Civil Engineering and Urban Planning

The following section is included:

• Preface
• Committee
• Keynote Speakers
• Table of Content

Ecological connectivity is an important indicator for ecological relations among patches. Based on the least-cost distance model, this paper conducts a systematic assessment of ecological connectivity before and after ecological corridor planning of Guangzhou using the Barrier Effect Index (BEI) and Ecological Connectivity Index (ECI). And the driving mechanism of its landscape pattern changes is analyzed. The result shows that spatial differentiation of BEI is driven by woodland and construction land in Guangzhou. The distribution pattern of Ecological land presents islanded and media fragmentation in the whole city. The relentless growth of built-up areas has been identified as the leading cause for landscape deterioration. The important habitat and ecological corridor can be made clearly base on ECI, and spatial planning approach of ecological corridor is proposed. The level of Ecological Connectivity has been improved significantly after planning corridor, and the area of ECI-increasing region is 473.58 km². The area proportion of Ecological Connectivity Index above medium level (ECI=3∼5) increased 7.52%. And landscape fragment of Guangzhou is weakened. Ecological service functions and ecological connectivity were improved significantly between islanding ecological resources and urban ecological land. The past unreasonable development mode of urban land in Guangzhou should be abandoned to strengthen the urban green-space construction. The level of ECI of Guangzhou can be enhanced by using survival ecological resources and assisted by essential protection, restoration and construction.

This paper investigates the influence of the hotel atrium design on energy consumption from an integrated perspective. The computer simulation techniques were used to assess the effects of the SC and passive energy-saving. The simulation results indicate that the effectively design air supply system can perform two major functions, separation and utilize natural air to help reduce refrigeration zone and cooling upper zone. The following case study demonstrates that the integrated method allows the hotel atrium to save energy and maintain comfort in summer season.

In order to study the energy dissipation structure effect of metal dampers in a large hospital frame structure, the nonlinear time history analysis by SAP2000 software was applied to the hospital structure with metal dampers and without metal dampers. Moreover, the structure with metal dampers in every other floor method was respectively adopted, and energy dissipation structure effect was compared. The results show that metal dampers have good dissipation capacity under 8-degree rare earthquake, and the top displacement and story drift of the structure distinct decreased, and that the damping effect of every other floor was also better than each floor. Then the change rule of acceleration response spectra with a period was compared and analyzed. The acceleration altered more in the short period, and the acceleration of energy dissipation structure was smaller than primary structure, but the change was smaller in the extended-cycle and basically tended to be consistent. The hysteretic curves of arrangement one are fuller than arrangement two, which correspond to the conclusion. The research results of the paper may provide a reference for energy dissipation structure design of a similar project.

The urban narrative environment is one of the means to improve the environment, which is based on the inheritance of urban culture, human feelings, and the ability to enhance the sustainable development of the city. This paper will study three elements of the urban narrative environment, namely, space factor, time factor and event factor, to offer three cognitive ways of urban narrative environment. These ways are to proceed in conjunction with the cognitive narrative elements of the environment to explore specific methods to create a narrative environment. Finally it can be applied in urban planning and design.

In China, small city cultivation has been raised to the development requirement of national level, which would promote the balanced development of urban and rural areas to build a reasonable urban system. In the planning of pilot towns, their size, space, function and features are four core issues. Taking Zhouquan Town in Tongxiang City as a case study, the article, based on the four core issues, analyzed the main problems of town development which included limited town size, dispersed disorderly development of town spatial, weak public service function and poor environment quality. It proposed corresponding main ideas and strategies to solve these problems and put forward the planning scheme. The case study proposed a guideline in analyzing problems and presenting strategies based on the above four core issues for town planning against the background of small city cultivation, so as to provide reference and inspiration for similar towns.

The Pearl River Delta region is the frontier of China’s reform and opening up of the two megacities- Guangzhou and Shenzhen, have been faced with limitation of urban development land scale since the beginning of the twenty-first century. In order to tap potential of existing land resources, government in the two cities have promulgated policy documents for guiding urban renewal transformation since 2000. In this paper, it analyzed urban renewal policy documents (including regulations, rules, methods, etc.) of the two cities, compared key provisions related to not only industry instruction but also benefits distribution programs and mechanisms for industrial land renewal projects according to planning processes of specific projects. Based on the above research, it applied planning research method which is a combination of policy analysis and spatial analysis, and revealed function mechanism of policy implementation through industry adjustment and characteristics of projects in industrial land renewal. Finally, it was presented in the same context that the two cities- Guangzhou and Shenzhen had great differences in urban renewal policy system and the impact on specific project. But from the perspective of urban long-term development and spatial justice, they were both in the stage of realizing economic interests balance in urban renewal and had not assessed specific projects in terms of overall space fairness.

With the transformation of people’s concerns from physical space to study of urban public space, this study put forward ideas and strategies for the renewal of public space in the old district from the perspective of the user environmental behavior pattern. This article researched Luosibang district in Soochow Old Town as a case study. In investigating the composition of user-group and using status of public space, found that the elderly and children were the main users in the public space of the old district. It proposed the principle of the renewal of public space in the old district based on the elderly and children’s environmental behavior characteristics, and finally put forward concrete strategies by a conceptual design. This study is a meaningful exploration in the field of urban transformation.

In recent years, the public bike-sharing systems (PBS) have been promoted in many cities because of its characteristics in safety, cost saving, health benefits and the connection with urban rail transit. Some of the key points in the planning of such system are the location and capacity of the stations. In practice, the unreasonable location of public bike stations compromises system success. In addressing it, most studies just focused on the user demand or geographic distance between stations or travel costs. However, the bike demand actually is influenced by multiple factors including building environment of street and spatial structure, especially the spatial accessibility to stations. This paper presents a new method of locating and planning public bike system based on the space syntax by considering both covered demand and spatial accessibility. The goal is to enhance the quality and efficiency of the bike sharing service by selecting the optimal station locations. The work first develops a prediction model for predicting the potential bike demand based on space syntax. Then, an optimization model considering station spatial configuration is presented to choose a set of stations from a large number of candidates such that the covered demand and the accessibility to all the stations are maximized. Finally, a case study in the campus of Nanjing Normal University is presented to verify the availability.

Full evacuation is a key concern for supertall buildings due to the high population density and long travel distance. Using the elevator would speed up evacuation, but there are fire safety concerns. A design of fire safe elevator system combining the refuge place with fire safe elevator is studied. In the proposed design, fire safe elevator is surrounded by the refuge places with at least 2 hours’ fire resistance rating. During the fire, the elevators would be controlled to stop only at the stories with refuge places. This arrangement can protect both the occupants and the elevators. Smoke spread to the system is studied by the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). Different arrangements of smoke extraction with pressurization systems are evaluated by analyzing the smoke dispersion and pressure distributions in this fire safe elevator system.

Ground fissures have a huge impact on the safety of engineering structures. Based on weakly active and relative stable ground fissure, a building striding over ground fissure in Xi’an was researched. From the cause and distribution of ground fissure, failure mechanism, destroy mode and preventive countermeasures were studied. Finite element software SAP2000 was used to research the structure by linear static and nonlinear static analysis. Initial displacement which imitated the value of ground fissure activity was applied to the structure, and quantitative analysis was conducted in adverse effect of ground fissure activity on the structure. Critical location of the structure, the time, position and amount of plastic hinges were studied. Based on the analysis results, preventive countermeasures were proposed.

An effective Facility Management (FM) is essential to maintain old buildings so ensure that they remain sturcturally sound, and able to support the funcationality to the inhabitants using them. However, to date, there is comprehensive study on the subject, this paper aims to review the previous papers on facility management performance evaluation and construct evaluation framework as a first step of strategic management by identifying critical success factors (CSF) and key performance indicators (KPI). The evaluation framework could be employed for cornerstone of strategic management on FM. Moreover, the identified CSF and KPI are surveyed in order to offer an empirical approach for strategic management in FM domain. The survey results indicate that reliability of service, timely responsiveness to emergency, tenants’ safety, customer satisfaction and work execution control are the most critical in successful FM performance. In addition, training is essentential to strengthen the monitoring; training for emergency situation, education and training for service mindset, regular meeting with tenants and safe inspection and patrol are the most important factors in enhancing the level of performance in the office building FM practice. Finally, the survey results on CSF and KPI on Korean office buildings are addressed in strategic perspective in FM, thus suggesting future research.

Based on 2001, 2005, 2011, 2015 Landsat /TM images and ArcGIS spatial analysis techniques, the dynamic changes of Linpan landscape in the second ring of Chengdu city were analyzed by using transfer contribution rate. The results demonstrated that with the rapid urbanization, Linpan and farmland mainly converted to urban construction land. The ecological environment and quantity of Linpan was damaged severely. The ecological planning strategies in different level of optimizing Linpan landscape were put forward. The research provides an important basis for protection and development of rural landscape of western Sichuan plain.

Under the background of controlling traffic congestion in major city, construction of public parking lots has grown to become an important means to alleviate parking difficulties. Firstly, this paper discusses the existing problems in the construction of public parking facilities, including the difficulty in project implementation, irregular practice, single construction unit, complex approval procedures, regressive industry development, and etc. Secondly, combined with practical experience in Hangzhou, the paper proposes to ensure the construction of public parking facilities through establishing specialized institutions, improving planning management, ensuring land supply, developing promotion policies, simplifying approval procedures and other means. Finally, the paper provides suggestions on future development in several aspects: parking development strategies, administrative approval, parking industrialization, market management, parking space sharing and parking guidance.

