Narrow Results

This paper reports the preparation of CuO and cobalt (Co)-doped CuO (Co:CuO) thin films (TFs) by a convenient spray pyrolysis reactor. Co concentration (conc.) was varied in CuO TFs from 2 to 8at.% at the step of 2at.%. In the FESEM images of undoped films, aggregations of nanoparticles were found. The surface morphology of CuO turned into porous and spongy nanostructures for 6at.% Co-doping. In XRD analysis, CuO film showed a monoclinic crystal structure with ($\bar{1}$11) peak occurrence. The crystallite size of the films was found to be between 5nm and 12nm. In UV–vis spectroscopy, the optical transmittance of Co:CuO films increased in the visible region and then saturated in the NIR light region. The highest transmittance of about 96% was found for the 6 at.% Co:CuO film. The band gap of Co:CuO increased with Co doping. Urbach energy, refractive index, dielectric constants and dispersion energy parameters were estimated. Electrical resistivity and carrier concentration were found in the order of ${10}^4\mathrm{\Omega }$-cm and ${10}^{17}$ cm${}^{-3}$, respectively. CuO films showed n-type conductivity for 4, 6 and 8at.% Co-doping. The figure of merit increased significantly with Co-doping up to 6at.%, indicating the enhancement in optoelectronic behavior.

High strength and low weight materials are highly demanded in today’s automotive, aerospace, marine, medical, military, and agricultural equipment applications. Using composite materials is the best approach to increase high-strength and low-weight materials. This study focuses on evaluating the density, micro hardness, tensile, and wear behaviors of C355 aluminum alloy hybrid nanocomposites added in nanosized Graphene Oxide (GO) and Bio Silica (BS). These reinforcements are sourced from waste materials such as Thunder Coconut Shell (TCS) and Napier Grass (NG). The three different C355 aluminum alloy composites that have been improved by graphene oxide and bio-silica nanoparticles have been made utilizing the very traditional stir casting process. The percentage of GO and BS nanosized reinforcements is varied from 3wt.%, and 6wt.%. The cast composites density, hardness, and tensile strength are assessed. Unidirectional friction and wear tests are performed for each composition under six different loading conditions, ranging up to 60N, while maintaining a sliding speed of 5m/s. The worn surfaces and composite components underwent additional scrutiny through SEM analysis. By adding 6wt.% more GO/BS nanoreinforcement to the C355 Al alloy nanocomposite, the study’s findings show that the nanocomposite has almost 52.42% more tensile strength and 27.26% higher hardness than the basic alloy.

Nanoferrites of CoGd${}_x$Fe${}_{2-x}$O₄ ($x=0.0,0.03,0.06,0.09,0.12$ and $0.15)$ were synthesized via sol–gel auto combustion. The fashioned samples were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), vibrating sample magnetometer and UV spectroscopic analysis. A cubic spinel phase with no impurities was confirmed by XRD. Doping with Gd${}^{3+}$ ions raises the crystallite size from 20nm to 25nm and the lattice constant from 8.351Å to 8.413Å. Formations of two significant bands are supported by FTIR spectra between 590cm${}^{-1}$ and 601cm${}^{-1}$, 403cm${}^{-1}$ and 407cm${}^{-1}$, which approve the establishment of ferrite structure. FESEM certified the formation of the nanoparticles and the fact that most of the grains are spherical and agglomerated and the EDX spectrographs certified the existence of the elemental compositions. With an increase in Gd${}^{3+}$ ion, saturation magnetization (M${}_s$) and remanence magnetization (M${}_r$) dropped from 132emu/g to 69emu/g and 93emu/g to 41emu/g, respectively. The coercivity (H${}_c$) increased with gadolinium and at the $x=0.15$ recording the extreme value of $H_c=1715$Oe. UV-spectroscopy studies authorized the samples’ semiconducting nature because band gap values were found from 2.108eV to 1.992eV.

