Narrow Results

The chapter concerns the measurement and forecasting of technological change, a topic relevant to many high-tech organizations and their customers. We revisit recent and classic data sets from technology forecasting data envelopment analysis (TFDEA) research and technometrics in light of a new visualization technique known as t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE). The technique is a nonlinear visualization technique for preserving local structure in high-dimensional spaces of data. The technique may be classified as a form of topological data analysis. Specifically, each point in the space represents a potential technological design or implementation, and each line segment in the space represents a local measure of technological improvement or degradation. We hypothesize six distinct kinds of performance development in technology within this space, including the frontier, the fold, the salient, the soliton, and the lock-in. Then we examine the spaces to determine which kinds of development are the best explanations for observed development. The technique is not extrapolative and therefore cannot fully supplant the existing technometric methods. Nonetheless the approach offers a useful diagnostic to the existing technometric methods and may help advance theories of technological development.

Supramolecular chemistry is the chemistry of “designed noncovalent intermolecular interactions”. In this chapter we will trace the beginnings of supramolecular chemistry from molecular recognition through the more recent advances in the design of prototypical molecular machines.

Part I of this article provides a status update on the ongoing projects for both high-beta and low-beta applications. Some of these projects are already under production, others are perfecting prototypes and future plans. We first cover the funded projects and continue with the planned projects. The update naturally captures the state-of-the-art for superconducting RF (SRF) performance for applications in progress. Part II goes on to present a vision for future prospects for performance progress in the field, along with some advice about the likely fruitful R&D paths to follow. In general, the R&D paths chosen for discussion will benefit most SRF-based accelerators.

Urban Design Climate Workshops (UDCW) are underway to focus on urban heat stress adaptation integrated with flooding resiliency and greenhouse gas emission mitigation. Integrated Climate Mitigation and Climate Adaptation prioritizes mitigation strategies that yield concurrent adaptive benefits over those that do not. On the one hand, dense, compact urban forms that mix land use and support mass transit reduce the carbon footprint. On the other hand, these dense urban districts can be configured to reduce the impact of urban heat and storms due to the changing climate while enhancing quality of life.

Over the years, the teaching and learning of mathematics has seen an increased focus on the development of students’ skills in mathematical reasoning and communication. Students have the ability to think abstractly and reason hypothetically. Their learning of mathematics is enhanced when the teacher provides tasks that promote thinking and reasoning – an important element in the internalisation of mathematical ideas. Learning theories imply that the development of mathematical reasoning depends on the learning environments the teacher creates to stimulate the students to construct knowledge and the types of learning tasks designed to provide the students with many opportunities to think, reason and reflect on their learning. This chapter outlines one such strategy suggested in research literature that foster mathematical reasoning and communication in secondary mathematics classrooms: modifying textbook questions. Some concerns and limitations during the enactment of this strategy are discussed in the conclusion.

Current research on design science has gone through several stages from desire to doubt, through practical research, and finally into the research of design process, design method, and design pattern. The results of these studies, such as pattern language, and axiomatic design, provide an important methodological basis for automated design and the application of artificial intelligence in design. At present, the successful application of artificial intelligence in design mostly focuses on design assistant tools, while the design of intelligent system is facing the challenge of “wicked problems”. This paper attempts to sort out the process of scientific design research from the perspective of design science, to summarize the achievements of scientific research and the current status of the application of artificial intelligence in design, and lastly, to discuss future directions of application of artificial intelligence in design.

The concept of using special electrical circuit design to realize “cold resistors”, i.e., an active resistor circuitry with lower effective noise temperature, was first introduced about 80 years ago. Later on, various kinds of artificial resistors were applied in different research areas, such as gravitational wave detection, photo-amplifiers and quartz oscillators. Their proofs of concepts were experimentally proved. Unfortunately, the complete theory was not found even though several attempts had been published, sometimes with errors. In this paper, we describe a correct and complete circuit theoretical model of a cold resistor system. The results are confirmed by computer simulations. A design tool for this circuit is also shown.

In terms of dehydrating test on alfalfa, 5HC-1 type of conservation herbage dryer by advanced technology such as steel wire-bed conveyer, waste hest retrieving, turning over in airflow and mixed drying was designed, manufactured and tested. This paper describes the design and test of concurrent-flow dryer for conservation of quality on the basis of the experiment. The drying process-flow, construction and drying parameters of the dryer are presented. This designed dryer is suitable for farm, pasture and livestock-raising. Quality of dried alfalfa is good. This dryer is more efficient and adaptable. The cost of dryer is lowered. So the extension and application of the 5HC-1 type of conservation herbage are helpful to accelerate development of intensive breeding.

A tunnel-type dryer for Chinese medicine material is designed to satisfy the drying of different forms of Chinese medicine material in this paper. For assuring the quality of Chinese medicine material and meeting the needs of environmental protection, the heating source adopted electric heater. Hot-air temperature could be regulated automatically according to the forms of Chinese medicine material. Airflow velocity could be regulated by the air volume adjuster in air inlet of the fan. The tunnel length could be regulated according to the saturated degree of the exhaust air to reduce the waste of thermal energy. The drying tests indicated that the tunnel-type dryer could satisfy the drying of different forms of Chinese medicine material.

The simulation model of four stroke gasoline engine is established first according to the four stroke gasoline engine's operation principle in this paper. Then the simulation result and the result contrasting to the experiment are given out and the gasoline engine speed-governing system model is established based on the valve control, and the simulation result is also given out. Guided by the simulation model and simulation result, the design of software and hardware for electronic Speed-governing System is carried out, and the result of the experiment is given out.

