Perspectives on the Future of Artificial Cells as Suggested by Past Research

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Membrane Material

• Polymeric Membrane

  • Porosity of polymeric membrane of artificial cells

• Lipid Membrane Artificial Cells

• Artificial Cells with Lipid-Polymer Membrane and Incorporation of Macrocyclic Carrier, NA-K-ATPase and Other Carriers

  • Artificial cells with lipid-polymer membrane

  • Incorporation of channels into lipid-polymer membrane of artificial cells

  • Incorporation of Na-K-ATPase in the membrane of artificial cells

  • Nanobiosensors

• Surface Properties of Artificial Cell Membranes

• Drug Delivery

  • General

  • Polymeric semipermeable microcapsules

  • Biodegradable polymeric artificial cells, nanoparticles, nanocapsules

  • Liposomes evolved into lipid vesicles that are lipid membrane artificial cells

  • Polymer(PEG)-lipid membrane artificial cells or PEG-lipid vesicles

  • Polymersomes: polymeric membrane artificial cells

• Artificial Cells Containing Multienzyme Systems with Recycling of ATP and NADH

  • Artificial cells containing multienzyme system for recycling of ATP

  • Artificial cells containing multienzyme system for recycling of NAD(P)H

  • Artificial cells containing urease, glutamate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

  • Dextran-NADH retained and recyled inside artificial cells

  • Multienzyme with NAD-dextran for conversion of waste, urea, into useful essential amino acids

  • Recycling of free NADH retained within the lipid-polymer membrane artificial cells for conversion of urea into amino acid

  • Summary

• Artificial Cells Containing Microsomes, Cytosol Ribosomes and Polymerases

  • Introduction

  • Artificial cells containing liver microsomes and cytosol

  • Towards a “living” artificial cell containing polymerases, ribosomes and transcription/translation system

• New Generations of Computer System and Nanoscale Robotics Based on Artificial Cells

• The Future of Artificial Cells