signal intensity and normal Raman detection probe molecular concentration, respectively. After calculation, the EFs of typical Raman peaks at 1626

$^{- 1}$ , 1504

$^{- 1}$ , 1399

$^{- 1}$ , 1304

$^{- 1}$ , 1184

$^{- 1}$ , 775

$^{- 1}$ are shown in Fig. 4(c). The maximum EF value of MB triggered by HfTe₂-Au is calculated to be

$3.3 \times 1 0^{6}$ .

The SERS reproducibility of HfTe₂-Au nanocomposites was further investigated. We randomly collected 20 SERS lines of MB molecules on the HfTe₂-Au substrate. As shown in Fig. 4(d), the spectral patterns and intensities of the SERS signals of MB molecules after deposited onto HfTe₂-Au substrate are basically consistent. Then, the intensity of SERS band at 1626 and 1399cm $^{- 1}$ was used to measure the relative standard deviation (RSD) value, which was calculated to be 12.96% and 14.30%, respectively (Figs. 4(e) and 4(f)), indicating a good SERS reproducibility of HfTe₂-Au nanocomposites as the novel SERS substrate.

3.3. Raman enhancement mechanism

The superior SERS performance of HfTe₂-Au substrate may be attributed to the following reasons: First, HfTe₂ nanosheets play a role of novel 2D SERS substrate that offers the chemical enhancement to the Raman signals of dye molecules (Fig. 4(a)), which is consistent with other telluride-based 2D nanomaterials reported by Tao et al.⁴⁴ Second, the surface enrichment of dye molecules on the nanosheets may also contribute to the strong SERS signals.⁵² Third, the 2D nanosheets can serve as the support for the in situ growth of Au NPs, where the metal nanoparticles range closely (Fig. 2(f)), leading to plentiful hot spots appeared in the gaps. It has been recognized that hot spots are closely related to the electromagnetic Raman enhancement of a SERS substrate.⁴ To verify this, 3D-FDTD simulation was conducted to describe the electromagnetic field distribution around the SERS substrate. Figure 5(a) shows the electromagnetic field distribution around a discrete Au NP, where the signals are mainly distributed on both sides of Au NP perpendicular to the laser irradiation, and gradually attenuate along the direction away from the nanoparticle. When two adjacent Au NPs deposited on HfTe₂ nanosheet, the distribution of electromagnetic field changes dramatically (Fig. 5(b)). The hot spots appear in the interval between the two Au NPs, as well as the joints between Au NPs and the nanosheet, in which the local electromagnetic field values are measured to be several tens of times stronger than that of single Au NP. Overall, a complex mechanism may contribute to the superior SERS effect of HfTe₂-Au nanocomposites.

Fig. 5. 3D-FDTD simulation of the electromagnetic field distribution around (a) a discrete Au NP and (b) two adjacent Au NPs on HfTe₂ nanosheet, respectively.

3.4. Label-free SERS analysis of foodborne pathogenic bacteria

Encouraged by the outstanding SERS activity of HfTe₂-Au nanocomposites, we finally performed the rapid Raman test of foodborne pathogenic bacteria. As shown in Fig. 6(a), the Raman signals of S. aureus are significantly enhanced by HfTe₂-Au nanocomposites, Au nanoparticles and HfTe₂ nanosheets, respectively. In comparison to others, the SERS signals induced by HfTe₂-Au substrate are the most intense, which is consistent with the data described in Fig. 4(a). Figures 6(b)–6(e) demonstrate the SERS spectra of four types of bacteria (S. aureus, E. coli, Salmonella and Listeria) at different concentrations induced by HfTe₂-Au substrate. It can be obviously noticed that the normal Raman spectra of the four bacteria are hardly detected even at the highest concentration (10⁸ CFU/mL). The Raman signals of bacteria significantly enhanced after deposited onto HfTe₂-Au nanocomposites, where abundant SERS peaks assigned to biochemical components of bacteria can be observed. Even if the bacterial concentration decreases to 10 CFU/mL, the main Raman bands of bacteria can still be evidently noticed. The LOD value (10 CFU/mL) of this SERS technique is much lower than those list in literature, indicating a promising potential for the bacterial detection.⁵³ Then, the EFs of four bacteria were measured to quantitatively describe the SERS effect. The EFs of E. coli, S. aureus, Salmonella and Listeria are calculated to be $3.7 \times 1 0^{7}$ , $1.7 \times 1 0^{8}$ , $1.1 \times 1 0^{8}$ and $9.6 \times 1 0^{7}$ , respectively (Fig. 6(f)).

