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This paper demonstrates how knowledge can be extracted from evolving spiking neural networks with rank order population coding. Knowledge discovery is a very important feature of intelligent systems. Yet, a disproportionally small amount of research is centered on the issue of knowledge extraction from spiking neural networks which are considered to be the third generation of artificial neural networks. The lack of knowledge representation compatibility is becoming a major detriment to end users of these networks. We show that a high-level knowledge can be obtained from evolving spiking neural networks. More specifically, we propose a method for fuzzy rule extraction from an evolving spiking network with rank order population coding. The proposed method was used for knowledge discovery on two benchmark taste recognition problems where the knowledge learnt by an evolving spiking neural network was extracted in the form of zero-order Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy IF-THEN rules.

Diabetes mellitus is a common chronic disease in recent years. According to the World Health Organization, the estimated number of diabetic patients will increase 56% in Asia from the year 2010 to 2025, where the number of anti-diabetic drugs that doctors are able to utilize also increase as the development of pharmaceutical drugs. In this paper, we present a recommendation system for anti-diabetic drugs selection based on fuzzy reasoning and ontology techniques, where fuzzy rules are used to represent knowledge to infer the usability of the classes of anti-diabetic drugs based on fuzzy reasoning techniques. We adopt the "Medical Guidelines for Clinical Practice for the Management of Diabetes Mellitus" provided by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists to build the ontology knowledge base. The experimental results show that the proposed anti-diabetic drugs recommendation system gets the same accuracy rate as the one of Chen et al.'s method (R. C. Chen, Y. H. Huang, C. T. Bau and S. M. Chen, Expert Syst. Appl.39(4) (2012) 3995–4006.) and it is better than Chen et al.'s method (R. C. Chen, Y. H. Huang, C. T. Bau and S. M. Chen, Expert Syst. Appl.39(4) (2012) 3995–4006.) due to the fact that it can deal with the semantic degrees of patients' tests and can provide different recommend levels of anti-diabetic drugs. It provides us with a useful way for anti-diabetic drugs selection based on fuzzy reasoning and ontology techniques.

The internet content increases exponentially day-by-day leading to the pop-up of irrelevant data while searching. Thus, the vast availability of web data requires curation to enhance the results of the search in relevance to searched topics. The proposed F-CapsNet deals with the content curation of web blog data through the novel integration of fuzzy logic with a machine learning algorithm. The input content to be curated is initially pre-processed and seven major features such as sentence position, bigrams, TF-IDF, cosine similarity, sentence length, proper noun score and numeric token are extracted. Then the fuzzy rules are applied to generate the extractive summary. After the extractive curation, the output is passed to the novel capsule network based deep auto-encoder where the abstractive summary is produced. The performance measures such as precision, recall, F1-score, accuracy and specificity are computed and the results are compared with the existing state-of-the-art methods. From the simulations performed, it has been proven that the proposed method for content curation is more efficient than any other method.

In this paper, a method of character preclassification for handwritten Chinese character recognition is proposed. Since the number of Chinese characters is very large (at least 5401s for daily use), we employ two stages to reduce the candidates of an input character. In stage I, we extract the first set of primitive features from handwritten Chinese characters and use fuzzy rules to create four preclassification groups. The purpose in stage I is to reduce the candidates roughly. In stage II, we extract the second set of primitive features from handwritten Chinese characters and then use the Supervised Extended ART (SEART) as the classifier to generate preclassification classes for each preclassification group created in stage I. Since the number of characters in each preclassification class is smaller than that in the whole character set, the problem becomes simpler. In order to evaluate the proposed preclassification system, we use 605 Chinese character categories in the textbooks of elementary school as our training and testing data. The database used is HCCRBASE (provided by CCL, ITRI, Taiwan). In samples 1–100, we select the even samples as the training set, and the odd samples as the testing set. The characters of the testing set can be distributed into correct preclassification classes at a rate of 98.11%.

Managing the container yard operations can be challenging as a result of various uncertainties associated with storing and retrieving containers from the yard. These associated uncertainties occur because the arrival of a truck to pick up the container is random, so the departure time of the container is unknown. The problem investigated in this paper emerges when newly arrived containers of different sizes, types and weights require storage operation in the same yard where other containers have already been stored. This situation becomes more challenging when the time of departure of existing container is not known. This study develops a new Fuzzy Knowledge-Based optimisation system named ‘FKB_GA’ for optimal storage and retrieval of containers in a yard that contains long stay pre-existing containers. The containers’ duration of stay factor is considered along with two other factors such as the similarity (containers with same customer) and the quantity of containers per stack. A new Multi-Layered Genetic Algorithm module is proposed which identifies the optimal fuzzy rules required for each set of fired rules to achieve a minimum number of container re-handlings when selecting a stack. An industrial case study is used to demonstrate the applicability and practicability of the developed system.