A dynamic win-win situation exists between industrial heritage and the cultural and creative industries in China’s industrial parks. This depends on the mutual nature of their complementary and interactive relationships. Industrial heritage is defined and classified to allow it to play a role on a contemporary stage. Social research and economic research plays a guiding role to allow the parks to capture and utilize the values of industrial heritage. There must be consideration of how to capture and make best use of the resources of industrial heritage. Interaction between the cultural and creative activities and the industrial landscape in the parks is incorporated into the value chain. The scarce and unique industrial elements of the park allow the creation of cultural brands. A trinity study model was constructed based on the synthesis of creative design, atmosphere and industrial spirit of the park.

This research analyzed thermal insulation and noise reduction of an ecological module material by experimental methods. Ecological module materials were placed on the roof without insulation to measure its effect of thermal insulation in summer. Under the indoor air-conditioned environment, it can reduce 53% of heat transfer on roof and lower the electricity consumption of air-conditioning by 0.08 kWh·d⁻¹·m⁻². Meanwhile, its equivalent thermal resistance can be up to 0.53 m².K·W^-1. In the laboratory, reverberation chamber method was adopted to measure the acoustical absorption coefficient of this ecological module material. It showed that the coefficient can reach 0.8 during the range of medium frequency and the average coefficient was 0.52.

In this study, a hybrid louver that combines a shade louver and a wind louver is developed, and its performance is verified through a comparison with other louvers. The hybrid louver is designed to prevent horizontal and vertical louvers from interfering with each other to maintain both a shading effect and a comfortable indoor wind speed. The shading performance of the hybrid louver was analyzed by the same criteria based on a study of the design for a customized shading device, which includes the energy consumption for cooling and heating, as well as indoor average wind speed analysis conducted inside a virtually designed building in the urban area of Seoul. As a result, the hybrid louver was shown to have sufficient shading and wind catcher functions. The shading effect showed ∼75% reduced energy consumption compared with the optimum shading function (100%) in an existing study, and the average indoor wind speed was ∼0.314 m/s, which is sufficiently pleasant.

The frequency and severity of road accidents are closely connected to geographical factors, including geographic region, landform, road condition and weather. Based on the statistic of accident data in 2013, this paper studies the geographical distribution of road accidents in China, as well as the correlation between geographic factors and crash severity. The results indicate that the western district of China has a higher mortality rate than other areas. Specific geographic conditions may lead to relevant types of crashes, e.g. single vehicle crashes are in relation to specific landform of crash sites. And for the total crashes, Chi-square test reveals that night time, high way, mountainous area, curve road line, national road and low visibility significantly relate to nonfatal/fatal crashes. Among various factors influenced by climate, road surface covered with ice and snow has the highest mortality. Considering practical active safety system and driver assistance system in vehicles, this paper also discusses some corresponding countermeasures for special crashes. The research findings provide useful guidance oriented to different geographic area for the relevant research of traffic safety.

For current situation in urban areas in China, there are a large number of unused lands or inefficient lands for construction, which leads to a waste of massive land resources. For the idle land and inefficient land, the traditional way to solve the problems is spatial overlay analysis of the information about the usage of land of existing problem. In this paper, a method of prediction of the unused land for construction based on multi-classifier fusion is introduced. The multi-classifier fuses three types of classifier: naïve Bayes classifier, Random Forest classifier, and SVM classifier. By the algorithm of multi-classifier, unused land for construction can be discovered in advance and achieve prediction goal.

A numerical research of wind loads on straight and twisted towers is presented in this paper. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method is used to simulate wind action on building. Shear Stress Transport (SST) model is adopted for transient simulations, as a compromise between computational cost and accuracy. Numerical results obtained in this work demonstrate a significant benefit of twisted building in reducing cross wind loads. When wind flows over a straight tower, vortexes form and shed in cycle with a constant frequency in the wake. The resulting cyclic cross wind load will cause significant vibration of building. By twisting a high-rise building the vortex shedding is confused, and hence the harmful cross wind load effects are avoided.

UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) remote sensing technology has been increasingly used to support spatial data acquisition and land management project verification. Currently, in land consolidation field, UAV is mainly applied to acquire high resolution images, which cannot provide support to the whole process of developing projects including site selection, survey, design, implementation, supervision and acceptance. Since the project areas are usually small and dispersed, this paper discusses a new technical development of UAV remote sensing technology to support UAV applications in land consolidation. The new technical development includes spatial data acquisition and rapid processing methods as well as the procedure of large-scale production. At the same time, some key technologies are studied. In order to get the image with high resolution, low altitude aerial route planning technology is studied, taking the regional shape and flight control into account. To improve the image processing efficiency, the CUDA (computer unified device architecture) parallel algorithm is used to make best use of GPU. Besides, 3D point cloud is produced by the dense matching algorithm, which is used to build 3D landscape of the land consolidation area, through which we can make land consolidation plan in a real 3D world, calculate cut-fill earthwork volumes, estimate engineering quantity and cost. By using the dense matching cloud points and the orthophoto maps, some types of natural elements are extracted, such as farmland, water, road, village etc., by image classification and recognition technology, then the current image and the past image are compared to find the land use changes, monitoring the progress and quality of the project. Finally, experiments are performed and the results demonstrate that the proposed method can improve the efficiency of land consolidation projects significantly.

In Kaohsiung gas explosion, 32 people were killed and 321 others were injured. It raises a concern about the best decision to be made in such little time to reduce the fatalities and property loss. When it comes to chemical hazard emergency operation, it mainly adopts “HAZMAT” response procedure. HAZMAT applies to all kinds of chemical hazards; however, it only roughly outlines the rescue process. The details vary from a variety of hazards. This paper adopted Delphi method to gain the wisdom of experts so as to formulate the important decision-making factors. Firstly, the Delphi method was conducted to gain the consensus of experts from three categories. Through the back and forth procedure, key response factors are modified based on the opinion of experts. Secondly, after confirming the factors, questionnaires were issued to the experts to gain individual’s values. Finally, consensus factors are gained and conclusions are drawn.

The single pile foundation is the most common form of offshore wind turbine, but it is different from offshore oil platforms because of the load and the overturning moment. The elastic-plastic element of ABAQUS has been used to simulate failure modes of the single pile foundation in soft clay. It is shown that the single pile foundation has no plastic strain region under vertical load but it is not the same under horizontal load. The plastic strain region is in front of the pile when the single pile foundation in soft clay is under bending moment condition.

The groundwater in the subgrade always fluctuates under the influence of the atmosphere (rainfall, drainage, the fluctuation of river), especially in unsaturated soil. Thus, it is necessary to study the drainage effect of different drainage materials in unsaturated soil subgrade. This paper studies the drainage hydraulic calculation method of underground sewers, as well as its drainage effect in unsaturated soil subgrade. It shows that an underground sewer in the subgrade is necessary. The numerical calculation method of sewer drainage can be used to analyze the groundwater seepage in subgrade soils. The sewer can discharge the groundwater in sprinklers effectively. The other methods should be implemented to ensure the subgrade is in steady moisture, and the drainage ability is strong when the sewer is deep and it can be enhanced by increasing the number of sewers and reducing the space of the sewers.

Sediment movement in Chongqing reach is a main problem, which is widely noted by engineers, in particular after the 175m experimental water-impoundment of Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR). The paper compares the flow characteristics and sediment movement before and after the 175m experimental water-impoundment of Three Georges Reservoir from February 1980 to December 2013, based on hydrographic and bathymetric data. It turns out that before the 175m experimental water-impoundment of TGR, water surface slope in Yangtze River is influenced mainly by river configuration and interactions between Jialing river and Yangtze River, when Chongqing reach was in in its natural state and had 13.282 million m³ of sediment erosion quantity. Since September 2008, the influence of water level in front of dam and speed of water level falling prevail. The change of sediment scouring and deposition in Chongqing reach were affected by TGR operation, which varied with different operating periods of TGR and it is estimated that Chongqing reach produce 8.747 million m³ of sediment erosion quantity. Finally, the paper comes to a conclusion that the sediment movement in Chongqing reach is affected by the comprehensive effect of incoming water and sediment, the operation of TGR, the interactions between Jialing river and Yangtze River, the backwater of Tongluoxia and so on, and is very complex.

Based on the local phenomenon that earthquakes occur more frequently in country areas, this thesis aims to analyze a frame-shear building striding over the ground fissures in Xi’an with software SAP2000. Firstly, initial displacement that imitated the value of ground fissures activity have been put on the structure, and quantitative analysis was conducted on the adverse effect of ground fissure to locate dangerous location, position and amount of plastic hinges on the structure. Secondly, vertical settlement and horizontal tension of ground fissures were applied to the structural bearings of different SAP2000 finite models. The finite element models, without taking preventions and after setting settlement joint conduct the dynamic nonlinear time-history analysis under high-intensity multidimensional and multi-point seismic with consistent excitation seismic action. It reveals a series of research results, such as the developing trend of plastic hinges, the principal compressive stress of shear wall concrete and the curve of elastoplastic interlayer displacement angle.

A Truss-Column pin-connected joint used in large-span steel structures is proposed in this paper. The European code is used to analyze and design the joints. The finite element analysis is conducted on four joints by the software ABAQUS. The full-scale model of the joints, as well as the large-scale, has been tested both under monotonic and repeated loads, the ultimate loads and the hysteretic curve of the joints are obtained. The results of the test indicate that the pin-connected joints have strong working behavior. Combined with the test and the calculation, it verifies the reliability of the calculation method. The tests make perfect the theory of the pin-connected calculation. The European code is viable and can be applied to long-span steel structures in China.