Fig. 6. (a) Raman spectra of *S. aureus* deposited on HfTe₂-Au nanocomposites, Au nanoparticles, HfTe₂ nanosheets and SiO₂ wafer, respectively. SERS spectra of (b) *S. aureus*, (c) *E. coli*, (d) *Salmonella* and (e) *Listeria* on HfTe₂-Au substrate at the concentrations of 10⁸, 10⁶, 10⁴, 10² and 10¹ CFU/mL. (f) The EF values of typical Raman peaks of four bacteria on HfTe₂-Au substrate.

The HfTe₂-Au-based SERS spectra also reveal the rich molecular fingerprint information of the bacteria. The SERS signals of E. coli, S. aureus, Salmonella and Listeria share a large number of Raman bands although their spectral patterns show some differences (Fig. 7(a)). For example, 653cm $^{- 1}$ (C–C twisting in tyrosine), 732 cm $^{- 1}$ (adenine), 827cm $^{- 1}$ (tyrosine ring breathing), 942cm $^{- 1}$ (C–C stretching in $α$ -helix), 965cm $^{- 1}$ (C–C stretching in protein), 1003cm $^{- 1}$ (phenylalanine ring breathing), 1030cm $^{- 1}$ (C–H in-plane phenylalanine), 1114cm $^{- 1}$ (C–N stretching in protein), 1164cm $^{- 1}$ (C–C/C–N stretching in protein, phenylalanine), 1296cm $^{- 1}$ (CH₂ deformation in lipid, adenine, cytosine), 1342cm $^{- 1}$ (adenine), 1505 and 1533cm $^{- 1}$ (adenine, cytosine, guanine), 1586cm $^{- 1}$ (Amide II, phenylalanine, tyrosine, adenine, guanine).^54,55 Finally, we used the principal component analysis (PCA) to discriminate the SERS spectra of four bacteria. As displayed in Fig. 7(b), a relatively clear separation of E. coli, S. aureus, Salmonella and Listeria is achieved, revealing a potential of HfTe₂-Au-based SERS technique for rapid test and label-free classification of foodborne pathogenic bacteria.

Fig. 7. (a) Comparison of SERS spectra of four foodborne pathogenic bacteria on HfTe₂-Au substrate. (b) Three-dimensional PCA scores plot of *E. coli*, *S. aureus*, *Salmonella* and *Listeria*.

4. Conclusion

In summary, we have explored the new 2D HfTe₂ nanosheets for the fabrication of HfTe₂-Au nanocomposites. The nanohybrids display outstanding SERS activity that can be used as a novel 2D SERS substrate for sensing with high sensitivity and reproducibility. HfTe₂-Au nanocomposites are then utilized for the rapid SERS test of four common foodborne pathogenic bacteria. The LOD value of HfTe₂-Au-based SERS analysis for E. coli, S. aureus, Salmonella and Listeria is measured to be 10 CFU/mL with the maximum Raman EF of $1.7 \times 1 0^{8}$ . Bacterial classification is also achieved by SERS technique combined with PCA algorithm. The SERS technique based on the nanocomposites consisting of 2D material and metal nanoparticles supplies new avenue for the rapid and point-of-care test of foodborne pathogenic bacteria.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11874021, 61675072 and 21505047), the Science and Technology Project of Guangdong Province of China (2017A020215059), the Science and Technology Project of Guangzhou City (201904010323 and 2019050001), the Innovation Project of Graduate School of South China Normal University (2019LKXM023), and the Natural Science Research Project of Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College (2019ZR01).