This study was carried out to determine the physical and optical properties of zinc oxide (ZnO) and ZnO-doped Frit. Two groups of ZnO were prepared, namely, pure ZnO and ZnO-doped Frit. ZnO was prepared as ZnO disc and ZnO powder, and its high surface area and other characterized physical properties were expected to be the figure of merit in increasing the radiation interaction. Field emission scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) (FESEM) were utilized for analysis purposes. The particle size of pure ZnO was larger than ZnO-doped Frit in which ZnO-doped Frit particle size ranged in the scope of 260 nm, while pure ZnO was in the scope of 300 nm. The bond of the ZnO-doped Frit was better compared to pure ZnO. Raman spectroscopy characterization studies showed that the tops for both spectra displayed the same Raman shift. More top in ZnO-doped Frit was seen due to its bigger amount of impurities in the crystal. The energy gap for discs by UV of P338 was 3.37 eV, while the energy gap for ZnO-doped Frit was 3.26 eV. This study yielded impressive results in terms of the manufacture of ZnO, whereby the energy gap was proved by Ultraviolet–visible (UVV) device. In contrast, the ZnO-doped Frit generated inadequate result due to the small percentage used.

In this work, an innovative seedless and surfactant-free chemical bath deposition (CBD) method at low temperature was applied to obtain flower-shaped ZnO nanostructures (FZONSs) on glass and p-type silicon substrates for the first time. Structural properties of these FZONSs were examined. The NSs were produced from zinc nitrate hexahydrate and hexamethylenetetramine, HMTA solution without any catalyst, template, or seed layer. An electric soldering iron pen was used to simultaneously heat the substrate and aqueous mixture of the constituents to grow the FZONSs. Field emission scanning electron microscopy images of the samples showed the presence of three-dimensional (3D) flower-shaped nanomorphology. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy detected the right trace elements in the FZONSs. X-ray diffraction analysis of the as-grown samples confirmed the existence of high purity nanocrystalline hexagonal phase of ZnO with preferred growth along (002) lattice planer orientation. The growth of ZnO nanorods into unified flower-like morphology was interpreted using a nucleation dissolution-mediated recrystallization mechanism. The fabricated FZONSs may provide potential in various applications including advanced catalysts, sensing devices, and solar cells.

An easy and novel approach is described for the formation of zinc oxide nanorods by simple reaction of zinc metal with water in a very low temperature range of 25–75°C. It offers a facile and fast route for large scale production of zinc oxide nanorods without catalysts. The diameters of the nanorods range from 30–120 nm with several micrometers in length. The resulting nanorods have been comprehensively characterized by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) coupled with Energy Dispersive Analysis (EDX). A plausible mechanism is proposed for the formation of these nanorods and it is expected that this synthetic technique can be extended to obtain other oxides. This will contribute to broadening the range of materials.

In this paper, we describe about iron-doped BSCCO superconductors and their nanoparticle growth for the samples Bi₂Sr₂Ca₂(Cu${}_{0.93}$Fe${}_{0.07}$)₃O${}_{10+\delta }$ and Bi₂Sr₂Ca₂(Cu${}_{0.91}$Fe${}_{0.09}$)₃O${}_{10+\delta }$. These samples are synthesized by conventional solid state reaction using Ball mill. Here, we used 0.07 and 0.09wt.% of iron in samples in coper site and obtained transition temperature 21.659 and 21.0405K, respectively. For the characterization of phase, structure, crystallite size, strain, chemical, and growth of nanoparticles, we used X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). The results confirm with the co-existence phases Bi-2212 and Bi-2223 with lattice constant $a=5.401$Å, $b=5.4075$Å, $c=36.6652$Å and $a=5.3951$Å, $b=5.3997$Å, $c=36.5449$Å for both concentration of iron 0.07wt.%, 0.09wt.%, respectively. The FESEM micrographs confirm nanoparticles in ranging 1$\mu$m to 500nm which is agglomerated in tetragonal phase. The average crystallite size of the grown nanoparticles calculated through Scherrer formula is confirmed by HRTEM between the range 2–100nm. The FTIR vibrational spectra confirm the bond species corresponding to tetragonal phase and high interaction of Cu-O and Fe-O. The samples exhibit superconductivity at transition temperature 21.659 and 21.0405K.