A truss finite element model based on the concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) arch bridge is established. The spectrum characteristics of the near-fault earthquakes are studied, the nonlinear seismic effects on the structure are discussed. The research reveals although the frequency of the input ground motion is closer to the structural fundamental frequency, it will not surely lead to a more seismic response. The low-frequency acceleration pulse plays a key role in earthquake action, and the seismic response is largely determined by the spectrum characteristics of the near-fault ground motions.

Based on conductive film pull-sensitive effect, infrared image detection method of concrete micro-crack was put forward to solve the problem of long distance nondestructive detection. Firstly, basic principle of infrared detection technology was analyzed. Effect of environment temperature and atmospheric transmission process on target real temperature was considered. Secondly, conductive film electrothermal effect was analyzed. After electrifying, temperature of crack was higher than that of uncrack. Non-uniformity distribution of surface temperature was formed. Heat transfer mechanism of conductive film was discussed. Finally, infrared thermal image of conductive film was obtained by infrared thermal imager. Crack development process could be drawn under the action of external force. Combined with crack magnifier measurement, effect of conductive film emissivity on crack temperature was predicted. The relationship of crack width and temperature difference was discussed. The result indicated that the proposed detection method was feasible.

In recent years, large ancient underground projects have gradually attracted more attention. Through on-the-spot investigation, it is found that Shepan Island owns twelve pairs of water level difference between adjacent cavities, respectively located at the Yeren cave, the Shizi Cave, Haidaocun and Qingfeng cave. This paper mainly uses relevant mechanical experiments and theoretical derivation, combining the permeability experiment, to analyze the long-term mechanical stability of rock wall (linking adjacent caverns in the grottos) in this case and put forward some feasible solutions to prevent from potential safety hazard. The conclusions are drawn as follows: the rock permeability is extremely low which may be the main reason for maintaining the phenomenon of water level differences for a long time. Both of the water level differences induce a certain amount of stress corrosion to the rock wall, which is not conducive to long-term stability of the rock wall. Preliminary suggestions, such as the deformation or the tiny crack of the rock wall should be determined periodically. Some of the rock walls should be reinforced, and a moderate amount of limbers are cut to eliminate water level difference for the long-term safety of caverns, are proposed.

The deformation mechanism of high fill is determined through soil electrical resistivity (SER) experiments on a high-fill airport project and the TDR (Time-Domain Reflectometry) method. An SER model under different initial saturation values is established, and the process of deformation versus SER is divided into consolidation, balance, creep, and stabilization stages. Thus, the deformation component is recognized and separated by SER method. Results of the SER experiments show that high initial saturation of loess relates to large primary consolidation and creep deformation. The variation and migration mechanisms of water in the high fill were analyzed through TDR method. Consolidation and moistening deformation occurred in the shallow-layered fill and original foundation, and creep deformation occurred in the deep-layered fill. Constitutive models that consider the abovementioned deformation mechanism should be applied to different layers of soil when used in a numerical analysis.

This paper performs a tendency judgment on the time symmetry of earthquake disasters in the Liaoning region through ternary, quarternary and pentanary commensurability calculations as well as analysis of butterfly structural drawings and commensurability structural systems based on the data of Ms≥5.7 earthquakes in Liaoning and the adjacent regions since 1900. The results demonstrate that the occurrence signal of Ms≥5.7 earthquake in Liaoning and adjacent regions in 2016 and 2018 are stronger, between which the possibility of occurrence of an earthquake in 2016 is greater than that in 2018. The research on spatial symmetry and epicenter migration characteristics find: longitudinal and latitudinal directions of the spatial migration have a certain synchronism and symmetry; the symmetry axis of latitudinal migration is at around 40.5 degrees north latitude while the symmetry axis of longitudinal migration is at around 122 degrees east longitude. Therefore, it is judged that the next earthquake is more likely to occur in the Yingkou-Haicheng region. The study may provide some reference and basis for earthquake tendencies in Liaoning region during the next 1∼3 years.

The internal force calculation of the raft foundation of high- and low-rise buildings is complicated, and it is affected by many different factors. Consequently, it does not have a uniform calculation method. The internal force change rules for the thick raft foundation must be obtained to consider the effects of the soil, foundation, and complex high-rise building interactions through a large-scale model test. When the raft flexure is less than 0.2‰, the internal force is calculated by a simple local bending moment method. The control index of raft flexure is 0.5‰, which is useful to the designer.

Combining with engineering cases and the creep characteristic of silty mudstone obtained by rock creep test, this paper studied the rheological properties of high-stress silty mudstone and deformation of the deep buried tunnel. Rock creep tests illustrated that the mechanical properties of silty mudstone were part of typical Visco-elastoplastic rheological models. Influenced by the rock rheology, the deformation of surrounding rock presented nonuniform growth trend over time after the tunnel construction. The maximum time-history deformation curves of different depth of tunnel could be divided into three phases. Phase I: linear phase, deformation of linear growth phase took about 55% of the total amount of creep deformation. Phase II: decelerating phase, in this period, the surrounding rock deformation rate got lower and lower while the deformation around the tunnel got stabilized. Phase III: smooth convergence phase, two years after the tunnel add finished, the creep deformation had reached over 90% of the whole, but the slow increase of deformation would still exist for a long time. The ratio of the creep deformation of the three phases was about 5: 4: 1.

Analysis on the temperature field and the temperature stress field of mass concrete at early age under different curing conditions was conducted by utilizing ANSYS software, in consideration of hydration heat of concrete, tensile strength, Young’s modulus and bond strength which change with time. The impact of different curing conditions on the crack resistance of mass concrete at early age was also analyzed. In the analysis, five curing conditions were simulated by changing the convection heat transfer coefficient. The results demonstrate that, curing condition has significant impact on the temperature field and the temperature stress field of mass concrete at early age. Under the condition of full insulation, concrete temperature distribution is even, which leads to a much smaller temperature stress.

New experimental data make it possible to start with the synthesis of the steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) load resistance model. We consider four stages: the elastic stage, the stage of closed, isolated crack development and stages of through crack appearance in the absence of fiber ruptures and their presence. Mathematical expectations of the tensile loads as a function of crack growth or strains are found. Numerical experiments were carried out. The important results of these were a) Longitudinal resistance of fibers to crack growth reaches a maximum, after which it decreases to zero; b) Transverse one increases monotonically; c) Bond improvement leads to two opposite effects: an increase in longitudinal resistance and an earlier appearance of fiber ruptures. As a result, the total resistance increases if the crack opening is small, and decreases if it is large; d) the increase in the SFRC strength is larger when the bond is better.

Bamboo is a natural resource that has the potential to be a substitute of steel reinforcement in reinforced concrete. This paper presents a study on the mechanical properties of bamboo as well as the behaviour of bamboo-reinforced concrete beams. Six bamboo samples were tested for compressive strength and tensile tests, respectively. In terms of structural properties, three reinforced concrete beams were tested to failure under four-point bending, which includes a control beam, a fully and partially reinforced beams with bamboo. Results of mechanical properties showed that bamboo with nodes has higher capability to be able to resist compressive loading compared to bamboo without node. On the other hand, tensile results revealed that bamboo splint managed to achieve 12.5% of the stress of high yield steel with comparable strain value. Results of structural properties showed that beam reinforced with bamboo can achieve approximately 46% of the beam capacity of the steel reinforced beam. Bamboo reinforced concrete beams failed in a brittle manner under bending with vertical cracks in the tension zone.

To study the lateral dynamic responses of a 64-meter steel truss bridge under train loads at different speeds, the structural model test was employed. The parameters of the bridge model, the rail model and the train model were determined by the similarity principle. The different speeds were applied on the train model to measure the lateral vibration signals at the designated positions of the bridge model. The results show that: when the train is passing the bridge at different speeds, torsional mode contributes a lot to the lateral displacements. The lateral displacements and accelerations of the bridge increase with the increasing train speeds and there are abnormal values at some speeds.

A series of full-scale simulations by FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator) are conducted to investigate the influence of longitudinal ventilation on smoke exhausting performance of road tunnel fire by single or double vertical shaft with equivalent cross-section area. The transverse distance of double shafts and shaft height are considered as the new design aspect. The results show that the smoke exhausting rate by double shafts is improved comparing to the single shaft with equivalent cross-section area. The exhausting rate increases with the increase of the shaft height, while it first increases and then decreases with the increase of the wind speed, where the maximum values occur around 2 m/s wind speed for most cases. In addition, the effect of the plug-holing and the boundary layer separation would be reduced for double vertical shafts comparing to the single vertical shaft.

Repair and maintenance of existing concrete structures have become one of the most important in the field of civil engineering. Considerable experiential knowledge is required to diagnose the condition of the member and to recommend a proper repair and retrofitting procedure. Hence, there is a need for engineering computations for a proper damage assessment. This paper researches on fuzzy inference i.e., if-then rule-based program for assessment of reinforced concrete beams by considering certain parameters. This program is named as FuzDam in this paper, and it is developed using Visual Basic.