This paper proposes a GA method for choosing an appropriate set of fuzzy rules for classification problems. The aim of the proposed method is to find a minimum set of fuzzy rules that can correctly classify all training patterns. The number of inference rules and the shapes of the membership functions in the antecedent part of the fuzzy rules are determined by the genetic algorithms. The real numbers in the consequent parts of the fuzzy rules are obtained through the use of the descent method. A fitness function is used to maximize the number of correctly classified patterns, and to minimize the number of fuzzy rules. A solution obtained by the genetic algorithm is a set of fuzzy rules, and its fitness is determined by the two objectives, in a combinatorial optimization problem. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, computer simulation results are shown.

Neural networks are good at representing functions or data transformations. However just as in the case of the biological brain the mathematical description of the data transformation is hidden. In the case of the human brain the transformation, in terms of rules, may be extracted by interviewing the person, In the case of the artificial neural network other approaches have to be utilized.

In the case described here a second neural network that represents the transformation in terms of fuzzy rules is trained using gradient descent. The parameters that are learned are the parameters of the fuzzy sets and also the connection weights in [0,1] between the outputs of the membership function units and the final output units. There is an output unit for each rule and consequent membership function. The fuzzy output set with the highest membership value is taken to be the output fuzzy set. The extracted rules are of the form if x₀ is Small or x₀ is Medium and x₁ is Large or x₁ is Medium then y is Large. x₀ and x₁ are inputs and y is the output.

The cost measure consists of several terms indicating how close the actual output is to a target output, how close the weights are to 0 and 1, and how close the output of membership values is to a 1 of n vector. The cost measure is a linear combination of these individual terms. By changing the constant multipliers the relative importance of the cost measures can be changed and studied.

The method has been tried on randomly generated feedforward neural networks and also on data produced by functions with specific properties. The fizzy network is trained using data produced by the feedforward neural network or the known function. This method can also be used in extracting rules such as control rules implicitly used by a human if input and output data is gathered from the human.

This paper presents different techniques to visualize high-dimensional fuzzy rule bases in relation to the classified data. The degree of membership to influential rules can be visualized for an entire data set. This enables the observer to detect conflicting or error-prone rules as well as misclassified feature vectors. Results are shown on a benchmark data set and on a weather data set that is used to predict flight durations on a major European airport.

There is consensus that the best way for reducing insolvency situations in financial institutions is through good risk management, which involves a good client selection process. In the market, there are methodologies for credit scoring, each analyzing a large number of microeconomic and/or macroeconomic variables selected mostly depending on the type of credit to be granted. Since these variables are heterogeneous, the review process carried out by credit analysts takes time. The objective of this article is to propose a solution for this problem by applying fuzzy logic to the creation of classification rules for credit granting. To achieve this, linguistic variables were used to help the analyst interpret the information available from the credit officer. The method proposed here combines the use of fuzzy logic with a neural network and a variable population optimization technique to obtain fuzzy classification rules. It was tested with three databases from financial entities in Ecuador — one credit and savings cooperative and two banks that grant various types of credits. To measure its performance, three benchmarks were used: accuracy, number of classification rules generated, and antecedent length. The results obtained indicate that the hybrid model that is proposed performs better than its previous versions due to the addition of fuzzy logic. At the end of the article, our conclusions are discussed and future research lines are suggested.

As web-based social network allows anyone to post the content without any restriction, the trustworthiness of the content creator plays an important role before using the content. An effiective way to find the trustworthiness is, by analyzing the web resources related to the content creator. Therefore the trustworthiness is assessed using the provenance based ontological model called W7 model. Since it is a real time data, the computed trust for each reviewer using the ontological model is uncertain and vague. An appropriate way to classify such data is using the fuzzy logic with gradual trust level. As the computed trust data are feature-based and non-symbolic, the classification ambiguity need to be reduced greatly. This is achieved with the fuzzy decision tree approach, which is a fusion of fuzzy sets with decision tree. The truth of the rule is crucial in trustworthy user classification, as highly truthful rules really increase the credibility of the user in their domain. Therefore, in the proposed model, degree of truth is used as a pruning criteria that classifies the users with minimum number of fuzzy evidence or knowledge. This paper proposes a semantic provenance based gradual trust model to classify the trustworthy reviewers in a book-based social networks using fuzzy decision tree approach. Performance analysis of the proposed model in the terms of classifier accuracy, precision, recall, the number of rules generated and its time complexity are discussed. The analysis shows that the proposed learning model outperforms other classification models. This method is also applied to other data sets and the performance of the classifier is assessed.

Differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) algorithms are widely used to compress gray-scale pictures. A critical element in a DPCM algorithm is the accurate prediction of the pixel gray-levels in the input picture. The switched predictors used in modern DPCM algorithms are generally accurate when the input picture is free of noise. However, even small amounts of noise in the input picture will cause a substantial reduction in prediction accuracy and in turn a reduction in compression efficiency. In this paper we describe a novel fuzzy rule-based predictor for use in a lossless DPCM algorithm. For noisy pictures, the accuracy of the new predictor is consistently higher than the accuracy of standard switched predictors.

In this paper a technique is proposed to tolerate missing values based on a system of fuzzy rules for classification. The presented method is mathematically solid but nevertheless easy and efficient to implement. Three possible applications of this methodology are outlined: the classification of patterns with an incomplete feature vector, the completion of the input vector when a certain class is desired, and the training or automatic construction of a fuzzy rule set based on incomplete training data. In contrast to a static replacement of the missing values, here the evolving model is used to predict the most possible values for the missing attributes. Benchmark datasets are used to demonstrate the capability of the presented approach in a fuzzy learning environment.

A very important problem associated with the use of learning algorithms consists of fixing the correct assignment of the initial domains for the predictive variables. In the fuzzy case, this problem is equivalent of define the fuzzy labels for each variable. In this work, we propose the inclusion in a learning algorithm, called SLAVE, of a particular kind of linguistic hedges as a way to modify the intial semantic of the labels. These linguistic hedges allow us both to learn and to tune fuzzy rules.

The classification of electroencephalogram (EEG) signals derived from motor imagery (MI) has always been a hot topic in the field of brain–computer interfaces. Due to its ability to handle the nonstationary and uncertain information contained in EEG signals, the Takagi–Sugeno–Kang fuzzy system (TSK-FS) has become an advantageous classification algorithm. To train a fuzzy system with strong discrimination capabilities from EEG data interspersed with redundant information, this paper proposes a TSK-FS modeling method based on low-rank sparse subspace learning (TSK-LSSL). This method focuses on consequent parameter learning, which transforms the traditional consequent parameter learning strategy into low-rank subspace and sparse subspace learning processes. Low-rank subspace learning is used to mine the global structural information of data and effectively reduce the number of fuzzy rules. During sparse subspace learning, ${\ell }_{2,1}$-norm regularization is used to constrain the consequent parameters and causes the number of redundant consequent parameters to be zero, thereby simplifying the fuzzy rules. In addition, a local boundary term based on graph matrices is embedded into the objective function to mine the local structural information of the given data. TSK-LSSL simplifies the number of rules and the consequent part of the fuzzy rules. It exhibits good classification performance on two BCI Competition databases.

A method for extracting Zadeh–Mamdani fuzzy rules from a minimalist constructive neural network model is described. The network contains no embedded fuzzy logic elements. The rule extraction algorithm needs no modification of the neural network architecture. No modification of the network learning algorithm is required, nor is it necessary to retain any training examples. The algorithm is illustrated on two well known benchmark data sets and compared with a relevant existing rule extraction algorithm.

In this paper, a Sugeno type fuzzy system based on the fuzzy clustering has been developed for a variety of datasets. The number of rules for each dataset is based on the optimum number of clusters in that dataset. Rule sets provide the knowledge base for the classification of data. Each rule set is fine-tuned using the GWO with the intention to improve the classification. The approach is compared with the work of previous researchers on similar data sets using a variety of techniques, including nature-inspired algorithms such as genetic algorithms and Swarm based algorithms. Statistical Analysis of the performance of GWO shows that it is better than five other algorithms 95% of the time.

The problem of generating desirable fuzzy rules is very important in the development of fuzzy systems. The purpose of this paper is to present a generation method of fuzzy control rules by learning from examples using genetic algorithms. We propose a real coded genetic algorithm for learning fuzzy rules, and an iterative process to obtain a set of rules that covers the examples set with a covering value previously defined.

In this paper, we proposed an adaptive fuzzy rule-based color image segmentation algorithm. By using look-up table for designing a FIS (Fuzzy Inference System) to compute similarity percentage of the neighboring pixels and region feature histogram information, then we can use fast-merge for achieving a new color image segmentation algorithm. The experimental results show that our algorithm can produce good results compared to some existing algorithm.