References

1. D. Curtis, A. Hill, A. Wilcock, S. Charlebois, “Foodborne and waterborne pathogenic bacteria in selected Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries,” J. Food Sci. 79(10), R1871–1876 (2014). Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
2. G. Suzzi, A. Corsetti, “Food microbiology: The past and the new challenges for the next 10 Years,” Front. Microbiol. 11, 237 (2020). Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
3. L. Yang, R. Bashir, “Electrical/electrochemical impedance for rapid detection of foodborne pathogenic bacteria,” Biotechnol. Adv. 26(2), 135–150 (2008). Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
4. C. Zong, M. Xu, L. J. Xu, T. Wei, X. Ma, X. S. Zheng, R. Hu, B. Ren, “Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for bioanalysis: Reliability and challenges,” Chem. Rev. 118(10), 4946–4980 (2018). Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
5. A. Campion, P. Kambhampati, “Surface-enhanced Raman scattering,” Chem. Soc. Rev. 27(4), 241–250 (1998). Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
6. T. T. Bai, M. Wang, M. Cao, J. Zhang, K. Z. Zhang, P. Zhou, Z. X. Liu, Y. Liu, Z. R. Guo, X. Lu, “Functionalized Au@Ag-Au nanoparticles as an optical and SERS dual probe for lateral flow sensing,” Anal. Bioanal.Chem. 410(9), 2291–2303 (2018). Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
7. W. L. Gao, W. T. Wang, S. H. Yao, S. Wu, H. L. Zhang, J. S. Zhang, F. X. Jing, H. J. Mao, Q. H. Jin, H. Cong, C. P. Jia, G. J. Zhang, J. L. Zhao, “Highly sensitive detection of multiple tumor markers for lung cancer using gold nanoparticle probes and microarrays,” Anal. Chim. Acta 958, 77–84 (2017). Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
8. Z. Li, L. Leustean, F. Inci, M. Zheng, U. Demirci, S. Wang, “Plasmonic-based platforms for diagnosis of infectious diseases at the point-of-care,” Biotechnol. Adv. 37(8), 107440 (2019). Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
9. Y. He, X. Wang, B. Ma, J. Xu, “Ramanome technology platform for label-free screening and sorting of microbial cell factories at single-cell resolution,” Biotechnol. Adv. 37(6), 107388 (2019). Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
10. J. Guo, Z. Zhong, Y. Li, Y. Liu, R. Wang, H. Ju, “Three-in-One” SERS Adhesive Tape for Rapid Sampling, Release, and Detection of Wound Infectious Pathogens,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11(40), 36399–36408 (2019). Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
11. H. K. Huang, H. W. Cheng, C. C. Liao, S. J. Lin, Y. Z. Chen, J. K. Wang, Y. L. Wang, N. T. Huang, “Bacteria encapsulation and rapid antibiotic susceptibility test using a microfluidic microwell device integrating surface-enhanced Raman scattering,” Lab Chip 20(14), 2520–2528 (2020). Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
12. H. K. Lee, Y. H. Lee, C. S. L. Koh, G. C. Phan-Quang, X. Han, C. L. Lay, H. Y. F. Sim, Y. C. Kao, Q. An, X. Y. Ling, “Designing surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) platforms beyond hotspot engineering: Emerging opportunities in analyte manipulations and hybrid materials,” Chem. Soc. Rev. 48(3), 731–756 (2019). Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
13. M. Qiu, A. Singh, D. Wang, J. Qu, M. Swihart, H. Zhang, P. N. Prasad, “Biocompatible and biodegradable inorganic nanostructures for nanomedicine: Silicon and black phosphorus,” Nano Today 25, 135–155 (2019). Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
14. M. Qiu, W. X. Ren, T. Jeong, M. Won, G. Y. Park, D. K. Sang, L. P. Liu, H. Zhang, J. S. Kim, “Omnipotent phosphorene: A next-generation, two-dimensional nanoplatform for multidisciplinary biomedical applications,” Chem. Soc. Rev. 47(15), 5588–5601 (2018). Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
15. W. Tao, N. Kong, X. Ji, Y. Zhang, A. Sharma, J. Ouyang, B. Qi, J. Wang, N. Xie, C. Kang, H. Zhang, O. C. Farokhzad, J. S. Kim, “Emerging two-dimensional monoelemental materials (Xenes) for biomedical applications,” Chem. Soc. Rev. 48(11), 2891–2912 (2019). Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