The combination technique in this paper for reinforcement of one expressway tunnel with insufficient lining thickness and crack segment is a new method and material of grid steel strips. Its flat and disturbance to tunnel lining structure is slight. Its bending section modulus can be increased 45 times compared with common W-type steel strips. Its stiffness is increased 65 times and its tensile strength can be increased up to 11% ∼ 14%. This new type of grid steel strip is more suitable to deal with less stable surrounding rock support lining structures. The thickness of general W-type steel strip is less than 3mm, while this thickness of the new strip can reach 5mm. The method adopts the scheme when cracks occur in highway tunnel secondary lining structures and this new type of steel strips are usually utilized with carbon fiber and crack perfusion to preprocess crack to reinforce the external. Based on one of the expressway tunnels in northwest area of China for its lining concrete structure cracks, this article elaborates the main performance and characteristics of this new type of steel strip. A software is used to conduct a finite element analysis to crack section structure on the safety of tunnel lining thickness. This paper puts forward effective comparative analysis of its secondary lining structure reinforcement measures and better technical measures for application engineering lining structure reinforcement and leakage of underground water. It provides a useful reference and example for similar future engineering construction.

As time passes, the buried pipeline, under the influence of transport medium, soil and loading environment, especially metal pipelines are prone to corrosion phenomenon. This paper studies the buried pipeline as the object of the research, explores the impact of pipeline corrosion depth, corrosion width and corrosion location on the seismic performance of the pipeline. The purpose is to provide a theoretical reference for the safety and practicability of pipelines and provide guidance for continual use, maintenance or replacement and safe usage of pipelines. This paper presents the actual project as the background, and analyzes buried pipeline response based on different parameters by using the seismic response displacement method in the finite element software ANSYS.

To provide practical calculation method for analyzing the out-of-plane stability of single tube CFST arch bridge and the out-of-plane elastic stability of typical single tube CFST arch bridge was analyzed by finite element method. Firstly, the basic structural data and statistic parameters of 25 single tube CFST arch bridges were collected and analyzed using statistical approaches. Secondly, on the basis of the existing data, the finite element models of three types of typical single tube CFST arch bridges with span lengths of 50∼59 m, 60∼69 m and 70∼79 m were established and their safety performance were examined. The basic assumption of using elastic stability coefficient to analyze the outof- plane elastic stability of typical arch bridge and the calculation methods for vertical and transverse loads were provided. Different finite element methods were adopted to analyze the out-of-plane stability of typical arch bridges and the finite element calculation methods for out-of-plane stability of typical arch bridges were determined. The results indicate that the finite element model of the typical single tube CFST arch bridge established based on the statistic data is able to reflect the actual condition of the structure, and it is proper to use stability coefficients of dead and live loads to calculate the out-of-plane load bearing capacity and the ultimate load bearing capacity of typical arch bridges.

An equivalent amount of metallurgical slag, water-quenched slag powder and activator was substituted for a part of the cement to prepare concretes at strength grades of C25, C30 and C40. Due to the filling effect, pozzolanic effect, micro-aggregate effect, and improvement of pore structure, the prepared concretes not only had greater strength compared with reference concrete, but also had greater impermeability and frostresistance. Moreover, the expansion reactions between alkali and aggregates were effectively inhibited. The slag and activator can serve as the raw materials for green concretes.

Based on NCEP/ NCAP reanalysis data, the formation and development mechanisms of two different types of landfall cyclone rainstorms occurred on the north slope of Dabie Mountains were researched by the diagnosis of the typical cases. The first kind of rainstorm was formed by the interaction between the landfall tropical cyclone and the westerly trough. The cold air guided by westerly flow into landfall tropical cyclone on the trough, promoted the warm frontogenesis. The MCSs occurred and developed in the θse frontal zone which located between low pressure of the landfall tropical cyclone and the cold air in rear of westerly trough. The ground cold front was the trigger mechanism of MCS. The other kind of rainstorm was caused by the circulation of the tropical cyclone. The MCSs occurred and developed in the θse high-energy shaft which located in the Tropical cyclone trough. The surface convergence line was the trigger mechanism of MCSs. All the water vapors of these two kinds of rainstorm came from the Bay of Bengal, South China Sea and East China Sea. The composition of the water vapor transport belts was also the same. The water vapor transport belts were mainly composed of partial eastward flow formed by the tropical cyclone and the subtropical high. There were two water vapor transport paths in the 850 hPa and 950 hPa layers. One conveyor belt was consistent with the direction of the southwest monsoon. The other conveyor belt was in the southwest of the tropical cyclone and the subtropical high. In these two kinds of rainstorm, the function of the tropical cyclone was mainly manifested in two aspects. Under the condition of moist potential vorticity conservation, due to the tilt of the wet and other entropy surface, the vertical shear of the atmospheric horizontal wind or the increase of the wet oblique pressure, which lead to the significant development of the vertical vorticity and the strengthening of the ascending motions.

In order to research the seepage phenomena of one kind of granite materials, investigations on the seepage characteristics on the granite materials by experiments, numerical simulation and theoretical analysis had been carried out. A surrounding rock with an internal cavity, which would be filled with the TNT explosive charge and exploded, was taken as the research object. Firstly, a two dimensional cylindrical symmetrical mathematical model of dual porosity and dual permeability was built by taking into account of gas permeation in porous media, gas diffusion and heat conduction between gas and surrounding rock. And some related experiments of gas seepage in granite were carried out too, in which, the TNT explosive charge was exploded in the center cavity of the granite. Taking the detonation product CO as the trace gas, the amount of gas permeability and the arrival time of the gas seepage were obtained. Comparison with experimental results shows that the numerical simulation results are accurate and reliable. Then, based on the Darcy’s law, considering the influence of some major factors, like the rock fracture, the porosity and the permeability of the granite materials, analytical formulas of some important parameters of the research object, which mainly include the amount of gas permeability and the arrival time of the gas seepage, were derived. Meanwhile, the formulas were used to calculate the results in one of the experiments introduced before. The important parameters in seepage phenomena, such as the arrival time and the total volume of the seepage gas, calculated by these formulas compared very well with the corresponding experiment.

A new method applied to test direct shear is developed and tested on sandstone with a constant normal load. A CCD camera and stereomicroscope were employed to record crack fractures of specimen surfaces and rock damage was recorded by an acoustic emission monitoring system. During the shearing process, AE signal changes were found to indicate crack initiation and propagation on the surface of specimens. Micro-cracks were observed on the specimen surfaces, including different genesis tension cracks, shear cracks, and rock bridges. Crack growth both along and through particles was clearly observed.

By analyzing the stress state on the interface of potential slip surface and geotextile in a reinforced slope, combing with the definition of safety factor, it is concluded that when calculating the safety factor by the Strength reduction FEM, the result is larger, resulting from ignoring the effect of geotextile, but only reducing the cohesion and internal friction angle. For the shortage of Strength reduction FEM in calculating safe factor of reinforced soil slope, this paper brings up the idea that the safe factor of reinforced soil slope could be calculated by Gravity Addition FEM. The algorithm of Gravity Addition FEM to calculate the safety factor of reinforced soil slope is offered and an example of reinforced soil slope is calculated by Strength reduction FEM and Gravity Addition FEM respectively. The calculation results confirm that the shortage of Strength reduction FEM can be avoided by using Gravity Addition FEM, and as the length of geotextile increases, the advantage is more obvious. Besides, with the algorithm optimized, the efficiency of Gravity Addition FEM can be improved.

The ABAQUS nonlinear finite analysis was conducted to study the earthquake resistance behavior of three medium thick-walled cold-formed steel double web-top bottom angle steel joints under low cyclic loading. The analysis results indicate that the failure characteristics of the three specimens are similar, joints failure stem from the buckling deformation of top bottom angle steel on the joints area and the beam wing edge buckling; spindle shape and obvious pinch approach phenomenon are shown on all specimens hysteresis curve; the secant stiffness variation of specimen is relatively similar, stiffness degradation is obvious; ductility coefficients are more than 5.5, the equivalent viscous damping coefficients are more than 0.204, the joints energy consumption performance is good and increasing the high-strength bolt diameter can improve the mechanical performance of joints and energy dissipation performance.

To study the elastic seismic response of track restraints on high speed railway under the earthquake, two 1/20th scaled pier models are designed which represent with track restraints and without track restraints for experimental study. By shaking table tests for earthquake simulation, dynamic characteristics, the acceleration, displacement and stress response of test models with and without track restraints are analyzed and compared for the same seismic excitation. Results indicate that the 1st order natural frequency and acceleration response on the top of fixed pier increase, while track restraints decrease relatively and absolute fixed pier top displacement and fixed pier bottom stress response along longitudinal direction. To some extent, track constraints reduce seismic response of the ballastless track for high-speed railway bridge. The conclusion has great theoretical and practical significance on improving aseismatic design standards of high-speed railway bridge, reducing earthquake losses and ensuring smooth flow of traffic as soon as possible after the earthquake.

Acoustic Emission (AE) is a non-destructive testing technique which can be used to not only monitor the process of failure in material under both laboratory and field tests, but classify the damage level as well as the nature of that damage such as tensile cracks and shear cracks within the material by parameter analysis. This paper presents a series results of unloading rock tests conducted by the true triaxial test system. The AE parameters of AE hit, amplitude, frequency, rise time and energy were used in the tests. The damage level and the classification of micro cracks were identified by frequency-amplitude distribution of AE and the relationship of average frequency (AF) and RA value. In the loading stage, AE waves with the feature of low-medium amplitude and low energy were formed. Closure and slip of the original microcracks in the rock specimen were generated. When the rock sample is relatively stable, less AE waves characterized by low amplitude and low energy are formed, which stand for microcracks slip split in local zone correspondingly. However, the amplitudes of AE waves increase significantly in all frequency range during unloading stage, which implies high energy releasing and macrocracks generated by shear cracks propagation with plenty of tensile cracks. The analysis of AE parameters was successfully used to determine the type of crack movements in different damage levels in accordance with the SEM observations of specimens.

