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Antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) nanoparticles were prepared by coprecipitation by packing drying and traditional direct drying (for comparison) methods. The as-prepared ATO nanoparticles were characterized by TG, XRD, EDS, TEM, HRTEM, BET, bulk density and electrical resistivity measurements. Results indicated that the ATO nanoparticles obtained by coprecipitation with direct drying method featured hard-agglomerated morphology, high bulk density, low surface area and low electrical resistivity, probably due to the direct liquid evaporation during drying, the fast shrinkage of the precipitate, the poor removal efficiency of liquid molecules and the hard agglomerate formation after calcination. Very differently, the ATO product obtained by the packing and drying method featured free-agglomerated morphology, low bulk density, high surface area and high electrical resistivity ascribed probably to the formed vapor cyclone environment and liquid evaporation-resistance, avoiding fast liquid removal and improving the removal efficiency of liquid molecules. The intrinsic formation mechanism of ATO nanoparticles from different drying methods was illustrated based on the dehydration process of ATO precipitates. Additionally, the packing and drying time played key roles in determining the bulk density, morphology and electrical conductivity of ATO nanoparticles.

It is experimentally shown that, unlike evaporation drying, supercritical CO₂ drying makes it possible to obtain free-standing single-coil InGaAs/GaAs nanotubes and other nanoshells with wall thicknesses down to 1 nm without their deformation by capillary forces. The performed process optimization has allowed us to reduce tenfold the duration of the process for long nanotubes. For the first time, etching of sacrificial AlAs layers in supercritical media was performed.

A discrete element method (DEM) has been developed to provide highly accurate and detailed predictions of the Lagrangian particle phase. Especially in this study, DEM has been used together with an Eulerian approach for the fluid phase to look at interphase exchange phenomena in a multiphase-multiscale modeling approach. The drying process inside a fluidized bed coffee bean roaster has been chosen. Herein, heat, mass, and momentum transport are solved on a fluid cell level; heat, mass, and momentum transfer coefficients are solved at a particle scale level; and 1D temperature and moisture content profiles are solved inside each coffee bean on a sub-particle scale level. Therefore, this multiscale approach provides much more information compared to existing coffee bean roaster models. In this work, a detailed description of this method is provided and results on different scale levels have been discussed. Modeling data and experimental results are compared and found to be in good agreement.

The graphene oxide solids are derived from four representative drying methods, denoted as AGO (air drying), HGO (heat-vacuum drying), VGO (vacuum drying) and FGO (freezing drying), studied in view of aqueous dispersion. Their dispersion stability was found in order of FGO $>$ VGO $>$ AGO $>$ HGO, corresponding to the increasing C/O ratio of 1.771, 1.778, 2.337 and 2.483 indicated by XPS, respectively. The variation in structure and composition of GO solids caused by different drying processes was further characterized through Raman, XRD, SEM and HR-TEM. By such, the mechanism interpreting the rationale between dispersion and drying for GO was proposed.

A fractal pore network model for unsteady drying process of a natural porous body is developed by applying knowledge on fractal geometry, physics of flow through porous media, and transportprocess principle, which takes various factors, such as liquid-phase flow, vapor-phase diffusion, temperature gradient, and pore microstructure characteristic, into consideration. The drying dynamics character of potato slices, as an example of a real porous body, is obtained by the simulations of both a fractal pore network model and a regular one. The simulation results indicate that the drying kinetics, as well as the distributions of moisture and temperature inside the porous body, from the fractal pore network model are more consistent with that from the drying experiment than that from the regular one. The wet patch appears during the simulation process and this similar contour is also observed on the potato slices in the experiments. The throat size distribution in pore network of the porous media affects the drying process dramatically during the simulations.

The thermal evaporation of moisture is an essential part of many industrial processes. Drying innovation has until the later stages of the 20^th century tended to fall short of the efficiency gains which were credited to other process functions. Nowadays however, the decision on which drying technology is best suited to a particular application will be a consideration of a more diverse range of factors compared to 20 years ago. Dryer owners and operators are under increasing pressure to ensure that they aspire to higher standards of environmental compliance, energy efficiency, operational safety and product quality. It is difficult to dispute that any of these, singularly or collectively, provide more than substantial motivation to engage in meaningful Research & Development – the success ultimately being measured by the attainment of regulatory compliance and operational efficiencies. However, meaningful Research & Development is unlikely to occur in isolation and if it did the chances of success would be minimal. The innovation model which encapsulates the need, vision, financial and intellectual input, as well as the practical Research & Development, academic and commercialisation resource's, is a demanding and dynamic partnership. We share a clear responsibility in ensuring that we resource our teams and individuals to openly embrace and contribute in the development of multi-disciplined partnerships and collaborations needed to support continued innovations in Drying. In support of this presentation I will draw from refer to our recent experiences in drying development, in particular the global commercialisation of Super Heated Steam Drying.