16. G. Reina, J. M. Gonzalez-Dominguez, A. Criado, E. Vazquez, A. Bianco, M. Prato, “Promises, facts and challenges for graphene in biomedical applications,” Chem. Soc. Rev. 46(15), 4400–4416 (2017). Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
17. D. An, J. Fu, Z. Xie, C. Xing, B. Zhang, B. Wang, M. Qiu, “Progress in the therapeutic applications of polymer-decorated black phosphorus and black phosphorus analog nanomaterials in biomedicine,” J. Mater. Chem. B (2020). Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
18. W. C. Huang, Z. J. Xie, T. J. Fan, J. G. Li, Y. Z. Wang, L. M. Wu, D. T. Ma, Z. J. Li, Y. Q. Ge, Z. Y. N. Huang, X. Y. Dai, Y. J. Xiang, J. Q. Li, X. Zhu, H. Zhang, “Black-phosphorus-analogue tin monosulfide: an emerging optoelectronic two-dimensional material for high-performance photodetection with improved stability under ambient/harsh conditions,” J. Mater. Chem. C 6(36), 9582–9593 (2018). Crossref, Google Scholar
19. G. Wu, X. Zheng, P. Cui, H. Jiang, X. Wang, Y. Qu, W. Chen, Y. Lin, H. Li, X. Han, Y. Hu, P. Liu, Q. Zhang, J. Ge, Y. Yao, R. Sun, Y. Wu, L. Gu, X. Hong, Y. Li, “A general synthesis approach for amorphous noble metal nanosheets,” Nat. Commun. 10 (2019). Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
20. W. Zhou, H. Cui, L. Ying, X. F. Yu, “Enhanced cytosolic delivery and release of CRISPR/Cas9 by black phosphorus nanosheets for genome editing,” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 57(32), 10268–10272 (2018). Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
21. X. Zhu, X. Ji, N. Kong, Y. Chen, M. Mahmoudi, X. Xu, L. Ding, W. Tao, T. Cai, Y. Li, T. Gan, A. Barrett, Z. Bharwani, H. Chen, O. C. Farokhzad, “Intracellular mechanistic understanding of 2D MoS2 nanosheets for anti-exocytosis-enhanced synergistic cancer therapy,” ACS Nano 12(3), 2922–2938 (2018). Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
22. M. Qiu, D. Wang, W. Liang, L. Liu, Y. Zhang, X. Chen, D. K. Sang, C. Xing, Z. Li, B. Dong, F. Xing, D. Fan, S. Bao, H. Zhang, Y. Cao, “Novel concept of the smart NIR-light-controlled drug release of black phosphorus nanostructure for cancer therapy,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 115(3), 501–506 (2018). Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
23. W. Tao, X. Ji, X. Zhu, L. Li, J. Wang, Y. Zhang, P. E. Saw, W. Li, N. Kong, M. A. Islam, T. Gan, X. Zeng, H. Zhang, M. Mahmoudi, G. J. Tearney, O. C. Farokhzad, “Two-dimensional antimonene-based photonic nanomedicine for cancer theranostics,” Adv. Mater. 30(38), e1802061 (2018). Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
24. Z. Sun, Y. Zhao, Z. Li, H. Cui, Y. Zhou, W. Li, W. Tao, H. Zhang, H. Wang, P. K. Chu, X. F. Yu, “TiL4-coordinated black phosphorus quantum dots as an efficient contrast agent for in vivo photoacoustic imaging of cancer,” Small 13(11), 1602896 (2017). Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
25. Y. Li, Z. Liu, Y. Hou, G. Yang, X. Fei, H. Zhao, Y. Guo, C. Su, Z. Wang, H. Zhong, Z. Zhuang, Z. Guo, “Multifunctional nanoplatform based on black phosphorus quantum dots for bioimaging and photodynamic/photothermal synergistic cancer therapy,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9(30), 25098–25106 (2017). Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
26. H. U. Lee, S. Y. Park, S. C. Lee, S. Choi, S. Seo, H. Kim, J. Won, K. Choi, K. S. Kang, H. G. Park, H. S. Kim, H. R. An, K. H. Jeong, Y. C. Lee, J. Lee, “Black phosphorus (BP) nanodots for potential biomedical applications,” Small 12(2), 214–219 (2016). Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
27. Q. M. Feng, X. L. Zhao, Y. H. Guo, M. K. Liu, P. Wang, “Stochastic DNA walker for electrochemical biosensing sensitized with gold nanocages@graphene nanoribbons,” Biosens. Bioelectron. 108, 97–102 (2018). Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
28. Q. Zhao, S. Tang, C. Fang, Y. F. Tu, “Titania nanotubes decorated with gold nanoparticles for electrochemiluminescent biosensing of glycosylated hemoglobin,” Anal. Chim. Acta 936, 83–90 (2016). Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