Flexible pavement is usually designed to last for at least 20 years, however sometimes the first failure is formed after the first year of use. This failure has been associated with; overloading of the structure, use of poor materials, drainage problem and inadequate pavement thickness, and poor compaction; without considering presence of tree-root in pavement layers. However, with the numerous advantages of finite element model (FEM) in designing pavement structure and coupled with the fact that it’s a non-destructive tool, it makes its use sustainable. Therefore, this study focuses on investigating the impact of tree-roots on design life of flexible pavement using FEM. Results of the study show that tree-roots within any layer, and most especially within the subgrade layer, have a great effect on its bearing capacity. Moreover, it was found that this effect decreases subgrade life by approximately 13 - 67 %, with respect to the root thickness and this consequently decreases the entire pavement life.

The water adsorption property of materials is a great factor to the mechanical property and durability of civil engineering structure. Therefore, the adsorption behavior of six materials including haydite, mineral powder, coal ash, multi-wall carbon nanotubes, diatomite and bottom ash powder was investigated by dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) apparatus. The sorption isotherm curves and sorption kinetic were analyzed and the conclusion is as follows. The adsorption isotherm curves for all these materials except carbon nanotubes is Type II isotherm curves, whereas the curve for carbon nanotubes is Type I isotherm curve. The change of geometry and existence of metastability may lead to adsorption hysteresis. The order of water adsorption ability of the six materials is: bottom ash powder > diatomite > carbon nanotubes > coal ash > mineral powder > haydite. Water vapor sorption process of carbon nanotubes, diatomite and bottom ash powder can be described by an exponential kinetic model. In addition, the method of dynamic vapor sorption test can provide a reference for other civil engineering materials.

Many of the major cities in the seismically active Himalayan region are situated close to some of the active thrust faults. The rupture of these faults can cause significant fling displacements in the near-fault region as observed during the recent Nepal earthquake (Mw 7.8, 2015). Hence, this article estimates the probable fling hazard of this region utilizing the available fling prediction equations after due validation. A linear fault source model has been considered for the hazard analysis and the results are presented as contour maps for 2,500 and 10,000 years return period. The results indicate maximum probable fling displacements to occur in the Hindukush-Pamirs and the Mishmi block regions. Furthermore, the hazard curves have been developed for some of the important cities in this region. This work is a preliminary study to quantify the probable fling hazard of the Himalayan region.

The Gongbei tunnel is a critical component of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge, currently the largest ongoing construction project in China. It is designed to be pre-supported by a long distance, large diameter steel pipe roof in combination with artificial ground freezing for water-tightness. The pipe roof consists of 36 pieces of 1620-mm-diameter steel pipes with a length of 255 m along curved alignment. The steel pipes are designed to be filled with C30 micro-expansive concrete during tunnel construction. Continuously concreting such long distance, large diameter, virtually horizontal steel pipes, creates a major engineering challenge. This paper discusses the major difficulties in horizontally concreting large diameter steel pipes, and then focuses on concrete flow mode in horizontal steel pipes, concrete performance and composition, and selection of concrete pump and transportation machine. With the application to Gongbei tunnel pipe roof, this paper developed a set of technology, which is economical, reliable, and effective, for continuously filling concrete in long distance, large diameter steel pipes. The technology provides valuable case study for similar consequent projects.

The construction quality of grouting sleeve for rebar splicing is a key factor of reliability of assembled precast concrete structure. For this reason, it is essential to understand the impact of curing conditions on the strength development of the grouting sleeve connectors. Six series of specimens with a total of 90 grouting sleeve specimens and 180 grouting samples cured at temperatures of -15, 0, 5, 15, 25, 35°C respectively have been tested at the ages of 1, 4, 7, 14, 28 days. According to the experimental results, the earlystage strength of grouting sleeve specimens is greatly influenced by the ambient temperature, while the 28-day strength is less affected. The relationship between the strength of grouting sleeve connectors and the ambient temperatures is revealed and equations are derived to evaluate the impacts of ambient temperature to the structural performance of the specimens. Suggestions are proposed as guidance to precast concrete construction.

The long-span curved bridge with small radius is often inevitably used in urban planning. The coupled effect of bending and torsion of this kind of bridge is very large with its long span and small radius. In order to research its structural performance accurately, the finite element software Midas Civil was used to analyze the curved bridge of Second Ring Road in Chengdu by grillage method, and it was compared with single beam method. The results indicated that the coupled effect of bending and torsion was very obvious and the grillage method was particularly suited to long-span curved bridge with small radius. This study provides a reference to the design of curved bridge.

The load limitation standard of trucks has an immediate influence on the actual vehicle load level and its probability distribution characteristics. Further, the standard may affect the serviceability of constructed infrastructures, for example bridges. To investigate the truck load limitation issue of small-medium span bridges, a probabilistic model of load limitation analysis was firstly established. In the second part, the truck load characteristics were discussed based on long-term WIM data and the truck types were extracted. Subsequently, the higher limit of truck mass was obtained through inverse iteration based on the established flexural functions and selected multi-level target reliability index. The effect of target reliability index and differences in regional load characteristics on the limited truck mass were discussed based on the analysis results. Further, the applicability of current standard was analyzed through a comparison. The following conclusion were obtained based on the former analysis: the limited truck mass decreases linearly with the increasing of target reliability index. Besides, the influence of differences in regional load characteristics on the results is non-ignorable. The current standard of overload control is suitable for small-medium span bridges. Nonetheless, it is ideal for different regions to refine regional standards based on actual conditions.

In recent years, numerous studies have been devoted to discussion on non-contact piled raft foundations. In this study, three-dimensional finite element analysis employing ABAQUS software was used to investigate the non-contact versus contact piled raft interaction. Various types of foundations including unpiled raft, non-contact and contact piled rafts were studied in the FE analyses to investigate load-settlement curves, pile-soilraft relative settlement and load sharing coefficient considering several parameters such as cushion thickness and elasticity modulus, number and length of piles. The results show that pile length, Young’s modulus and thickness of cushion have significant effects on pile-soil-raft relative settlement, maximum raft settlement and load sharing ratio in noncontact piled raft foundation.

Under the background of the truss bridge in Gaoliang ship lock across Huaihe river, which is made of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) profiles, APDL language based on ANSYS is used to organize corresponding command stream program and built 3D finite element model. According to the actual situation of the bridge, the static analysis and modal analysis of the truss bridge to test the static and dynamic performance is conducted. The mechanical property when the bridge material was replaced with BFRP and CFRP is analyzed.

This paper presents test results of mechanical behavior, failure pattern and b-value of full-scale flat-plate floor subjected to fire. The experimental results show that crack patterns on top surface of the flat-plate floor under fire are consistent with those at ambient temperature. The experimental results also show that concrete spalling has a significant impact on fire resistance of the flat-plate floor. Serious spalling would directly cause failure of concrete structures or members under fire even though they have not reached their fire resistance. On the basis of experimental results, acoustic emission parameters were analysed, which proved that b-value has a close relationship with the damage variation rate of the slab and can be used to estimate the damage process of the flat-plate floor under fire.

The subgrade compaction is a significant gauge of subgrade’s quality assessment. Meanwhile, the accuracy of compactness mainly lies in the maximum dry density by indoor standard compaction test. In fact, there are some artificial uncertainties in the process of measuring the maximum dry density, including underutilized experimental data, not accurate numerical analysis, calculation difficulty, data distortion, etc. To avoid the above drawbacks, the method of calculating the soil maximum dry density and the optimum water content, which are based on the high-order interpolation function of Newton is put forward. This method enables to better reflect the functional relation between the optimum moisture content and maximum dry density. By means of errors, the experimental data can be fully utilized and only small errors exist, which is completely in accordance with the specification requirements.

In this research, large-scale shaking table model test was conducted to study dynamic behavior of anchorage landslide under earthquake. Failure form of landslide soil, acceleration response and stress mechanism of pressure type anchor were analyzed respectively. The results indicate that: cracks of soil occurred mainly in the bottom and top of landslide: at low loading amplitude, shearing crack in slope toe appeared firstly; at high loading amplitude, top soil in landslide was seriously destructed; at last, large area of block-form soil were shot to the table. After many times of stimulation, the first order natural frequency of this model declined slowly, then increased, and finally tended to stabilize. With the increase of loading amplitude, acceleration response increased more obviously, and had elevation amplification effect. For different anchors, at low and medium loading amplitude, stress of the top anchor and the bottom anchor were bigger than other anchors, while at high loading amplitude, the second anchor was also very large. For the same anchor, like static loading condition, measured point stress near bearing plate was the biggest. The results could provide a reasonable foundation for the design of the anchors under earthquake.

Based on PMC method, station detection probability of 160 stations and seismic network detection probability are obtained. Station detection probability results truly reflect the station monitoring ability of seismic events. As the contrast of stations detection probability and the horizontal displacement spectrum by fourier transform (FFT) shows, station PD value can truly reflect the seismic record signal strength. For the monitoring capability optimization layout scheme, it is suggested that new stations should be set in the west Alxa Left Banner, Xilihaote, Tongliao-Wulanhaote, north of Hailar and west of Hailar, to improve the ability of overall monitoring ability in Inner Mongolia.