In the present era, aluminum-based metal matrix composites, commonly known as aluminum matrix composites (AMCs), play a crucial role in fabricating lighter weight components in the aerospace, automotive, aircraft and marine industries. Intensive research is required to fabricate AMCs economically. In this recent research, AA7068–ZrB₂ AMCs were successfully produced using the in-situ method of fabrication. The inorganic salts such as K₂ZrF₆ and KBF₄ reacted with molten aluminum at 850^∘C and formed ZrB₂ particles in the aluminum melt itself. The castings of AA7068–ZrB₂ AMCs were obtained with 0, 3, 6 and 9 volume fractions (vol.%) of ZrB₂in-situ particles. The pin-on-disc wear apparatus was used to conduct the dry sliding wear analysis of AA7068–ZrB₂in-situ AMCs. The wear experiments were conducted in line with the Design of Experiments (DoE). An orthogonal array of $L_{16}$ was employed for the DoE. The effects of wear parameters such as vol.% of ZrB₂ particles, sliding speed, sliding distance and normal load on the wear rate (WR) and coefficient of friction (COF) were observed. The effects of individual parameters on the WR and COF were observed by contour plot, residual plot and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The worn surfaces of AA7068–ZrB₂ (0, 3, 6 and 9 vol.%) AMCs were also observed using the field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM).

Europium-doped (0.01–0.04) Al${}_{0.8}$La${}_{0.2}$TiO₃ (AELTO) nanoparticles (NPs) series were synthesized using a hydrothermal method. These NPs were investigated for structural, and morphological studies through XRD, FTIR, FESEM and TEM analysis. Scherrer’s formula and Williamson–Hall (W–H) analysis were employed to determine crystallite size and lattice strain. The crystallite size was decreased with an increase in Eu content up to 0.03 wt.%. The surface morphology and percentage of elementals of AELTO NPs were investigated using FESEM with EDX as well as TEM analysis. The vibrational modes of AELTO NPs were attained by employing FTIR spectra. These modes are deferred mainly on chemical composition, crystallinity, morphology and strain of the AELTO NPs. Optical bandgaps of AELTO NPs were calculated and found to be in the range of 3.40–3.37eV with the increase of Eu content. These NPs could find potential applications for solid state lighting and down-shifter for solar energy harvesting.

Friction Stir Processing (FSP) is a promising solid state method and it is developed from the Friction Stir Welding (FSW) principle. FSP was employed to enhance the surface characteristics by ceramic particulate reinforced with AA5052 aluminum alloy. Initially, the machined square grove was formed on AA5052 and packed with ceramic particulate. In this research, chromium carbide (Cr₃C₂) is a ceramic material for improving the surface characteristics of the base material. The FSP parameters such as tool rotational speed, traverse speed and axial forces were utilized in this process. The microstructure evolutions of the processed specimens were observed by optical microscope and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) with Electron Dispersion Spectroscopy (EDS). The mechanical properties like processed microhardness and tensile strength of AA5052 friction stir processed specimens were analyzed. The various microstructural zones were observed in the processed regions with dispersion of the particulates Cr₃C₂. The specimen fabricated at 1000 rpm tool rotational speed, 25 mm/min traverse speed and 7 kN axial force exhibits maximum microhardness and tensile strength with homogeneous dispersion of Cr₃C₂.