29. M. Qiu, Z. T. Sun, D. K. Sang, X. G. Han, H. Zhang, C. M. Niu, “Current progress in black phosphorus materials and their applications in electrochemical energy storage,” Nanoscale 9(36), 13384–13403 (2017). Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
30. M. Qiu, D. Q. Zhu, X. C. Bao, J. Y. Wang, X. F. Wang, R. Yang, “WO3 with surface oxygen vacancies as an anode buffer layer for high performance polymer solar cells,” J. Mater. Chem. A 4(3), 894–900 (2016). Crossref, Google Scholar
31. M. Qiu, D. Zhu, L. Yang, N. Wan, L. Han, X. Bao, Z. Du, Y. Niu, R. Yang, “Strategy to manipulate molecular orientation and charge mobility in D-A type conjugated polymer through rational fluorination for improvements of photovoltaic performances,” J. Phys. Chem. C 120(40), 22757–22765 (2016). Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
32. M. Qiu, R. G. Brandt, Y. Niu, X. Bao, D. Yu, N. Wang, L. Han, L. Yu, S. Xia, R. Yang, “Theoretical study on the rational design of cyano-substituted P3HT materials for OSCs: Substitution effect on the improvement of photovoltaic performance,” J. Phys. Chem. C 119(16), 8501–8511 (2015). Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
33. M. Qiu, S. Long, B. Li, L. Yan, W. Xie, Y. Niu, X. Wang, Q. Guo, A. Xia, “Toward an understanding of how the optical property of water-soluble cationic polythiophene derivative is altered by the addition of salts: The Hofmeister effect,” J. Phys. Chem. C 117(42), 21870–21878 (2013). Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
34. S. Park, R. S. Ruoff, “Chemical methods for the production of graphenes,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 4(4), 217–224 (2009). Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
35. W. Wang, H. Bai, H. Y. Li, Q. Lv, Q. Zhang, N. Bao, “Carbon tape coated with gold film as stickers for bulk fabrication of disposable gold electrodes to detect Cr(VI),” Sens. Actuator B-Chem. 236, 218–225 (2016). Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
36. X. F. Gu, X. Li, S. J. Wu, J. Shi, G. Q. Jiang, G. M. Jiang, S. Tian, “A sensitive hydrazine hydrate sensor based on a mercaptomethyl-terminated trinuclear Ni(II) complex modified gold electrode,” RSC Adv. 6(10), 8070–8078 (2016). Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
37. X. Ling, L. M. Xie, Y. Fang, H. Xu, H. L. Zhang, J. Kong, M. S. Dresselhaus, J. Zhang, Z. F. Liu, “Can graphene be used as a substrate for Raman enhancement?,” Nano Lett. 10(2), 553–561 (2010). Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
38. J. Lin, L. Liang, X. Ling, S. Zhang, N. Mao, N. Zhang, B. G. Sumpter, V. Meunier, L. Tong, J. Zhang, “Enhanced Raman scattering on in-plane anisotropic layered materials,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137(49), 15511–15517 (2015). Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
39. X. Ling, W. Fang, Y. H. Lee, P. T. Araujo, X. Zhang, J. F. Rodriguez-Nieva, Y. Lin, J. Zhang, J. Kong, M. S. Dresselhaus, “Raman enhancement effect on two-dimensional layered materials: Graphene, h-BN and MoS2,” Nano Lett. 14(6), 3033–3040 (2014). Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
40. B. Soundiraraju, B. K. George, “Two-dimensional titanium nitride (Ti2N) MXene: Synthesis, characterization, and potential application as surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrate,” ACS Nano 11(9), 8892–8900 (2017). Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
41. A. Sarycheva, T. Makaryan, K. Maleski, E. Satheeshkumar, A. Melikyan, H. Minassian, M. Yoshimura, Y. Gogotsi, “Two-dimensional titanium carbide (MXene) as surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrate,” J. Phys. Chem. C 121(36), 19983–19988 (2017). Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
42. P. Karthick Kannan, P. Shankar, C. Blackman, C.-H. Chung, “Recent advances in 2D inorganic nanomaterials for SERS sensing,” Adv. Mater. 31(34), 1803432 (2019). Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