The main bridge in North Branch of Xiamen-Zhangzhou Cross-Sea Bridge is a 5-span continuous steel box girder double-pylon cable-stayed bridge with 780m main span and the basic earthquake intensity at the bridge site is VII. In order to ensure the safety of the bridge under earthquake, the special seismic design of the bridge must be carried out. In this paper, the critical issues in seismic design of the bridge are studied. Firstly, the seismic fortification objectives and criteria are determined, then the influence of seismic excitation method, pylon(pier)-girder connection type, pile-soil interaction, liquefaction and scouring on the bridge is analyzed, and finally the optimization design of the damper is conducted through the sensitivity analysis of parameters. This paper provides the general idea of the seismic design of long-span cable-stayed bridges, which can be adopted by the seismic design of similar bridges.

Reinforced concrete faces more challenges when the provisions in codes are improved all over the world. But that also brings chances to reinforced concrete which has excellent mechanical performance. Concrete is a kind of brittle material, and its ductility is poor. However, as a result of the lateral confinement of stirrup, the deformability and carry capacity of the concrete will be increased, which ensures the mechanical performance of reinforced concrete. This paper mainly introduces the present status of researches on the regional confined concrete, high-strength concrete confined by high-strength hoop reinforcement and some new types of confined concrete. In addition, this paper analyzes the comprehensive performance of them and prospects the development of reinforced concrete.

Based on the characteristics of seismic design of highway bridges, the bending momentcurvature analysis software for arbitrary reinforced concrete section is developed. The software has realized the rapid establishment of the section analysis model, the batch import of the analysis cases and the batch export of the analysis results, and has been applied to the seismic design of many bridges.

Based on the actual construction features of gravity wharfs, general risk assessment of wharfs was made by an index system according to engineering features, construction environment, geological conditions, weather conditions and data integrity. Based on a 50,000 DTW gravity wharf on Liaodong Peninsula as a case study. It verified the scientificity and applicability of this assessment method, improving the relevant assessment methods and indexes. In addition, it provided reference for the risk assessment of construction safety of gravity wharfs in the future.

The composite box-girder bridge with corrugated steel webs is a new type of bridge structure. It was originally often used for continuous beam and continuous rigid frame bridges, and with its ever-expanding applied range and rising requirement of the span, domestic and foreign designers also begin to apply it in larger span bridges such as cablestayed bridge and partially cable-stayed bridge. In the consideration that partially cablestayed bridge appeared later and its structure itself is relatively new, the application of this bridge type with corrugated steel webs as box girder webs in domestic and overseas is not widespread. It is necessary to conduct a comprehensive research on the mechanical properties of partially cable-stayed bridge with corrugated steel webs. Combined with existing research results, this paper relies on one domestic and newly built partially cablestayed bridge with corrugated steel webs called Zhengzhou to Dengfeng Fast Track Chaoyanggou Reservoir Bridge (hereinafter referred to as “Zhengzhou Chaoyanggou Reservoir Bridge”) as engineering background. The research on the shear lag effect for partially cable-stayed bridge with corrugated steel webs is conducted through experimental study and finite element analysis, which is helpful to deeply understand the mechanical properties and application of this structure.

In order to further explore the torsional behavior of the PC composite box-girder with corrugated steel webs, three specimens are designed and fabricated for the monotonic pure torsion experiment. Finite element models of experimental beams are established, by adopting the method of space finite element analysis (FEA). By comparing the finite element calculation and the test results, the cure of torque - twist rate of the PC composite box-girder with corrugated steel webs are obtained, which confirms the reliability of the finite element analysis.

Based on the principle of anti-slide pile-soil arching effect, the spacing between two adjacent anti-slide piles has an important influence on the formation of soil arching and the stability against sliding. This paper started with stress analysis of soil arching, and proposed the equality of variable Q, which contributed to the calculation formula of the maximum spacing between anti-slide piles. Lastly, the calculation of pile spacing was illustrated by an engineering example and the result was compared with other methods. The results show that the arching edges are the most unfavorable position including leading edge and trailing edge. The leading edge is the most unfavorable position under the condition of smaller arch thickness and when landslide thrust is small. This transfers to the trailing edge with the increase of landslide thrust under the opposite condition of larger arch thickness. Therefore, the most unfavorable position should be considered comprehensively at first in determining the rational spacing of anti-slide piles.

This paper established Midas/civil finite element model for bridge simulation, and the stress, the deformation of the main arch and the main construction process were calculated carefully. Moreover, the bridge alignment controlling standard was proposed. The results obtained from the above steps can fully prove that this optimization method is effective.

Shear connector is a part of steel-concrete composite beam, and it is the key to ensure the whole performance of composite beam. This paper presents the effects of flange and web thickness, height and width of angle shear connectors by using experimental and FE Analysis. 6 push-out tests were carried out to verify the correctness of FE models. In this experiment, the failure mode was the concrete crushing splitting with the angle steels yielded at the junction of web and flange. Specimens had a plastic behavior before failure. As the angle shear connectors concentrate the applied load on the root of flange, the thickness and width of flange and web are the main factors that influence the ultimate strength of angle shear connectors. The height of flange and web could hardly affect the ultimate strength.

The prestressed concrete composite girder bridge with corrugated steel webs is a new type of bridge structure which has been widely applied in domestic in recent years. In order to meet the practical engineering requirement on the large height with corrugated steel webs, the type 2400 corrugated steel webs was preliminary designed on the geometry parameters based on the original types of corrugated steel webs. The development of the elastic shear buckling strength theory for corrugated steel webs and the corresponding calculation method were concluded. A reliable finite element model for the elastic shear buckling analysis of corrugated steel webs was established. According to the numerical results obtained by finite element analysis of the elastic shear buckling of the type 2400 corrugated steel webs, the theoretical formulas for local elastic shear buckling strength and global elastic shear buckling strength were corrected, and empirical calculation formulas for interactive elastic shear buckling strength was obtained through fitting.

Numerical simulation and diagnostic analysis on the heavy rainfall in Hainan Island during 14-15 October, 2000 were conducted using the WRF model and NCEP re-analysis data. The observed 48 h accumulative rainfall amount is successfully simulated in the 4km experiment, with the similar result that the rainfall distributed more in the east than in the west and more in the north than in the south. The accumulative rainfall of the simulation center is about 100 mm more than the observations (651 mm), the center of simulation is about 50 km south of observation. The results of diagnosis show that: the trigger mechanisms of rainfall are cold air infiltration in low-level and dry intrusion in middle-level. The tropical depression in south of Hainan Island not only brought plenty of water vapor for rainfall, but also enhanced the lower-level jet stream (LLJ) because of its strong pressure gradient. The structure characteristic shows that LLJ have both of the shear of wind direction and strong wind speed. Two belts of water vapor convergence from ocean were confluent in north of Hainan Island. Divergence vertical flux and water vapor flux divergence indicate the location of rainfall, which is valuable for rainfall forecasting using model.

Through the characteristic experiment, the chromatographic experiments and the thermal analysis experiments, this paper obtains that below 70°C the difference between the curve of CO and CO2 concentration of the organic sample was not significant. The production of CO and CO2 increased rapidly when the temperature rise up to more than 120°C and the maximum production rate of CO and CO2 occurs when the mineral content of organic is 5%. The oxygen consumption of different mineral content in organic samples decreases first and then increases with the increase of temperature. Among them, the maximum oxygen consumption occurs when the mineral content of organic is 5% with the increase of temperature, and the exothermic ox.

The constitutive model selected is the key to numerical analysis, which affects the reliability of analysis results directly. It is easy to use strain space plastic model to simulate softening constitutive behavior if the concrete material is beyond its limit stress. In this paper, an elastic-plastic constitutive model is established based on strain space plastic model, using Huang Kezhi-Zhang Yuangao’s three-parameters yield criterion to determine yield surface. The relationship between three parameters of yield criterion and uniaxial compression strength design value of concrete is presented. Using ABAQUS user material subroutine UMAT, the first derivation continuous equivalent uniaxial stress-strain curve is applied. The comparison between test results and calculation results demonstrates that the proposed model has a high calculation accuracy.

For the expansion project of the soft soil subgrade section of highway, the mixed soilcement pile curtain wall (MSCPCW) was installed at the boundary of old and extended pavement. The settlements of soft soil foundation and construction process were simulated using the elastic-plastic finite element analysis software. The numerical simulation results are in line with the field test results, which show that the numerical model is accurate to describe the deformation of cement mixing pile and soft soil foundation. The combined method of MSCPCW and foundation treatment can effectively control the new and old roadbed difference settlement for expansion highway project.

The urban expressway network is one of the city’s major traffic arteries. However, the urban road network near the overpass is the most congested area. Improving the traffic situation in this area has become an important issue. This paper presents a new real-time traffic estimation and prediction system, i.e., DynaCHINA which reproduces the traffic propagation by simulating the vehicle movement on the network. The improved mesoscopic traffic flow models are the key technologies that include some models such as static queuing model and the vehicle movement model. Moreover, a coordinated control approach is proposed to determine the traffic states by maximizing the total traffic flow of the network in the simulation period. Also, the variable speed limits can be implemented near the overpass area. The results demonstrated the feasibility of the models. In some cases, the proposed variable speed limits is an effective way to alleviate the traffic congestion in urban road networks.

Research that has adopted a service quality measurement model without meeting the requirements of the psychometric approach may lead to questionable results, and the measurement model validated to evaluate city bus service quality does not focus on this potential problem. Therefore, this research seeks to determine the best approach by utilizing a three-step procedure with a confirmatory factor analysis-based competitive model, incorporating a cross-validation sample method and non-nested model competition to evaluate and select the better theoretical framework for assessing city bus service quality models. The results indicate that Lin’s short version BUSQUAL with four factors and fourteen items is more accurate for measuring city bus service quality.

