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This article analyzes availability characteristics among three various spare system configurations. Each configuration includes various amount of primary and warm standby units, and an unreliable server is responsible for repairing the failed units. The server may fail or break-down when it is repairing. Additionally, it is assumed the server’s time to break-down has exponential distribution. When the primary unit fails, the standby unit replaces it immediately where the replacement is perfect. The repair time of the failed units and the recovery time of the break-down server follow a random variable. Next, a useful model is built based on the three system configurations. We develop the explicit expressions of availability measures among three spare system configurations. The cost/benefit is also compared among three configurations with given to the distribution parameters, and to the cost of the primary and warm standby units.

Hospitals' Community Benefits.

The Question of Fair Benefits in International Research.

Access to Medicines and Corporate Social Responsibilities of the Pharmaceutical Industry.

Corporate Social Responsibility of the Pharmaceutical Industry in Solidaristic Terms.

A Journey Inside the Human Body

Seward Stomacher Enables Clean and Odour Free Sample Preparation for Faecal Transplants.

SCIEX and QPS Holdings Enter Collaboration to Establish the BioBA Solution for Bioanalysis of Biologics.

Singapore Ranks 4th in How Its National Policies Impact Global Biopharma Innovation, ITIF Finds in New Analysis Marking World Health Day.

Bosch Introduces New Generation of Pure Steam Generators and Distillation Units to the Market.

Clearbridge BioMedics Partners with the ICR and The Royal Marsden to Demonstrate Label-free Approach in Isolating Heterogeneous Circulating Tumour Cells (CTCs) and PD-L1 Positive CTCs.

Treatment Brings New Hope for Patients Suffering From Fatal Lung Disease.

(Infographic): About Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF).

India categorizes the water situation of more than one-quarter of its governmental units as over-exploited, critical, or semi-critical. Unsustainable water extraction, inefficient use of resources, and the large water demand of the agricultural sector (more than 90%) are among the causes of the worsening state of water resources. In order to assure the access to clean drinking water, the Indian Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation initiated the National Rural Drinking Water Security Pilot Project in 2011. To analyze the costs and benefits of this pilot project, we follow the pretest–posttest control group study design comparing two points in time and two groups (study group and control group). In total, 12 sample villages (consisting of 3,265 households and 20,767 individuals) in two different areas were included. Costs and benefits were captured if they were directly and causally linked with the project. This includes financial and economic costs for individuals and the government, as well as benefits in four major fields: health, economy, environment, and time savings. We found total benefits ranging between USD 420,000 in low performing sites and USD 480,000 in high performing sites. Corresponding costs were between USD 40,000 and 45,000. Adjusted to per capita values, benefits vary between USD 54 and USD 300 and costs between USD 5 and USD 28. Adjusting a 99% confidence interval, the net benefits will vary between approximately USD 150 and USD 400 in the high performing sites and between USD 30 and USD 70 in the low performing sites. The expected benefit-to-cost ratios are 11 in high performing sites and 10 in the low performing sites. Due to the large social return in high as well as in low performing study sites, this paper recommends prolonging and upscaling the interventions evaluated in the pilot project sites.

Using epidemiological and actuarial analysis, this paper formulates some new actuarial mathematical models, called S-I-DR-S models, for insuring the susceptibles of a population exposed to a communicable disease. Epidemiologically, the population is structured into four demographic groups, namely: susceptibles $(S)$, infectives $(I)$, diseased $(D)$ and recovered $(R)$, with the latter automatically re-entering the group of susceptibles $(S)$. The insurance policies are targeted at the members of the susceptible group who face the risk of infection and death due to the disease. Using actuarial techniques and principles, we determine some interesting features of the model, namely, (a) financial obligations of the parties, (b) present value of premiums, (c) quantum of claims by infected policy holders (PHs), (d) quantum of claims on behalf of deceased PHs, (e) cumulative insurance reserve for annuity and (f) lump sum plan. To check the risk of insolvency, premium adjustment for the PHs is also considered.