The optical and electrical studies on ZnO thin film are reported. Thin film of ZnO is deposited on glass substrate by physical vapor deposition method. In this method, Zn powder is evaporated at a temperature of 400°C in the presence of oxygen and argon gases, and the resulting ZnO is deposited on the glass substrate which is kept at liquid nitrogen temperature. The crystallinity of this ZnO film is studied using XRD technique. The XRD pattern suggests that the nature of this film is polycrystalline. The prominent peaks observed at 31.78, 34.34, 36.18, and 56.32 correspond to the (100), (002), (101), and (110) planes, confirming the formation of hexagonal zinc oxide phase (JCPD 36-1451 for wurtzite zinc oxide). The XRD spectrum very clearly demonstrates that the film deposited in oxygen atmosphere has a dominant (101) orientation. The d_hkl values are estimated for this as-deposited ZnO thin-film. It is observed that these calculated values in close agreement with the reported d_hkl values for ZnO. Debye–Scherrer equation is used to estimate the size of these nanoparticles. It is found that size estimated by Debye–Scherrer equation agrees well with the size observed by TEM images. It is clear from the transmission electron microscope (TEM) images that the film contains nanoparticles of ZnO and the diameter of these nanoparticles varies from 5–20 nm. In optical properties, the UV visible spectrum of these nanoparticles is recorded in the wavelength range (300–900 nm). The absorption coefficient increases exponentially with the increase in photon energy. The direct optical band gap is calculated which comes out to be 3.54 eV. The value of Urbach energy (E_U) is also calculated using the slope of the plot ln α versus photon energy and it comes out to be 805.8 meV. For electrical properties, the DC conductivity of ZnO film deposited on glass substrate is measured in the temperature range of 450–300 K. On the basis of temperature dependence of DC conductivity of ZnO film, it is suggested that the conduction takes place via thermally activated process.

One-dimensional nanostructures such as nanowires have a wide range of applications. Silicon is the best competitive material for the carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Carbon and silicon have some similar and peculiar properties. Silicon nanowires (SiNWs) were synthesized using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) on p-Si (111) wafer. Gold is used as a catalyst for the growth of the SiNWs. Based on our fundamental understanding of vapor–liquid–solid (VLS) nanowire growth mechanism, different levels of growth controls have been achieved. Gold catalyst deposited and annealed at different temperatures with different thicknesses (450${}^{\circ }$C, 500${}^{\circ }$C and 550${}^{\circ }$C, 600${}^{\circ }$C, 650${}^{\circ }$C for 4min and 8min and 3nm, 5nm, 30nm Au thickness). SiNW grown by PECVD with different carrier gases varies with flow rate. We observed the different dimensions of Si nanowires by FESEM and optimized the growth parameters to get the vertical aligned and singular Si nanowires. Optical phonon of the Si nanowires and crystallinity nature were identified by Raman spectral studies.

Nano-sized cobalt oxide particles exhibit unique and fascinating physical, chemical and anti-microbial activity owing to their large surface to volume ratio. The study of metal oxide nanoparticles interaction with pathogenic microorganisms is great importance for various biomedical applications. The main purpose of this work is to study the anti-bacterial and anti-fungal behavior of cobalt oxide (CO₃O₄) nanoparticles against gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains and different fungi. The structure and morphology of CO₃O₄ nanoparticles were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and UV-Visible Spectroscopy, respectively. The CO₃O₄ nanoparticles showed a significant anti-bacterial activity against two gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcusaureus (G$+$), Streptococcus mutans (G$+$), and two gram-negative bacteria, Klebsilla pneumonia (G$-$), E. coli (G$-$), and it shows a good anti-fungal activity against the two different fungal i.e., Aspergillus flavus (F) and Aspergillus niger (F), at different solvents. It was noted that synthesized CO₃O₄ nanoparticles exhibited the solvent-dependent anti-bacterial activity against all tested bacterial strains. CO₃O₄ NPs could be employed effectively for anti-microbial applications.

In this research, iron oxide-NPs were synthesized by leek leaves extract using the green method biosynthesis. It helps as reducing and cap agents. Characteristics of nanoparticles are obtained by (UV–Visible) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The X-ray diffraction pattern showed iron oxide peaks, the mean crystalline size was 37.12nm. Electron microscope field emission scanning (FESEM) was used to investigate the morphology of iron oxide-NPs. Results of the biological tests showed how iron oxide nanoparticles affected both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, as various inhibitor registrations and the influence of iron material on bacteria inhibition were demonstrated.