In order to make better use of the capacity of overland transport system and satisfy the needs of fast-growing port container throughput, rational modes of container transport should be chosen. Hence, intercity overland transport of inbound containers for coastal ports is studied in this paper. With the objective of minimizing the total transport costs and constraints of the capacity of each transport mode, an optimization model of the selection of container overland transport mode is built. An application to a real port in Northern China demonstrates the validity of the proposed model. The obtained results are used to help port planners and operators make reasonable decisions.

Bike-sharing is a sustainable transportation mode and can be used to solve many issues caused by motors, therefore it has seen a sharp increase worldwide in the last decade. However, there is no uniform bike-sharing management mode; cities try to find proper management mode, leading to lots of waste on manpower, financial and material resources. To explore suitable management modes, this paper summarizes the typical management modes worldwide, categorizes them, compares the effect of each mode and analyzes the incentives. Results reveal that the utilities of the users and the requirements of the management levels are different from each other. Meanwhile, the economy and public welfare of the bike-sharing systems vary with the modes. The low fees with restrictions mode is the most workable in practice. Another new one, categorised as highfee, no-restriction with subsidy mode, is proposed. Finally, it is concluded that cities should design clear goals and service groups, forecast the demand before launching the bike-sharing systems, and dynamically adjust the management modes with the development of cities.

The rapid development of the shipping industry in China has brought great economic benefits but at a great environmental cost; exhaust emissions originating from ships are increasing. Hence, the mitigation of ship exhaust emissions has become urgent. Atmospheric pollution from ship exhaust emissions must be considered not only at the scale of individual ships but regionally. This problem is addressed by establishing a system dynamics model to help mitigate regional ship exhaust emissions without restricting economic growth. Correlated factors are identified; then a causal loop diagram and a stock-and-flow diagram are proposed to describe the complicated interrelations among the correlated factors. Finally, the potential variation trends for exhaust emissions and economic benefits for Qingdao port under different scenarios were predicted. By comparing the simulation results, the effects of different emission reduction measures were analyzed, providing a reference for the promotion of the harmonious development of the regional environment and economy.

The electrical power is primarily generated from coal in China. Coal power generated electricity drives all electrical vehicles for their entire life cycle; hence, the usage of electric vehicles indirectly produces air pollution in China. There are reported studies on the environmental implication of new energy vehicles, but the environmental implication of electric vehicles is still uncertain. In this paper, we use the WTW (from the Well to Wheel) calculation method and GREET (The Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation) model to analyze the environmental and economic implications of conventional, hybrid, electric and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in their life cycle in China. Results show that the electric and hybrid cars exhibit economic advantages in four typical types of vehicles influenced by the state and local government subsidies in China. However, the CO₂, SO₂, and NO_X emissions depend on the structure of energy sources for electrical power in China and the U.S., respectively. For some cities of China, like Shanghai or Beijing, electric vehicles can decrease PM2.5 effect locally, but they may cause pollution to the power output. In view of the environmental protection, a hybrid electric vehicle is more suitable for China.

In this study, a predictive Transit Signal Priority (TSP) strategy with advanced detection of a transit vehicle is developed, and an analytical evaluation method was proposed to examine the potential impact on the performance of the TSP system. The stochastic effects of the vehicle actuated (V-A) system is considered and the stochastic arrival and departure process is modeled. The evaluation results demonstrate that the proposed TSP strategy is more effective than the immediate control

Considering the absence of meteorological safety guarantee system with functions of visually intelligent early warning monitor and decision support for maritime traffic safety in focus sea areas in restricted visibility, a risk evaluation model for maritime traffic using the method of the fuzzy system in risk management theory has been established. Based on this, a design plan of dynamic risk pre-evaluation system for maritime traffic safety in restricted visibility has been presented. Simulation analysis showed the functions and expected application effect and the practical value of the system, which can provide early warning and operating suggestions for maritime security authorities and officers on deck, has been approved.

The paper established an urban public transit network multi-method evaluation system considering the coordination with bus routes, public operation enterprises, and public transport passengers. The urban public transit network evaluation is composed of the TransCAD model and several methods such as efficacy coefficient score, membership function method, analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation. Each index was endowed with a particular weight. This evaluation method was verified by a specific example. This paper provided a simple program designed to evaluate the public transit network. It will be a reference for the development of public transport occupation standards.

There exists severe AIS signal loss in inland navigation environment, and the ship trajectory has characteristics such as long sampling interval, sparsity, and discontinuity. Traditional interpolation methods are mainly applicable to the trajectory restoring of the straight channel, which cannot be applied to the inland channel with curved and complicated topography, for the curve motion characteristics between adjacent trajectory points are easy to be ignored. In this paper, a method for the restoring of inland ship trajectories based on the navigation experience is proposed. Firstly, the historical trajectory records of the other ships in the neighborhood of the sampling point are extracted. Secondly, the navigation experience of the other ships is modeled based on the multi-parameter constraints of time, location, course etc., and kernel density estimation is used to acquire the heat map of ship navigation. Lastly, the highest probability is searched based on the ship heat map to figure out the restored trajectory. Two typical inland channels are also presented as the experimental scenarios, and a comparison is made between the restoring results using the proposed method and the spline function method respectively. The comparison results demonstrate this method can better apply to the curve and complicated topography of inland channel, and can quickly restore and reconstruct the sparse inland trajectory.

Environmental pollution and energy consumption caused by automobiles have facilitated green design technology. The key step of green design is to conduct the scientific assessment of its consequent effects. Based on the method of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), the comprehensive assessment model developed in this paper aims to save energy and reduce emission. Two design schemes of dust-proof covers in the automobile steering system were evaluated by using the developed model. The results demonstrate that the scheme of the plastic dust-proof cover is better than the rubber type. This research is useful for guiding the implementation of the green design in the automobile enterprises in China.

As the road conditions deteriorate during the period of ice and snow in the cold region, the probability of traffic accident increases. The prediction method presented in this research proves to anticipate the trend of traffic accidents, and provide a reference for traffic management. By adopting time headway as determination for conflicts, and number of conflicts as determination for traffic accident. Thresholds of conflict time were calculated based on the result on the field study for driving speed and pavement friction coefficient during the period of ice and snow in the cold region. In this paper, based on the data of urban arterial sections in Harbin, China, a model is developed to capture the interrelation between traffic volume and number of conflicts. By combining the relationship between traffic conflict and traffic accident, this model can further prove the interrelation between traffic volume and the number of accidents. Hence, this paper presented a method for determining the relation between number of traffic accidents and traffic volume during the period of ice and snow in the cold region.

This paper proposes five Key Performance Index (KPI) and abnormal/Exception Information Diagnosis of road side units (RSU)-based Real-time Traffic Database System (RTDS) to identify the KPI of RSU system and abnormal conditions of RSUs. The purpose is to validate the location of unreasonable operation values of RSUs. The RSUs contain Vehicle Detector (VD), Closed Circuit Television (CCTV), Changeable Message Sign (CMS), Automatic Vehicle Identification (AVI), and Road Section (RS). The five KPI are defined as follows: the rate of well-prepared completeness of information, maintenance of equipment, instant proper data of equipment, equipment completeness, and file linkage trends. The rate of proper data of equipment abnormal data is identified simultaneously. Then, the five effective KPI index of the whole island area can also be obtained. This system offers the rate of file linkage to check the resource unit on the compliance of government published traffic standard v1.1, regulating five kinds of equipment and 13 file styles.

Curve cutting is the most frequent driving pattern observed on rural roads, which can bring two benefits for drivers, i.e. cutting effectiveness: first, to get trajectory flattened and then thus shortened; second, to enable drivers maintain a higher speed due to the flattened radius. Consequently, drivers’ psychological need for higher traveling speed can be satisfied. However, curve cutting always occurs on the curves with high level of cutting effectiveness, and not on all curves. Thus, there is the question of what geometric features do these curves with a high cutting effectiveness have? In this paper, using “Roadway-Driver-Vehicle” virtual driving system to simulate the driving process when the pattern curve cutting was adopted by the driver; the relationship between cutting effectiveness and spiral length of a horizontal curve such as deflection angle, curve radii, roadway width, spiral length and horizontal curve length were analyzed. The key geometry features that can significantly affect cutting effectiveness were identified and their critical value were also obtained. According to these findings, designers of highway or race circuit can judge the level of cutting effectiveness of a curve when its geometric parameters were given and thus can predict the probability of curve cutting’s appearance. Meanwhile, with a given requirement of cutting effectiveness, the geometric parameters can be determined.

The vehicle overload phenomenon in expressway has become increasingly serious in China. Research on the extreme value of the vehicle load with its development trend is an urgent problem in the toll-by-weight mode. On the basis of statistical analysis of WIM data in Beijing-Zhuhai Expressway, by the extreme value theory and POT theory, a POT model was developed. Vehicle weight distribution in the tail of the distribution function was obtained, which can predict the extreme value of vehicle load in any return period. Results demonstrated that more heavy vehicles will appear in the future. It provided a useful reference for effective forecast of overweight vehicles.