Microwave-vacuum (MV) drying characteristic of plantation Masson Pine were studied experimentally for various levels of microwave radiation time, initial moisture content (MC) and wood thickness. The results show that the process of MV drying for wood can be significantly divided into a short accelerating rate drying period, a long constant rate drying period and falling rate drying period, and the second drying period can extend to levels of mean moisture content below the fiber saturation point; With the increase of initial MC and microwave radiation time, the drying rate of wood increases significantly; Within the range of 2cm to 6cm, the effects of sample thickness on the drying rate can be negligible.

Based on the mechanism of moisture and heat transfer in wood during microwave-vacuum drying (MVD), a one-dimensional mathematical model to describe the process of wood MVD was established and verified by experiments in this research. The results showed that the process of MVD of wood experienced three distinct periods: (1) accelerating rate with rapid warming-up drying period, (2) a constant temperature and constant rate drying period, and (3) a heating-up with falling rate drying period; The predicted temperature and moisture content in wood match well with the experimental data, the square of the relevant coefficient of the values of simulation and test is above 0.9, and the simulation precision of the change rule of the moisture is higher than that of the temperature.

In the present study, salt granules were dried in fluidized bed dryer and suitable technologic parameters of drying operation were obtained. The results could direct design of industrial dryer. Besides, the air distributing structure of fluidized bed dryer was studied and its pressure drop curve was measured. The result indicated that one layer intertexture net below the air distributing board could obtain good effect of air distributing without increase of pressure drop. This kind of structure could also prevent the material from leaking availably.

In a rotary tube dryer, heat transfer between the surface of the tubes and material is indirect and complicated. Despite the early appearance, at present, there is no appropriate theoretical model to describe such a process. Moreover, the research achievement on the heat transfer mechanism is still lack.

This paper presents an experimental method to determine the heat transfer coefficient between the tubes' surface and material in a rotary tube dryer. A unique experimental set-up was designed and built. The experiments were performed to analyze the influence of parameters such as rotary-speed, material filling ratio on the tubes' heat transfer coefficient. The experimental results also showed that the heat transfer coefficient varies with both radial and circumferential position.

Experimental studies were carried out on the effects of blanching and drying on active components such as chlorogenic acid, flavonoids and amino acid in Folium Cortex Eucommiae Tea in the present paper. The results show that the target active components in the tea after blanching followed by drying were retained, and fresh leaves should be directly plunged into re-drying machine for blanching. The low temperature and short time of blanching are beneficial to reservation of the active components, especially at 100°C for 3min. The appropriate operating conditions were determined to be 170°C under a quantity of 150g for full-sauting drying, and 80°C for 2-3h for second-drying.

The use of by-products from fruit and vegetable processing plants as sources of dietary fiber and bioactive agents is currently of interest. This work was aimed at studying effect of the drying (60°-80°C) on the hydration properties of cabbage powder, i.e. water holding capacity (WHC) and swelling capacity (SWC). The moisture contents of high dietary fiber powder from cabbage were in the range of 6-8% (wet basis) or 6.4-8.7% (dry basis) which lowered than the desired moisture content (less than 9% (wet basis)) recommended for the commercial dietary fiber powder. Drying temperature did not have a significant effect on the total dietary fiber contents of cabbage outer leaves (40.50-43.15 %). Insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) contents were much higher than the soluble dietary fiber (SDF) contents leading to the SDF:IDF ratios of 1:7.5 to 1:7.8. The effect of particle size of fiber powder in the range of 63-450 μm, on the hydration properties was also evaluated. Decreasing the particle size of cabbage outer leaves resulted in decreasing of WHC and SWC. Comparing at similar particle size, WHC and SWC of outer leaves of cabbage fiber powder were not significantly different among 60°-80°C drying temperatures.

In this research the effect of drying condition on optical properties of apple slices was investigated. Hunter values (L, a, b) were used to measure the color parameters. Effect of various coating materials such as Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), Starch and Pectin and drying condition including microwave treatment in presence of coating materials on optical properties with respect to microstructural changes, was studied. Some of microstructural properties and its effects on optical properties were discussed. So scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique were used to analyze the effects of these processes on microstructure. Color changes values including total color difference (ΔE), and browning index (BI) were measured. Results showed that optical properties of samples were affected by drying condition and coating material. So that coated samples by pectin had a lower L and higher BI, but different results in presence of starch were achieved. Microwave treatment in presence of appropriates coatings could improve optical properties of dried slices.