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Lichen samples were collected and observations about lichen communities were recorded at sites in the intermountain western United States. Specifically the states of Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico were included in this study. The minor and trace-element concentrations in many of the lichens collected were determined by proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE). These data are part of a base line assessment of current air pollution conditions in this region. These data also provide an opportunity to study some aspects of lichen physiology. Using the data from 508 foliose and fruticose lichens, frequency distributions for concentrations of phosphorus and calcium are considered. Phosphorus has a closely-spaced, bimodal distribution: one mode for foliose lichens and one mode for fruticose lichens. This suggests that all lichen genera in this study have similar requirements and absorption mechanisms for phosphorus. Calcium has a complex frequency distribution and concentrations that range from 450 mg/kg to 14 % dry weight. Contributions to this complex distribution pattern can be understood if the data are resolved into growth form, genera within each growth form, and in some cases species within a given genus. This complex dependence on calcium is strong evidence that lichens develop specific calcium-related adaptations in order to accommodate various habitat conditions.

We study geometry on real gerbes in the spirit of the Cheeger–Simons theory. The concepts of adaptations and holonomy forms are introduced for flat connections on real gerbes. Their relations to complex gerbes with connections are presented, as well as results in loop and map spaces.

The EIA process provides the framework for structuring EIA activities, events, documents and methods. An overview of examples of design and management choices available to EIA process participants is presented. The choices pertain to (1) general EIA process design and management; (2) EIA process inputs, outputs and linkages; and (3) EIA process adaptations. The available choices are more extensive than are generally recognised in EIA process characterisations. EIA process participants can select the mix of choices that best suit proposal characteristics, environmental conditions, contextual factors and their interests and priorities. An awareness of the available choices is a good first step. EIA quality and effectiveness analyses could, with appropriate adaptations and refinements, help distinguish among blends of choices that are recurrently more and less effective.

The EIA process provides the framework for structuring EIA activities, events, documents and methods. An overview of examples of design and management choices available to EIA process participants is presented. The choices pertain to (1) general EIA process design and management; (2) EIA process inputs, outputs and linkages; and (3) EIA process adaptations. The available choices are more extensive than are generally recognised in EIA process characterisations. EIA process participants can select the mix of choices that best suit proposal characteristics, environmental conditions, contextual factors and their interests and priorities. An awareness of the available choices is a good first step. EIA quality and effectiveness analyses could, with appropriate adaptations and refinements, help distinguish among blends of choices that are recurrently more and less effective.