In this work, zinc nanoparticles were prepared using the low-temperature plasma method at different times 3min, 5min, 7min, 9min, where the initial reactions of zinc lead to the formation of nanoparticles. The metal interacts with the ionized plasma under different conditions and may turn into an oxide such as exposing the sample to air and raising the temperature of the solution a few degrees as a result of high voltage and within a certain range. The atmospheric pressure plasma system acts as the cathode, while the zinc metal strip acts as the anode. A series of techniques were used, including the use of X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The X-ray diffraction results showed that the samples have polycrystalline structures with hexagonal and cubic structures with a time difference, and the X-ray diffraction results showed the conversion of zinc particles into zinc oxides. FESEM images reveal particle size and shape. The ZnO nanoparticles prepared by the mentioned method seem to form different nanoshapes such as starfish and mushroom nanoparticles. The UV-visible results showed that the samples had an energy gap of about 3.4eV at a time of 3min, and this value decreases with increasing reaction time. The appearance of zinc oxides increases gradually with the passage of time. These results provide credibility for the fabrication of ZnO nanostructures for use in future gas sensing applications, despite the inhomogeneity of particle size among ZnO particles, the sensor was also fabricated to detect nitrogen gas (NH3) with different concentrations (17.25ppm, 46.38ppm, 78.58ppm). at room temperature. The ZnO sample showed the highest sensitivity (88.1%) at 7min. The sensitivity showed different results and increased with reaction time and gas concentration. However, response and recovery time are moderate and decrease as reaction time increases.

Well crystalline Ag/CdO nanocomposite has been synthesized via the solution combustion synthesis (SCS) route. The Ag/CdO nanocomposite has been characterized in term of X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and Raman spectroscopy. The crystallinity of the as-synthesized nanocomposite was obtained by using XRD technique. The crystallite size of the nanocomposite was calculated by the Scherrer equation and was found to be 47 nm. The surface morphology was obtained by FESEM spectroscopy. The particles appear to be porous in nature and wool-like morphology was obtained. Raman band at about 278 cm${}^{-1}$ is because of the combination of transverse acoustic and optical phonon modes of cadmium oxide (CdO). Further, the Ag/CdO nanocomposite was used as a photocatalyst for the degradation of methyl orange (MO) dye. Results revealed that the photocatalytic activity of Ag/CdO nanocomposite for the degradation of MO dye increases with increasing the amount of photocatalyst. The rate constant, $k$ values for 100 mg, 150 mg and 200 mg of photocatalyst were 0.83, 2.21 × 10${}^{-3}$ min${}^{-1}$ and 3.81 × 10${}^{-3}$ min${}^{-1}$, respectively.

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were grown on Silicon (Si) substrate by using low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) technique where iron (Fe) and silver (Ag) colloidal solution act as a catalyst were prepared by chemical route. The as-prepared solutions in varied concentrations were deposited on a Si substrate using a spin coating process at 700rpm. The purpose of Fe in composite catalysts is to have high carbon solubility and diffusion rate, and Ag utilization can change catalyst activity temperature and enhance carbon yields. In this work, we demonstrate the growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on different catalyst concentrations (${}_{0.025\text{M}}$Fe/${}_{0.100\text{M}}$Ag), (${}_{0.050\text{M}}$Fe/${}_{0.100\text{M}}$Ag), (${}_{0.075\text{M}}$Fe/${}_{0.100\text{M}}$Ag) and (${}_{0.100\text{M}}$Fe/${}_{0.100\text{M}}$Ag) catalytic films. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) was used to image the morphologies of various catalyst concentrations MWCNTs. The natures of the synthesized CNTs were determined using Raman spectroscopy and it was revealed that as-prepared CNTs are MWCNTs due to the absence of radial breathing mode (RBM). Raman spectroscopy demonstrated the lower I_D/I_G ratio (Ratio of the intensity of D-Raman peak and G-Raman peak) of (${}_{0.025\text{M}}$Fe/${}_{0.100\text{M}}$Ag) MWCNTs. The I_D/I_G ratio for (${}_{0.025\text{M}}$Fe/${}_{0.100\text{M}}$Ag) catalyzed MWCNTs was 0.76, while the I_D/I_G ratio for (${}_{0.100\text{M}}$Fe/${}_{0.100\text{M}}$Ag) catalyzed MWCNTs was 0.89. The (${}_{0.100\text{M}}$Fe/${}_{0.100\text{M}}$Ag) catalyzed MWCNTs were found to be more defective as compared to other. Electron Emission from (${}_{0.025\text{M}}$Fe/${}_{0.100\text{M}}$Ag) catalyzed MWCNTs were much stronger than from other samples, as demonstrated by Field Emission measurement using diode configuration. The turn-on field for (${}_{0.025\text{M}}$Fe/${}_{0.100\text{M}}$Ag) catalyzed MWCNTs was (0.92 V/$\mu$m) which is slightly lower than that of (${}_{0.100\text{M}}$Fe/${}_{0.100\text{M}}$Ag) catalyzed MWCNTs (1.83 V/$\mu$m), indicating superior enhancement.

