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This paper analyzed the coupling among the reactions of eyes and brain in response to visual stimuli. Since eye movements and electroencephalography (EEG) signals as the features of eye and brain activities have complex patterns, we utilized fractal theory and sample entropy to decode the correlation between them. In the experiment, subjects looked at a dot that moved on different random paths (dynamic visual stimuli) on the screen of a computer in front of them while we recorded their EEG signals and eye movements simultaneously. The results indicated that the changes in the complexity of eye movements and EEG signals are coupled ($r=-0.8043$ in case of fractal dimension and $r=-0.9259$ in case of sample entropy), which reflects the coupling between the brain and eye activities. This analysis could be extended to evaluate the correlation between the activities of other organs versus the brain.

Ocular Toxoplasmosis.

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Our eyes are always in search of exploring our surrounding environment. The brain controls our eyes’ activities through the nervous system. Hence, analyzing the correlation between the activities of the eyes and brain is an important area of research in vision science. This paper evaluates the coupling between the reactions of the eyes and the brain in response to different moving visual stimuli. Since both eye movements and EEG signals (as the indicator of brain activity) contain information, we employed Shannon entropy to decode the coupling between them. Ten subjects looked at four moving objects (dynamic visual stimuli) with different information contents while we recorded their EEG signals and eye movements. The results demonstrated that the changes in the information contents of eye movements and EEG signals are strongly correlated ($r=0.7084$), which indicates a strong correlation between brain and eye activities. This analysis could be extended to evaluate the correlation between the activities of other organs versus the brain.

Mathematical modeling has proven to be a viable alternative for investigating the temperature distribution inside the human eye. This is due to its ability to overcome the limitations infrared (IR) thermography; the leading method in ocular temperature measurement. A wide range of mathematical studies on the ocular temperature distribution during various conditions have been published in the literature. In this paper, we carry out an in-depth review of the various mathematical models of the eye that have been developed in the past. Various problems and the implications from the mathematical predictions of these studies are discussed. The future directions of studies in ocular temperature distribution are deliberated.

An imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in favor of the oxidants, potentially leading to damage, is termed as ‘oxidative stress’. Some studies indicate that reactive oxygen species (ROS) may increase in resistance of the aqueous humor drainage or induce the rearrangement of human trabecular meshwork and result in glaucoma finally. An eight-week d-galactose injection was used to mimic high oxidative stress rats. Behavior tests, fundus images, anterior chamber depth, anterior chamber diameter (ACDia) and pupil diameter (PD) were investigated. Intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement and serum were taken for antioxidant capability of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the amount of nitric oxide (NO). After perfusion, Müller’s cells and astrocyte, microglial and inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) were labeled. The activities of SOD were decreased after induction. The spatial memory ability and muscular endurance were impaired through Morris water maze (MWM) and weight-loaded forced swimming test. These results demonstrated that oxidative stress was exacerbated by d-galactose. The IOP was gradually increased in the third week after d-galactose induction. Immunohistochemical stains showed that the density of Müller’s cells, astrocytes and microglia increased in d-galactose group. Microglia mostly became active. These data indicate that oxidative stress may result in the impairment of behavior, increase of Müller’s cells, astrocyte and microglia which is induced by d-galactose. The correlation between oxidative stress and elevation of IOP should be further studied. These may involve in the pathologies of aging or other neurodegenerative disease.

Chemical injury to the eye is still an important cause of blindness and serious complications. Gaseous ammonia combines with tissue water to form ammonium hydroxide (NH₄OH). This exothermic reaction results in both heat and chemical burns. Although, over the years, the different biological effects of anhydrous ammonia are well known, its ocular effects are less clearly documented. This study reports the corneal structural alterations that may be induced as a result of ammonia exposure (gas or liquid) that was studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The resulted IR spectra were analyzed using the band enhancement procedure. The obtained data clearly indicate that there are different structural and conformational changes (includes lipids and proteins) as the method of exposure to the ammonia differ, and due to the increased ammonia occupational exposure, there is an insistent need for the development of ophthalmic medications.

This study proposes an Eye input device by electro-oculogram (EOG) recognition for individuals with the motor neuron diseases (MNDs). In this study, the level of the unstable EOG signal is transformed into standard logic level signal by using the baseline tracing algorithm. The standard logic level signal is used as Morse code sequences which is recognized by the sliding fuzzy recognition algorithm embedded in a microprocessor. The result demonstrates that the unstable EOG signals can be successfully transformed into alphanumeric characters and the recognition rate is approximately 99% for the novice users. Accordingly, we designed an inexpensive user computer interface for helping the disabled persons to communicate with others, the user can input text with their eyes to access the computer and household appliances, such as lamps, fans and TV sets.