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The necessity for innovative biomaterials has been growing recently due to the rising cost of materials for intricate biomedical equipment. An important tactic to improve critical attributes like hemocompatibility, osseointegration potential, corrosion resistance, and antibacterial capabilities is surface modification. In this paper, an investigation has been made in the field of laser surface modification and the complex interactions between laser parameters and output performance metrics, such as contact angle and surface roughness. Surface modification by laser has been successful and, in this research, the laser parameters such as laser energy (Watts), standoff distance(mm), and frequency (kHz) along with dimple distance on the surface ($\mu$m) were considered on the output performance namely surface roughness in “$\mu$m” and contact angle in “degree”. The experiment has been carried out using the L16 orthogonal array to interpret the complex correlations between these factors and the resulting surface features. Non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) has successfully navigated the complex parameter space and found the optimal combinations that yield the intended outcomes. The results show how important dimple distance and laser frequency are in creating hydrophobic surfaces, as well as how much of an impact they have on surface properties. It has been discovered that higher frequencies and longer standoff distances specifically reduce surface roughness, which is a crucial component in ensuring enhanced biomaterial performance. The result shows that the dimple distance and frequency of the laser have a significant effect on the development of hydrophobic surfaces. Moreover, high frequency and more standoff distance reduce the surface roughness. The predicted combination of laser parameters as per the NSGA-II is 102.91$\mu$m, 33.35W, 223.12mm, 50.01kHz, and gives a surface roughness of 0.86$\mu$m and contact angle of 158.83^∘. In essence, this study not only sheds light on the intricate dynamics governing laser-based surface modification but also paves the way for the design and development of advanced biomaterials with tailored surface properties, poised to revolutionize biomedical applications.

The surface wettability of laser-textured Ti-6Al-4V and 316L SS is compared in this work. The surface of Ti-6Al-4V and 316L SS was micro-laser textured with varying dimple distances with the help of a nanosecond fiber laser. The composition of the material is evaluated using Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy and the surface roughness of the laser-textured samples was evaluated using a 3D optical profilometer. The results of the measurement of contact angle reveal information on the substrate’s wettability. The contact angle of Ti-6Al-4V was significantly reduced from 9$4.99^{\circ }$ to $56.46^{\circ }$ for 100$\mu$m dimple distance at 98% energy while 316L SS contact angle was reduced from $150^{\circ }$ to $60.21^{\circ }$ for 200$\mu$m at 98% energy.