Optimizing the Tolling Level and Period for Bottleneck Model with Braking Behaviors

This paper mainly optimizes the level and period of congestion pricing in single-steptolling method on a bottleneck link. Firstly, Greenshields model is applied to obtain the queue length and the speed of the moving part considering the traveler’s braking behaviors. Subsequently, the bi-level programming model is established, in which the upper level is to minimize the maximal queue length and the minimal speed, and the lower programming is to simulate the travel behaviors. The bi-level programming model is solved by an improved genetic algorithm. Lastly, an example is demonstrated to illustrate the application of the model and the algorithm.