In order to acquire the most energy-saving luminaire installation parameters (LIPs) of highway tunnel interior zone, a parameters optimization model (POM) of symmetric luminaire distribution (SLD) lighting for tunnel interior zone was established. It includes luminaire installation height, longitudinal installation spacing, crosswise installation spacing, elevation angle and power as optimization parameters, and with minimum total power of the SLD lighting system as objective function. Yanlieshan tunnel of Jiujing highway was used as an example for the optimization. The optimal LIPs of the SLD lighting system of tunnel interior zone were obtained by the POM. A comparison between the optimization results and that of Yanlieshan tunnel lighting system is performed, which demonstrates that the optimized SLD lighting system with LED lamps installed according to the optimized LIPs has remarkable energy-saving effect even under full capacity lighting condition. Illuminance and illuminance uniformity of the tunnel road surface still meet the traffic lighting requirements. Even the LED lamps’ luminance decreases by 30%. A SLD lighting simulation experiment with the optimized SLD lighting LIPs for Yanlieshan tunnel was carried out by the software Dialux. The simulation results primarily agree with the optimization calculated results from the POM, which proves the correctness of the SLD lighting POM.

This paper introduces the satisfaction theories of economics to establish an electric toll collection evaluation indicator system (ETCEIS), including four indexes of quality perception, drivers’ personal property, environmental factors and choice intention. The empirical factor analysis was adopted to verify the reasonableness of the selected indexes and Linear Structure Relationship (LISREL) was applied to design the ETC comprehensive evaluation choice behavior model. 295 questionnaires were conducted at high-speed service area in Guangzhou city. The analysis results indicate that the evaluation indicator system is reasonably classified; the quality perception and environmental factors have a positive effect to the choice behavior while the driver’s personal property did not.

With rapid economic development and urbanization, fog and haze pollution is increasingly serious which threatens people’s life and health. Recycling tire rubber applied to pavement mixed with asphalt has been a focus of research and development globally. In this paper, matrix asphalt, rubber powder and anion additive made from water stone were combined to give the anion rubber-modified asphalt excellent properties. Meanwhile, it can release anions which has healthy and environmental benefits.

The correlation between stress response ability of male drivers and number of trainings under different road conditions and sources of stress is analyzed. HED eye tracker was used to measure the physiological indicators of 12 objects. Stress response ability of male drivers under different road conditions and sources of stress was correlated with the number of trainings through regression analysis. Variation rate of pupil area of drivers decreased with the number of trainings under different road conditions and the correlation with number of trainings was best described by logistic regression model (Sig<0.05). Drivers demonstrated worst stress response on highway in foggy weather (sudden change of lane by vehicle in front without turn signal) and on rural highway in foggy weather (sudden stopping of vehicle in front). Most drivers had to go through recovery training to achieve the previous stress response level. Variation rate of pupil area is an effective measure of male drivers’ stress response ability. Drivers will exhibit lower level of stress response and reduced occurrence of stress through training.

The ground 3D laser scanning technology has the advantages such as normal traffic flow, large amount of data and high efficiency, so it is suitable for application in surveying and mapping of existing road reconstruction and expansion. This paper takes a specific road reconstruction and expansion project as an example to study the process which is suitable for 3D laser scanning technology from the survey program design, equipment selection, geodetic chain and target layout aspects. In the meantime, related software to complete the point cloud data filtering, splicing, coordinate conversion and simplification are utilized along with the CASS software to generate DTM model for road reconstruction and expansion design. It turns out that this technology has high data accuracy. According to the test results, the difference between the data obtained by this technology and by traditional measurement methods respectively is under 4 mm. It can fully meet the design requirements of road reconstruction and expansion and has very good application prospects.

In order to reduce fuel consumption and pollutant emission of traffic system at the urban bus stop, the selecting method of the space between the bus stop and the intersection considering fuel consumption and pollutant emission indexes was put forward. VISSIM and MOVES were combined to compute traffic and environment evaluation indexes. The grey relational analysis model was adopted to evaluate the kinds of indexes and the relation between the grey relational grade and space was obtained. Subsequently, the best location of bus stop is at the space where the grey relational grade reached the maximum. Taking single intersection as an example, the selecting method was verified. The result demonstrates that it can obviously reduce fuel consumption and pollutant emission of the whole traffic system at intersection and improve operational efficiency.

The transport system in rural areas demonstrates unique functional attributes owing to the surrounding geographical distribution of resources, residential points layout, the modes of production and daily life characteristics, which also require special planning requirements. Using specific planning technical means to implement the concept of green transport is an important way to achieve sustainable development of town transport system, and is also the focus in the study of this article. The study is based on the perspective of going green, takes the green transport system constitution and content as the breakthrough point and researches Huaide Town as a case study. It investigates residents’ daily trip characteristics, status of transport and other research data, and analyzes the basis of developing the green transport of Huaide Town. It also evaluates existing problems to propose working ways and corresponding strategies of town transport system planning from the aspects of the transport network, transport facilities, transport modes and transport management, aiming at providing technical support and reference for the implementation of green transport in the town planning level.

Orienteering Problem (OP) can be modeled in many applications such as logistic scheduling system, tourist guide service, athlete recruiting. OP and its variants have attracted increasing attention of scholars. In this paper, a literature review is conducted on the recent development of OP and its new variant including Time-Dependent Orienteering Problem (TDOP), Stochastic Orienteering Problem (SOP) and Multi-Objective Orienteering Problem (MOOP). The definition and formulation of OP and its variants are formally described. The exact and heuristic algorithms used to solve the OP and its variants are summarized and compared.

The effect of combining horizontal and vertical curves on operational conditions has been the subject of research over the last 20 years. Many reports demonstrated that the combinations of horizontal curves with crest and sag vertical curves would influence the curvature appearance. Thus, drivers may misperceive the curvature and take the wrong action when driving on the horizontal curves combined with vertical curves. This could cause safety problems to the drivers. This paper focused on proposing a new indicator (wheel path) to evaluate the driver’s misperception of the curvature in the section where horizontal curves was combined with vertical curves.

Ionospheric influence is one of the main factors that restrains high precision positioning of Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS). This paper analyses the Vertical Total Electron Content (VTEC) polynomial model, calculates the total electron content of ionospheric delays from eight CORS stations by subsection modeling, and uses a third order spline interpolation function to carry out the fitting analysis of VTEC curve. A certain relationship is concluded between the distribution of CORS stations and ionospheric delays, which can be more competent to reflect the variation of daily electron content and maintain the continuity and smoothness of the total electron content in space.

The purpose of the study is to construct a database of pedestrian characteristics and behavior for the visitors to take advantage of passenger facilities in railway stations in Korea, which is categorized by different types of the stations. A total of 8 stations were selected for the database with three categories considered: train types, urban location, and position along railway route. Subsequently, their usage during a yearly peak hour is collected as video recordings. Using those videos, pedestrian characteristics of 1,479 samples and 8,069 movement patterns of them are collected as a database by a video tracking method which was previously developed. Analyzing the database by types of the stations, differences on visitors’ characteristics and space usage are discovered.

Biomimicry has been applied to architecture in the past in terms of aesthetics, structure, environmental function, etc. Biological strategies are used to develop ideas for buildings that function like an organism. However, an effective system that can assist architects with less knowledge about biology is still needed. The main purpose of this research is to expedite a widespread application of Biomimicry ideas by providing a classification of biological strategies. Theoretical study of design characteristics in nature and case study of biological strategies and Biomimicry architecture were researched on the ways biological strategies are currently applied to Biomimicry architecture and the kind of possibilities to be expected in the future. Results of this research can provide Biomimicry ideas to architects searching for innovative solutions to control environmental conditions through architectural designs.

This paper is a contribution toward an operational use of large floating car data (FCD) in traffic management. The work focused on a practice-ready traffic surveillance system for Chongqing City of 8 million people. In this system, the real-time GPS FCD of all the 16,000 taxis in the city are analyzed to monitor the traffic performance in the city in different levels, including road segment level, corridor level, sub-area level, and city level. In this paper, the MOE selection, system outcomes and related recommendations on future system improvements are discussed. In this system, travel time ratio has been selected as the key MOE to evaluate traffic performance since it incorporates many factors that affect travel time and it is very intuitive and easy to understand for the public. It is demonstrated that using large-scale of FCD data to monitor traffic performance is a feasible and cost-effective solution to detect and better manage transportation.

Double layer traffic prestressed concrete box beam makes full use of the internal space to achieve double layer traffic to improve the efficiency of urban traffic and the utilization of land resources, which has certain advantages in practical engineering. Therefore, the study analysis on the related force characteristics is of far-reaching significance. On the process of prestressed reinforced block tensioning, this paper studied and analyzed tensioning sequence and prestress loss of the double-layer pre-stressed concrete box girder, monitored the prestress loss in put piece of process in the process of prestressed tensioning and compared with regulation and relevant calculation theory values. Concurrently, the prestress losses after pulling were real-time tracked and monitored to track the rule of prestress loss.

Urban rail transit route laying mode is one of the most important contents in the network planning of urban rail transit. The selection of route laying mode is significant to urban future development. This paper analyzed the influence factors, compared evaluation system that is now used in many cities, established the final evaluation index system of urban rail route laying mode, and then used AHP and Fuzzy evaluation method to quantify the factors of route laying mode. This method can reduce the cost of construction and the influence on the land use etc. Finally, this paper provided reference to the construction of urban rail road.

This paper mainly optimizes the level and period of congestion pricing in single-steptolling method on a bottleneck link. Firstly, Greenshields model is applied to obtain the queue length and the speed of the moving part considering the traveler’s braking behaviors. Subsequently, the bi-level programming model is established, in which the upper level is to minimize the maximal queue length and the minimal speed, and the lower programming is to simulate the travel behaviors. The bi-level programming model is solved by an improved genetic algorithm. Lastly, an example is demonstrated to illustrate the application of the model and the algorithm.

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