43. J. Seo, J. Lee, Y. Kim, D. Koo, G. Lee, H. Park, “Ultrasensitive plasmon-free surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy with femtomolar detection limit from 2D van der Waals heterostructure,” Nano Lett. 20(3), 1620–1630 (2020). Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
44. L. Tao, K. Chen, Z. Chen, C. Cong, C. Qiu, J. Chen, X. Wang, H. Chen, T. Yu, W. Xie, S. Deng, J.-B. Xu, “1T $^{'}$ transition metal telluride atomic layers for plasmon-free SERS at femtomolar levels,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 140(28), 8696–8704 (2018). Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
45. Z. J. Xie, C. Y. Xing, W. C. Huang, T. J. Fan, Z. J. Li, J. L. Zhao, Y. J. Xiang, Z. N. Guo, J. Q. Li, Z. G. Yang, B. Q. Dong, J. L. Qu, D. Y. Fan, H. Zhang, “Ultrathin 2D nonlayered tellurium nanosheets: Facile liquid-phase exfoliation, characterization, and photoresponse with high performance and enhanced stability,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 28(16), 11 (2018). Web of Science, Google Scholar
46. Z. Liu, H. Chen, Y. Jia, W. Zhang, H. Zhao, W. Fan, W. Zhang, H. Zhong, Y. Ni, Z. Guo, “A two-dimensional fingerprint nanoprobe based on black phosphorus for bio-SERS analysis and chemo-photothermal therapy,” Nanoscale 10(39), 18795–18804 (2018). Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
47. D. Li, H. Yu, Z. Guo, S. Li, Y. Li, Y. Guo, H. Zhong, H. Xiong, Z. Liu, “SERS analysis of carcinoma-associated fibroblasts in a tumor microenvironment based on targeted 2D nanosheets,” Nanoscale 12(3), 2133–2141 (2020). Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
48. H. Zhao, W. Zhang, Z. Liu, D. Huang, W. Zhang, B. Ye, G. Hu, H. Zhong, Z. Zhuang, Z. Guo, “Insights into the intracellular behaviors of black-phosphorus-based nanocomposites via surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy,” Nanophotonics 7(10), 1651–1662 (2018). Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
49. Y. X. Guo, Z. F. Zhuang, Z. M. Liu, W. D. Fan, H. Q. Zhong, W. Zhang, Y. R. Ni, Z. Y. Guo, “Facile hot spots assembly on molybdenum oxide nanosheets via in situ decoration with gold nanoparticles,” Appl. Surf. Sci. 480, 1162–1170 (2019). Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
50. M. K. Singh, P. Chettri, J. Basu, A. Tripathi, B. Mukherjee, A. Tiwari, R. K. Mandal, “Synthesis of anisotropic Au-Cu alloy nanostructures and its application in SERS for detection of methylene blue,” Mater. Res. Express 7(1), 12 (2020). Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
51. H. G. Liu, Y. Li, I. I. T. Gilliam, W. W. Shi, N. Chopra, “Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) effect using flexible and selfclosing ZnO nanowire-Au nanoparticle heterostructures,” Appl. Surf. Sci. 496, 9 (2019). Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
52. W. Ren, Y. Fang, E. Wang, “A Binary functional substrate for enrichment and ultrasensitive SERS spectroscopic detection of folic acid using graphene oxide/Ag nanoparticle hybrids,” ACS Nano 5(8), 6425–6433 (2011). Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
53. D. D. Galvan, Q. Yu, “Surface-enhanced Raman scattering for rapid detection and characterization of antibiotic-resistant bacteria,” Adv. Healthcare Mater. 7(13), e1701335 (2018). Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
54. J. Kneipp, H. Kneipp, M. McLaughlin, D. Brown, K. Kneipp, “In vivo molecular probing of cellular compartments with gold nanoparticles and nanoaggregates,” Nano Lett. 6(10), 2225–2231 (2006). Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
55. K. A. Willets, “Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) for probing internal cellular structure and dynamics,” Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 394(1), 85–94 (2009). Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar

Vol. 13, No. 05

Metrics

Downloaded 11,295 times

History

Received 30 June 2020

Accepted 30 July 2020

Published: 25 September 2020

Information

This is an Open Access article. It is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY) License. Further distribution of this work is permitted, provided the original work is properly cited.

Keywords

PDF download