Narrow Results

We use a proton microprobe to examine the distribution of elements in otoliths and scales of teleost (bony) fish. The elements of principal interest are calcium and strontium in otoliths and calcium and fluorine in scales. Changes in the distribution of these elements across hard structures may allow inferences about the life histories of fish.

Otoliths and scales of interest are up to a centimeter in linear dimension and to reveal the structures of interest up to 200 sampling points are required in each dimension. The time needed to accumulate high X-ray counts at each sampling point can be large, particularly for strontium. To reduce microprobe usage we use data smoothing techniques to reveal changing patterns with modest X-ray count accumulations at individual data points.

In this paper we review performance for revealing pattern at modest levels of X-ray count accumulations of a selection of digital filters (moving average smoothers), running median filters, robust locally weighted regression filters and adaptive spline filters.

We report a graphene-based tunable ultra-narrowband mid-infrared filter which can be tuned from 4.45122 $\mu$m to 4.44675 $\mu$m by tuning the Fermi level from 0.2 eV to 0.6 eV. Furthermore, the reflection bandwidth is less than 0.2 nm and the reflection rate is more than 0.55. The ultra-narrowband filter is designed based on the guided-mode resonance (GMR) effect. The shift of reflection peak is mainly caused by the change of the real part of the graphene’s permittivity. This tunable ultra-narrowband mid-infrared filter can be applied in the mid-infrared microscopy.

The optical transmission properties in a three-slit metal grating with different mediums are studied. The results show that the tunable phase resonances and multiple phase resonances can be obtained by filling different mediums into the three slits of the straight channel grating. When the medium in the three slits is extremely asymmetric, the phenomenon of multiphase splitting becomes very obvious. In addition, based on the field distributions, multiphase resonant mechanisms have been proposed for the physical origins of the observations. In addition, a multi-channel selector is described by flexibly controlling the light through any slit of the grating. Compared with the conventional compound grating, this grating with different mediums has obvious advantages, such as simple structure, and ease of implementation.

We report a tunable bandpass mid-infrared filter with microstructure and graphene, and the transmission peaks can be tuned from $4.5638\mu \mathrm{\text{m}}$ to $4.5461\mu \mathrm{\text{m}}$ when the graphene’s Fermi level increases from 0.2 eV to 1.0 eV. This bandpass mid-infrared filter is originated from the guided-mode resonance (GMR) effect, and the tunable mechanism is mainly attributed to the change of the refractive index of the graphene. This tunable mid-infrared filter can be applied in non-dispersive infrared analyzer.

A new voltage-mode biquad with four inputs and four outputs using only two differential difference current conveyors (DDCCs), two grounded capacitors, and two resistors is proposed. The proposed circuit can act as a multifunction voltage-mode filter with one or three inputs and four outputs and can perform simultaneous realization of voltage-mode notch, highpass, bandpass, and lowpass filter signals from the four output terminals, respectively, without any component choice conditions. On the other hand, it also can act as a universal voltage-mode filter with four inputs and a single output and can realize five generic voltage-mode filter signals from the same configuration without any component-matching conditions. Finally, to verify our architecture, we have designed this analog filter chip with TSMC 0.35 μm 2P4M CMOS technology. This chip operates to 1.125 MHz and consumes 30.95 mW. The chip area of the analog filter is about 0.822 mm².

A novel versatile three-input five-output universal voltage-mode filter employing two differential difference current conveyors, two grounded capacitors and three resistors is proposed. The proposed configuration can be used as either a single-input five-output or three-input two-output. Unlike the previously reported works, it can simultaneously realize five different generic signals: low-pass, band-pass, high-pass, notch and all-pass. Moreover, the proposed circuit still offers the following advantages: (i) the employment of two grounded capacitors, (ii) no need to employ inverting-type input signals, (iii) no need to impose component choice, (iv) orthogonal control of the resonance angular frequency ω_o and the quality factor Q and (v) low active and passive sensitivity performances.

In many integrated circuit applications, where large passive resistors are prohibited, a tunable active resistor is necessary. This paper presents a compact and wide-range voltage-controlled grounded resistor that employs MOS transistors only. The design’s foundation is an active adjustable resistor that controls the NMOS transistor’s mode of operation. The proposed design is implemented using 0.18$\mu$m TSMC CMOS technology and is validated through post-layout simulations conducted in the Cadence Virtuoso environment. Furthermore, a tunable high-pass filter utilizing the proposed active resistor is also shown. The circuit is powered by 1.5V DC. According to the simulation findings, the resistance varies between 33k $\mathrm{\Omega }$ and 36G $\mathrm{\Omega }$, for an input voltage range $-$0.7–0.6v.

The single crystalline diethyl 3,3${}^{\prime }$-[(2,4-dichlorophenyl)methylidene]bis(1H-indole-2-carboxylate) (D32DMBC) samples are fully grown-up in a proper and in a successful manner by the prevailing slowly evaporating methodology. The lattice cell frameworks by XRD modus operandi also corroborated that the D32DMBC crystal system is monoclinic in nature. The structural properties by a conceptual way authenticate the elucidation and also the proper vindication for bond parameters. The nano influx is 3.2768 micron and the film-coated influx of 2.9977 microns as a mid-value between the macro as well as the nano assessment is suitable for electronic filters by D32DMBC crystals, and also used for tribological-coated utility as well as in frequency multipliers. Diabetes mellitus is the repetitive disease in the way of life and sustaining approach of D32DMBC — organic crystals are properly, accurately experimented by the use of the software pertaining to the D32DMBC by docking effect. The affinity inhibitory activity of A74DME and exploratory molecule of D32DMBC are −8.1kJ/mole and −8.4kJ/mole correspondingly. The computational effect of Hirshfeld portrays the internal/external fields as well as the electron higher/lower profile in the shape index proviso for optical utility identification and proper electronic utility.

