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In this paper, two numerical methods are used to calculate quasi-normal modes (QNMs) of near-extremal black holes/strings in the generalized spherically/cylindrically symmetric background, the Asymptotic Iteration Method (AIM) and the Spectral Method. The numerical results confirm the accuracy of the approximate analytic formula using the Pöschl–Teller potential. Our analytic formula is used to investigate the Strong Cosmic Censorship conjecture of extremal and near-extremal black holes in (P. Burikham, S. Ponglertsakul and T. Wuthicharn, Eur. Phys. J. C80 (2020) 954, arXiv:2010.05879 [gr-qc]).

Microfinance was introduced in Malaysia in 1987 to provide financial access to the poorest member of the society and to reduce the persisting income inequality. Poverty and inequality in Malaysia are characterised by the income disparity between urban–rural populations, gender, as well as among ethnic groups and states. This chapter gives an overview of three main Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) in Malaysia, namely Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia (AIM), Yayasan Usaha Maju (YUM) and Tabung Ekonomi Kumpulan Usaha Niaga (TEKUN). The three MFIs receive financial support from the Malaysian government but differ in the year of establishment, organisation type, lending schemes, service area coverage and target borrowers. MFIs differ in the performance of their loans’ repayment rate where the high Non-Performing Loans (NPL) can be associated with the loans’ lending terms as well as borrowers’ certain individual and household characteristics. MFIs’ microcredit loans positively affect borrowers’ individual, household and microenterprise economic performances but the magnitudes of the impact vary among MFIs and across economic performance measures. The implications of the presented findings and analysis are discussed, both for the MFIs and the policy makers.

Interaction of CO and NO molecules by different orientations on (BN)_n=3-5 clusters have been studied at the B3LYP/6-311+G* level of theory. Total electronic energies have been corrected for geometrical counterpoise (gCP) and dispersion (D3) energies at the B3LYP/6-31G* level. Formation of a new sigma bond between the gas and (BN)₃ cluster, atom in molecules (AIM) results, density of states spectrums (DOS), molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) surfaces, and visualization of wave function of molecular orbitals in the nearest bonding regions to the Fermi level have confirmed that adsorption of CO by carbon end atom, and NO by nitrogen end atom is covalent in nature, so that the charge transfer is occurred from gas molecule to the cluster.

The pnicogen bonding interactions of PCl₃ and π-electron systems (acetylene, ethylene, benzene) were calculated by using MP2/aug-cc-pVDZ method and the effect of hydrogen bond on pnicogen bond systems were investigated. It has been indicated that the hydrogen bonding and the pnicogen bonding interactions have influence on each other and the positively cooperative effect has been detected. The interaction energies of pnicogen bonded supramolecular system were also calculated by using DFT method (M06-2X) and some simple comparisons with those by using MP2 method were made. It has been disclosed from natural bond orbitals (NBO) analysis that more the amount of charge transfer of pnicogen bonding interaction, the greater the stability of the corresponding complex. Through AIM topological analysis, it has been revealed that the electron density of pnicogen bond BCP point is positively correlated with the stability of trimeric complex. Electron localization function (ELF) was also adopted to analyze the nature of pnicogen bonding interactions. Furthermore, density difference function (DDF) method was adopted to analyze the variation of electron density of pnicogen bond system because of hydrogen bond.