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The present study is devoted to modelling the onset and the spread of epidemics. The mathematical approach is based on the generalized kinetic theory for active particles. The modelling includes virus mutations and the role of the immune system. Moreover, the heterogeneous distribution of patients is also taken into account. The structure allows the derivation of specific models and of numerical simulations related to real systems.

An environment friendly, economic and maneuverable hydrothermal method was proposed for fabrication of nitrogen and chlorine co-doped carbon quantum dots (N,Cl-CQDs). D-Glucosamine hydrochloride as the only precursor offered source of carbon, nitrogen and chlorine. As a consequent N,Cl-CQDs can emit blue luminescence and detect Fe${}^{3+}$ by fluorescence response with high selectivity and sensitivity. There is a linear semilogarithmic correlation between the quenching efficiency $F_0∕F$ and the concentration of Fe${}^{3+}$ with a detection limit of 0.167 $\mu$M. The N,Cl-CQDs exhibit a high quantum yield of 16.8% along with the fluorescence lifetime of 2.2ns. It is worth noting that the prepared N,Cl-CQDs show excellent biocompatibility and they are promising materials for sensing and biology.

How to make value-based care a reality?

Impactful interventions to maximise healthspan.

Viral hepatitis in Arkhangai: How Asia’s first micro-treatment program’s successes can be leveraged to treat a “silent killer”.

The long-suffering challenge of vaccination.

We present significantly advanced studies of the previously introduced physical growth mechanism and unite it with biochemical growth factors. Obtained results allowed formulation of the general growth law which governs growth and evolutional development of all living organisms, their organs and systems. It was discovered that the growth cycle is predefined by the distribution of nutritional resources between maintenance needs and biomass production. This distribution is quantitatively defined by the growth ratio parameter, which depends on the geometry of an organism, phase of growth and, indirectly, the organism's biochemical machinery. The amount of produced biomass, in turn, defines the composition of biochemical reactions. Changing amount of nutrients diverted to biomass production is what forces organisms to proceed through the whole growth and replication cycle. The growth law can be formulated as follows: the rate of growth is proportional to influx of nutrients and growth ratio. Considering specific biochemical components of different organisms, we find influxes of required nutrients and substitute them into the growth equation; then, we compute growth curves for amoeba, wild type fission yeast, and fission yeast's mutant. In all cases, predicted growth curves correspond very well to experimental data. Obtained results prove validity and fundamental scientific value of the discovery.

The article introduces a mathematical model of the physical growth mechanism which is based on the relationships of the physical and geometrical parameters of the growing object, in particular its surface and volume. This growth mechanism works in cooperation with the biochemical and other growth factors. We use the growth equation, which mathematically describes this mechanism, and study its adequacy to real growth phenomena. The growth model very accurately fits experimental data on growth of Amoeba, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, E.coli. Study discovered a new growth suppression mechanism created by certain geometry of the growing object. This result was proved by experimental data. The existence of the growth suppression phenomenon confirms the real workings and universality of the growth mechanism and the adequacy of its mathematical description. The introduced equation is also applicable to the growth of multicellular organisms and tumors. Another important result is that the growth equation introduces mathematical characterization of geometrical forms that can biologically grow. The material is supported by software application, which is released to public domain.