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Studies have shown that numerous operating parameters affecting the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) performance, such as fuel cell operating temperature, operating pressure, anode/cathode humidification temperatures, anode/cathode stoichiometric flow ratios. In order to improve performance of fuel cell systems, it is advantageous to have an accurate model with which one can predict fuel cell behavior at different operating conditions. In this paper, a model using support vector regression (SVR) approach combining with particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm for its parameter optimization was developed to modeling and predicting the electrical power of proton exchange membrane fuel cell. The accuracy and reliability of the constructed support vector regression model are validated by leave-one-out cross-validation. Prediction results show that the maximum absolute percentage error does not exceed 5%, the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) reached 0.68% and the correlation coefficient (R²) as high as 0.998. This implies that one can estimate an available combination of controller parameters by using support vector regression model to get suitable electrical power of proton exchange membrane fuel cell system.

This chapter examines the policies adopted by the governments of China and India to foster technological development in their countries. This was done because technological progress was considered to be the key to economic development. It then discusses the policies adopted in some specific sectors, steel production, pharmaceuticals, telecommunications and electric power generation and generating equipment. The evolution of these policies over time and the rationale for these changes are studied. The chapter goes on to evaluate the success of these policies in terms of moving to the technological frontier. The broad conclusion is that the nature of the policies adopted by the governments was critical in determining the outcomes. Broadly speaking, India was technologically ahead in steel production, pharmaceuticals, electricity power generation and equipment while China was ahead in the telecommunications sector.