The “green synthesis” method is environmentally benign and cost-effective. This research study adopted an environmentally compatible method for creating Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using the capping element Solanum nigrum leaf extract. The X-ray diffraction, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, UV-visible spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and antibacterial investigations were employed to evaluate the structural, spectroscopic, and antibacterial characterizations of the green synthesized ZnO NPs. It was shown that the generated ZnO NPs had a typical particle size of 27.75 nm and a wurtzite hexagonal form. FTIR spectroscopy has confirmed the presence of the functional groups in the generated sample. By using EDX analysis, the ZnO NPs’ fabrication and chemical composition have been determined. The surface texture and aggregation of nanostructure entities were examined using FESEM micrographs. Based on UV-Vis investigations, the bandgap of the ZnO NP was calculated to be 3.82 eV. The fluorescent spectra revealed a significant emission peak at 542 nm (green) for an excitation wavelength of 270 nm. The broad Stokes shift observed in fluorescent spectra is beneficial for practical purposes. The results of the antibacterial test shows that the as-synthesized ZnO NPs can be used in the healthcare and environmental sectors to prevent the growth of harmful bacteria.

Undoped and Dy${}^{3+}$-doped SrS nano-powders were synthesized by a solid-state diffusion method (SSDM). The nano-powders are then examined by the use of characterization tools as X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) including selected area electron diffraction (SAED). The emission spectra of SrS: Dy${}^{3+}$ powders are composed of a broadband and the characteristic emission of Dy${}^{3+}$ peaking at 482nm (blue region), 581nm (yellow region), 676nm (light red region) and 750nm (dark red region) bands corresponding to the transitions of ⁴F${}_{9∕2}$-⁶H${}_{15∕2}$, ⁴F${}_{9∕2}$-⁶H${}_{13∕2}$, ⁴F${}_{9∕2}$-⁶H${}_{11∕2}$ and ⁴F${}_{9∕2}$-⁶H${}_{9∕2}$, respectively. The resultant nano-powders can be used to fabricate thin films for the applications of efficient optoelectronic devices.

The study focuses on the characterization of Aluminum (Al-6061) coated with RF-sputtered Zinc Oxide (ZnO) thin film, aiming to understand the complex interactions between microstructure, wettability, cavitation resistance, and corrosion performance. The study involves the use of various analytical techniques such as Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and water contact angle (WCA) measurements. The cavitation erosion testing has been conducted under various factors namely jet velocity (m/s), impingement angle (°), and stand-off distance (cm), respectively, and that too at various levels. Further, with the use of RSM, the study also contributes to the interplay in between factors and acquiring optimized results. Moreover, the findings of the study provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of the ZnO coating in enhancing corrosion resistance and reducing mass loss due to cavitation erosion. The study’s results offer significant implications for the engineering and design of protective coatings for Aluminum surfaces, with the potential to enhance durability and performance in various industrial applications.