Wireless sensor networks have specifically unique characteristics with regards to energy, memory, computational and complexity limitations. This paper shares the experiences gained in designing and implementing a wireless sensor network when we take these considerations into account. We also highlight some challenges faced in the implementation of the network. The hardware that is developed provides a realistic and flexible platform for future implementation and testing of relevant higher layer schemes.

Considering the impact on human beings and human activities of architectural decisions in the design of space for human habitation, this chapter discusses the increasingly evident and necessary confluence in contemporary times of many disciplines and human-oriented sciences, with architecture being the meeting ground to know emergent phenomena of human habitation. As both a general rubric and a specific phenomenon, architectural emergence is the chosen focus of discussion and other phenomena are related to it. Attention is given to the phenomena of architectural induction, emergence, and convergence as having strategic and explanatory value in understanding tensions between two competing mentalities, the global domineering nature-for-humans attitude, in opposition to the lesser practiced humans-for-nature attitude.

Much as object-oriented programming allows for the creation of more reusable components, it is the reuse of the design of an application that is most promising for attaining the goals of reusability. Object-oriented frameworks further design-level reuse, in that they allow for reusing the abstract design of an entire application, modelling each major component with an abstract class. Yet, application design based on frameworks remains a difficult endeavor, and a comprehensive approach to represent and document designs based on frameworks is still missing. In our work, we have developed a multi-layered model for framework reuse which comprises reuse objects at different levels of abstraction, most notably, micro-architectures. We have adopted, refined, and integrated novel techniques for the representation and documentation of micro-architectures and frameworks, namely, design patterns, contracts, and motifs. We believe that our approach is a valuable step towards better exploiting the reuse potential of frameworks.

By means of static pressure pile reinforcement technique of shanbei somewhere masonry structure reinforcement strip foundation, can improve the bearing capacity of foundation, the foundation settlement stabilized, meet the bearing capacity of normal use and use requirement. At the same time introduces the reinforcement principle of static pressure pile, construction method and matters needing attention, the construction quality control and its reinforcement effect, provides reference for similar regional static pressure pile reinforcement.

This paper discusses the design of a decoupled 2-DOF compliant parallel mechanism (CPM). The decoupling performances of the CPM are guaranteed by the structure design and geometry parameters optimization both. The structure design of the CPM is firstly discussed in detail. A totally output decoupling character is realized through a symmetric design of the CPM, and the input coupling is reduced with resorting to a flexure-based decoupler. Then the specific definition and analytical expression of the input coupling degree (ICD) of the CPM are given. And analytical models of other performances, including the input and output stiffness, motion stroke, and natural frequency, are also derived. The geometry parameters of the CPM are optimized to minimize the ICD and guarantee the other key performance indicators at the same time. The ICD of the optimized CPM can be as low as 0.279%. Finally, a prototype of the 2-DOF CPM is constructed. Experimental tests of the workspace, natural frequency, input and output coupling, and circular tracking are conducted.

In order to design a new type of electric greenhouse management machine, the paper researched and designed its power transmission system, control system and the machine structure parameters; Using motor as power source, it realizes the green environmental protection society’s need for machine’s energy conservation and emissions reduction.

Base on the growing technology of LED lighting which combined with intelligent control method in tunnel lighting. The performance of long working life, low consumption and good light stability will definitely become the future trend. Through reasonable lighting, not only to ensure the driver can obtain the quality of visual information, but also guarantee the comfortableness and safety during driving in the tunnel. This paper mainly focuses on the research about mathematical calculation model of highway tunnel lighting system. Base on the studies of lighting computational scheme, in order to determine the correct calculation method. The result can be applied to guidance for designing the tunnel lighting system.

Camouflage pattern painting is the most fundamental technology and widely used in military camouflage, which is also one elementary method against high technical reconnaissance surveillance and precision-guided capture. Traditional pattern painting is characterized by clear boundaries, smooth edge and high visual distinguished degree. With the development of high resolution reconnaissance technology, camouflage painting is facing severe challenges. In this paper, enhanced camouflage pattern design of traditional and digital painting is proposed to optimize spot edge in accordance with the principle of camouflage pattern design. The contrast experiment is organized. The results demonstrate that the camouflage effect of enhanced painting is better than ordinary painting, which provides a new idea to improve camouflage effect of pattern painting.

To eliminate the disadvantages of lifting electromagnet, the lifting permanent magnet had been designed by us. In order to make the lifting permanent magnet be more widely used, we designed an anti-inclining lifting permanent magnet which can attract and unload the ferromagnetic cargoes placed at a certain angle to the ground. This paper presents the work principle and the magnetic circuit design of the anti-inclining lifting permanent magnet.

‘Burst’ fracture of alumina and zirconia femoral component in hip is a phenomenon, which has been assumed to occur due to the tensile hoop stresses within the femoral head. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of material properties and taper design on the stresses developed in the ceramic femoral head using finite element analysis [FEA]. An axisymmetric 3D finite element model of a 22mm diameter femoral head and taper was generated in PATRAN and analysed using ABAQUS. The common 8/10 (10mm) and a Zimmer 6° (11.5mm) tapers were modelled. To represent manufacturing tolerances the taper contact was varied by introducing angular mismatch of ±4 minutes. The 3^rd Principal stresses (hoop) were marginally higher with a CoCrMo taper compared to a Ti6A14V taper. Taper mismatch had a significant impact on the femoral head stresses. A smaller taper (10mm) with an acuter angle almost doubled the 3^rd principal stresses. Material properties and geometry is found to effect the hoop stresses generated in the femoral head. Increased rigidity led to higher stress at the taper interface. Although the stresses calculated were below the failure criteria of the materials, in mismatched tapers the induced stresses under certain geometric conditions can possibly reach to relatively critical levels.