We investigate the use of Hilbert wavelet pairs (HWPs) in the non-decimated discrete wavelet transform for the time-varying spectral analysis of multivariate time series. HWPs consist of two high-pass and two low-pass compactly supported filters, such that one high-pass filter is the Hilbert transform (approximately) of the other. Thus, common quantities in the spectral analysis of time series (e.g., power spectrum, coherence, phase) may be estimated in both time and frequency. Compact support of the wavelet filters ensures that the frequency axis will be partitioned dyadically as with the usual discrete wavelet transform. The proposed methodology is used to analyze a bivariate time series of zonal (u) and meridional (v) winds over Truk Island.

Discrete vanishing moments and sum rules are established on the Heisenberg group and the relationship between them is investigated in this paper. Also, the compactly supported wavelets with 2 vanishing moments corresponding to the separable filter {a_m,nh_l} on the Heisenberg group are constructed by using the theory of discrete vanishing moments and sum rules.

Speckle noise (SN) is one of the major types of noise that frequently occurs in different coherent imaging systems such as medical imaging, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and active Radar images. SAR is a powerful imaging technology that generates fine-resolution images and monitors the earth’s surface in order to identify its physical properties. The satellite images captured by SAR are mainly affected by SN, which reduces the quality of images and complicates the image representation. Therefore, removing SN from SAR images is one of the major challenges and needs significant attention. The proposed study introduces an optimal Machine Learning (ML) classifier named Kernel Support Vector Machine-Improved Aquila Optimization (KSVM-IAO) for reducing SN in SAR images. This study uses a two-step process called filtering and enhanced despeckling to minimize the consequence of speckle suppression. In the first step, different imaging filters, namely Improved Lee Filter (ILF), Improved Frost Filter (IFF), Improved Kuan Filter (IKF) and Improved Boxcar Filter (IBF), are utilized to remove the SN in SAR images. Next, the denoised image is fed to the second stage, which makes use of an optimized KSVM-IAO classifier to obtain an enhanced despeckle image. The hyperparameters of KSVM are tuned using the IAO algorithm, which reduces overfitting issues and increases accuracy. MATLAB is the simulation tool used for the analysis of SAR images. The simulation outcomes reveal that the proposed KSVM-IAO method obtained excellent SN removal while preserving the edges and fine details with low computational complexity.

In this paper, we prove a fuzzy version of Arrow's Theorem that contains the crisp version. We show that under our definitions, Arrow's Theorem remains intact even if levels of intensities of the players and levels of membership in the set of alternatives are considered.

In this paper, we introduce a class of sub-almost distributive lattices in an associate almost distributive lattice through a filter. We obtain several algebraic properties on the class of sub-almost distributive lattices and prove that the above class forms a distributive lattice. We derive a necessary and sufficient condition that the class to become a Boolean algebra.

Multiferroic materials and devices have attracted intensified recent interests due to the demonstrated strong magnetoelectric (ME) coupling in new multiferroic materials and devices with unique functionalities and superior performance characteristics. Strong ME coupling has been demonstrated in a variety of multiferroic heterostructures, including bulk magnetic on ferro/piezoelectric multiferroic heterostructures, magnetic film on ferro/piezoelectric slab multiferroic heterostructures, thin film multiferroic heterostructures, etc. Different multiferroic devices have been demonstrated, which include magnetic sensors, energy harvesters, and voltage tunable multiferroic RF/microwave devices which are compact, lightweight, and power efficient. In this progress report, we cover the most recent progress on multiferroic heterostructures and devices with a focus on voltage tunable multiferroic heterostructures and devices with strong converse ME coupling. Recent progress on magnetic-field tunable RF/microwave devices are also covered, including novel non-reciprocal tunable bandpass filters with ultra wideband isolation, compact, low loss and high power handling phase shifters, etc. These novel tunable multiferroic heterostructures and devices and tunable magnetic devices provide great opportunities for next generation reconfigurable RF/microwave communication systems and radars, Spintronics, magnetic field sensing, etc.

Plasmonic nanostructures hold immense potential for structure-based color engineering at the subwavelength length scale. In this paper, we will review representative works that demonstrate promising strategies to exploit the rich mechanisms of surface plasmons for color engineering across the visible spectrum. By varying the structural design and material composition of plasmonic nanostructures through chemical synthesis or lithography, these approaches can achieve highly controllable and tunable colors for a wide variety of applications. We will also critically discuss the applications of these state-of-the-art technologies in color filtering, color printing and color-based chemical and biological sensing.

New approach are presented for the design of pairs of wavelets with fractional filters where the two wavelets form an approximate Hilbert transform pairs. Wavelets with an arbitrary number of vanishing moments can be designed by using the new approach. Since polynomial filters is the especial setting of fractional filters, this design method can also be used to construct an approximate Hilbert transform pairs of wavelets bases with polynomial filters.

Lifting scheme is not only a fast algorithm of existing wavelet transforms, but also a tool to produce new wavelet transforms. According to the characteristic of the lifting scheme and the 9-7 wavelet, we present a new constructing of simple rational coefficient filters for lifting 9-7 wavelets in this paper. The new lifting wavelets reduce its float and integer operations, and applied the new lifting 9-7 wavelet filters to image compression, we have achieved better results.