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A relationship between strain and applied potential is derived for composite films consisting of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and conductive polymers (CPs). When it is derived, an electrochemical ionic approach is utilized to formulate the electromechanical actuation of the film actuator. This relationship can give us a direct understanding of actuation of the nanoactuator. The results show that the well-aligned SWNTs composite actuator can give good actuation responses and high actuating forces available. The actuation is found to be affected by both SWNTs and CPs components and the actuation of SWNTs component has two kinds of influences on that of the CPs component: reinforcement at the positive voltage and abatement at the negative voltage. Optimizations of SWNTs-CPs composite actuator may be achieved by using well-aligned nanotubes as well as choosing suitable electrolyte and an input voltage range.

Illumination of films of the π-conjugated polymeric conductor poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) with infrared radiation results in a transient enhancement of its electrical conductivity. This phenomenon can be employed to detect infrared light. Recent experimental evidence is reviewed indicating that the transient increment in the conductivity can be understood in terms of a local heating effect. Thermalization of the carriers, a process which can be studied by optical techniques, is found to proceed very rapidly.

Polypyrrole nanocylinders were produced by non-galvanically (chemically) synthesizing polypyrrole within the pores of nanoporous polycarbonate ion track-etched membranes. The morphology of the nanowires was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The electrical conductivity of the nanocylinders was calculated by leaving the nanocylinders fixed in the insulating template membrane and evaluating the transmembrane resistance.

Nanotubes and nanowires of π-conjugated polypyrrole (PPy) and poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) were synthesized using Al₂O₃ nanoporous template through electrochemical polymerization method. From the SEM and TEM photographs, the formation of conducting polymer nanotube (CPNT) and nanowire (CPNW) was confirmed. From FT-IR and UV/Vis absorbance spectra, we observed the effect of doping and de-doping through HF or NaOH dissolving of Al₂O₃ template. DC conductivity and I–V characteristics as a function of temperature and gate bias were measured for the CPNTs and CPNWs prepared with various synthetic conditions. Magnetic properties were measured through EPR experiments. Based on the results, we compare the intrinsic properties between bulk and nanoscale π-conjugated polymers.

We compare the fluorescence enhancement from a conducting polymer film placed on top of a sinusoidal and biharmonic metallic grating. On the biharmonic grating, which possesses a surface plasmon polariton band-gap, the enhancement factor was larger than that on a sinusoidal grating, even though the coupling efficiency of the surface plasmon polariton was lower for the biharmonic grating. We investigate the mechanism of fluorescence enhancement numerically by finite difference time domain analyses and attribute the larger fluorescence enhancement to the electric field of the short wavelength band-edge mode extending longer into the dielectric region where the fluorophore is placed.

The morphology and conductivity of indium/tin oxide (ITO) film have a large impact on the performance of light emitting diode (LED) devices using ITO as an anode. Atomic Force Microscope and current image tunneling spectroscopy (CITS) were used to probe the surface morphology and scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) of ITO surface. The morphology of all ITO films studied revealed a spherical aggregation with various grain sizes of 20~50 nm, depends on clean methods. It was also found that the conductivity of ITO films is related to film thickness. In general, thicker film shows higher conductivity. Nevertheless, the conductivity within a single grain is very homogeneous. On the other hand, the topographies of poly(N-(4-sulfophenyl)aniline (PSA) films revealed a rod-shaped aggregation with a diameter of 50 nm. The corresponding CITS images revealed conducting islands with irregular shape and size. The conductivity within a single polymer rod is not homogeneous.

Prominent enhancement in the room temperature electrical conductivity of spin-coated poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) thin films has been achieved after treatment with various acids. The conductivity of PEDOT:PSS films could be enhanced from 0.6S/cm to over 3300S/cm after treatment with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid i.e., by a factor of 5500. It is noteworthy that the conductivity enhancement is nonmonotonic with respect to acid concentration i.e., the magnitude of increase in the conductivity exhibited a strong dependence over the molarity of acids. The possible reason of the conductivity enhancement is the improvement of nanoscale connectivity between the conducting PEDOT chains after acid treatment that results in highly conductive film. The improvement in the nanoscale connectivity is caused due to the loss of PSS from the PEDOT:PSS films after acid treatment that is confirmed through atomic force microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.

There has been a recent uptick in interest in hybrid solar cells, which use polymeric organic materials with semiconductor nanoparticles in the active layer. In this paper, hybrid material is prepared by physical mixing of tri-ethanol amine capped CdSe CdSe-TEA nanoparticles with poly($o$-toluidine). Material properties of organic-inorganic hybrid materials can be tuned by changing the ratio between them. The optical properties of the hybrid compound were evaluated through ultra-violate–visible spectroscopy UV–Vis. The influence of CdSe nanoparticles weight percent on the electrical properties of hybrid thin films has been investigated. The conductivity of the hybrid films increases with the increasing CdSe content, and then decreases with excess CdSe content.

