Narrow Results

We study the effects of on-ramp and off-ramp to the traffic flow in a cellular automaton. The stochastic noise and the extended hopping are included. The phase diagram is obtained. Three distinct phases are observed. The density profiles are analyzed. In the maximum current phase, standing traffic jams emerge in the upstream of the on-ramp. A region of free flow is observed in the downstream of the off-ramp. In between the ramps, a scaled density profile is observed in one branch and a phase separation is observed in the other branch.

The density profiles and corresponding order parameters of the hard ellipsoids confined between two hard walls and also in contact with a single hard wall are studied using the density functional theory (DFT). The hypernetted-chain (HNC) approximation is used to write excess grand potential of the system with respect to the bulk value. To simplify the calculations, we use restricted orientation model (ROM) for the orientation of ellipsoids to find the density profiles and order parameters. DFT shows that there is a uniaxial–biaxial (U–B) phase transition near a single hard wall and also between two hard walls for a fluid consisting of uniaxial hard ellipsoidal particles with finite elongation.

The asymptotic behavior of the density profile of the fluid-fluid interface is investigated by computer simulation and is found to be better described by the error function than by the hyperbolic tangent in three dimensions. For higher dimensions the hyperbolic tangent is a better approximation.

The triggered stop-and-go traffic states are investigated within the hydrodynamic approach. The detailed phase boundaries are obtained. Spatial–temporal profile of the congestion is analyzed. The smooth tail of the density profile provides a characteristic mechanism to trigger subsequent traffic jams.

A property of central interest for theoretical study of nanoconfined fluids is the density distribution of molecules. The density profile of the hard-sphere fluids confined within nanoslit pores is a key quantity for understanding the configurational behavior of confined real molecules. In this report, we produce the density profile of the hard-sphere fluid confined within nanoslit pores using the fundamental-measure density-functional theory (FM-DFT). FM-DFT is a powerful approach to studying the structure and the phase behavior of nanoconfined fluids. We report the computational procedure and the calculated data for nanoslits with different widths and for a wide range of hard-sphere fluid densities. The high accuracy of the resulting density profiles and optimum grid-size values in numerical integration are verified. The data reveal a number of interesting features of hard spheres in nanoslits, which are different from the bulk hard-sphere systems. These data are also useful for a variety of purposes, including obtaining the shear stress, thermal conductivity, adsorption, solvation forces, free volume and prediction of phase transitions.

Karyotyping is a standard method for presenting the complete set of the pictures of human chromosomes in a table-like format. It is usually used by a cytogenetic expert to predict the common genetic abnormalities. Producing a Karyotype from microscopic images of human chromosomes is a tedious and time-consuming task, so an automatic Karyotyping system would help the cytogenetic expert in his/her routine work. Automatic Karyotyping algorithms usually suffer the non-rigid nature of the chromosomes, which makes them to have unpredictable shapes and sizes in the images. One such problem that usually needs the operator's interaction is the existence of curved chromosomes within the images. In this paper, an effective algorithm for identification and straightening of curved human chromosomes is presented. This will extend the domain of application of the most of the previously reported algorithms to the curved chromosomes. The proposed algorithm is applied to single chromosomes that are initially modified by means of a Median filter. The medial axis (MA) of the filtered image is then extracted using a thinning procedure, which is carried out on the binary version of the image. By comparing the Euclidean distance of the endpoints and the length of the MA, a curved chromosome is identified. For chromosome straightening, the initially extracted medial axis is then modified by extending it in both ends considering the slope of the MA. Next, the original input image is intensity sampled over many closely located perpendicular lines to the MA along the chromosome which are then mapped into a matrix (as rows) producing a vertically oriented straight chromosome. For evaluation, the algorithm is applied to 54 selected highly curved chromosomes obtained at the pro-metaphase stage, which were provided by the Cytogenetic Laboratory of Cancer Institute, Imam Hospital, Tehran, Iran. The density profile and the centromeric index of the chromosomes which are among the most important and commonly used features for chromosome identification are calculated by the expert both before and after the straightening procedure. The mean squared error and the variance of the difference between the two are then obtained and compared. The results show a good agreement between the two, hence the effectiveness of the proposed method. The proposed algorithm therefore extends the domain of application of the previously reported algorithms to the highly curved chromosomes.