To create a (POT–CSA/ZnO) nanocomposite, a chemical oxidative polymerization of O-toluidine was carried out in the presence of nano ZnO. This step took place throughout the synthesis. In the attendance of hydro chloric acid (HCl) and ammonium persulfate (APS) as an oxidant and camphor solfunic acid (CSA) as a dopant, polymerization can be accomplished by using a monomer mixture with an equal molar ratio. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and UV–Vis spectroscopy were utilized in the procedure of characterizing the material. The results displayed that the polymer film revealed both excitonic transition $\pi$–$\pi$ and to $\pi -\pi$* transition. The semiconducting character of the composite can be confirmed by its electrical conductivity.

New ex situ polyaniline (PANI)/MnO₂-filled multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) nanocomposites using para-hydroxybenzene sulfonic acid (PHBSA) as a dopant and linker exhibit enhanced electrical conductivity and interfacial interaction. Strong and enhanced interfacial interaction was observed on the surfaces of the filled carbon nanotubes and PANI. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) demonstrated clearly the improved bonding at the interface compared to the nanocomposite without PHBSA.

Graphene(RGO)/MnO₂/[N-butyl-3,6-carbazolevinylene-alt-(2,5-dioctyloxy)-p-phenylenevinylene] (PPH–CAR) ternary nanocomposite is fabricated by a simple two-step method, which includes electrochemical reduction of graphene oxide (GO) and oxidation of Mn(CH₃COO)₂ simultaneously and an ultrathin PPH–CAR layer coated on the RGO/MnO₂ surface. The structure of the composite is investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The results suggest that the composite is correctly synthesized and each component has good dispersion. Cycle voltammetry (CV), charge and discharge measurements and cycle stability test are used to evaluate its electrochemical performance. Because of the synergistic effect of each component, the composite exhibits excellent electrochemical properties with specific capacitance of 175 F/g, which is a 46% increase compared with RGO/MnO₂. Moreover, it reveals outstanding cycling performance with more than 90% capacitance retention over 1000 cycles. Such ternary composite is a candidate for high performance supercapacitors with great promise.

Prussian-blue type FeFe(CN)₆ nanocrystals with perfect nanocubic morphology were prepared by a facile hydrolytic precipitation method using Fe(CN)${}_6^{3-}$ as a single iron-source. The resulting FeFe(CN)₆ nanocrystals have subsequently been encapsulated within a mixed electronically and ionically conducting polystyrene sulfonic acid (PSS)-doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) (PEDOT-PSS) with ethylene glycol (EG) as the polar solvent to obtain a high electrical conducting organic–inorganic nanohybrid. The FeFe(CN)₆/PEDOT-PSS nanohybrid offers discharge capacity of $106.3\mathrm{\text{mAh}}\cdot {\mathrm{\text{g}}}^{-1}$, which is improved compared to that of the naked FeFe(CN)${}_6(94.4\mathrm{\text{mAh}}\cdot {\mathrm{\text{g}}}^{-1})$. Also, it demonstrated the improved capacity retention and rate capability, which makes it a promising way for high performance Li-ion batteries for energy storage application.

In this work, nanosized polythiophene (PTh) is synthesized via a green and facile method. The obtained nanosized PTh was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller theory (BET) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The result indicated that a nanosized, porous and amorphous PTh was synthesized. As an organic anode material for potassium ion battery, the PTh shows excellent performance with a reversible capacity of 58mAhg${}^{-1}$ at 30mAg${}^{-1}$.

There is a growing interest in the change in the conductivity of the conductive polymer Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly-(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). However, there is lack of research on the change in the conductivity of organic-based conductive materials compared to inorganic-based conductive materials. This study looks at the change in the conductivity of PEDOT:PSS with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) mixing. The 4-point probe was used for observing the sheet-resistance changes. The relational degree of doping of PEDOT:PSS was confirmed by use of the Raman spectra. From the study, it was confirmed that PSS decreased in the UV-Vis spectra. We also observed that topology changes with the amount of DMSO through the AFM image. From the whole mobility and these analyses, we propose a reasonable conductive improvement mechanism of PEDOT:PSS.

In this work, nanosized polythiophene (PTh) was synthesized via a green and facile method. The obtained nanosized PTh was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller theory (BET) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicated that a nanosized, porous and amorphous PTh was synthesized. As an organic anode material for potassium ion battery, the PTh shows excellent performance with a reversible capacity of 58 mAh g^–1 at 30 mA g^–1.

This study was aimed on the preparation of titanate/polypyrrole core-shell rod-like composite particles. The mere titanate rod-like particles were prepared as a core material and PPy was polymerized on their surface in different amounts. Rheological measurements showed that under an applied external electric field, shear stress of these materials significantly increased with amount of PPy in the shell layer. The yield stresses obtained from the Cho-Choi-Jhon model were correlated with dielectric properties of suspensions. Polarizability as a measure of particle polarization obtained from Havriliak-Negami model of dielectric spectra increases with the content of PPy in the samples. Furthermore, role of particle concentration and silicone oil viscosity was also investigated.